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1.
M. S. C. Havard R. C. Ballinger S. J. Pettit H. D. Smith 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1996,2(2):175-178
In 1994 the Countryside Council for Wales, the government nature conservation and countryside advisor in Wales, published
a consultation document on marine and coastal policy, and also commissioned research into the status of coastal zone management
(CZM) in the Principality. The research, undertaken by the University of Wales Cardiff, investigated CZM from an international,
national (U.K.) and Welsh perspective, concentrating on detailed case studies of three areas (including both urban and rural
coasts). Policy makers, managers, practitioners and users from all sectors were included in the study which established current
activity, identified problems and reviewe future plans. Interviews and questionnaire returns highlighted vital information
gaps at all levels. These ranged fom a lack of basic data (including scientific and technical), to a breakdown in communication
both within and between organisations, as well as a policy vacuum in both regional and central government. 相似文献
2.
Abstract: Much has been written in recent years regarding whether and to what extent scientists should engage in the policy process, and the focus has been primarily on the issue of advocacy. Despite extensive theoretical discussions, little has been done to study attitudes toward and consequences of such advocacy in particular cases. We assessed attitudes toward science and policy advocacy in the case of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the basis of a survey of delegates at the First International Marine Protected Areas Congress. Delegates were all members of the international marine conservation community and represented academic, government, and nongovernmental organizations. A majority of respondents believed science is objective but only a minority believed that values can be eliminated from science. Respondents showed only partial support of positivist principles of science. Almost all respondents supported scientists being integrated into MPA policy making, whereas half of the respondents agreed that scientists should actively advocate for particular MPA policies. Scientists with a positivist view of science supported a minimal role for scientists in policy, whereas government staff with positivist beliefs supported an advocacy or decision-making role for scientists. Policy-making processes for MPAs need to account for these divergent attitudes toward science and advocacy if science-driven and participatory approaches are to be reconciled. 相似文献
3.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
4.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
5.
6.
Examining the potential impacts of sea level rise on coastal wetlands in north-eastern NSW,Australia
Clement Elumpe Akumu Sumith Pathirana Serwan Baban Daniel Bucher 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(1):15-22
The coastal wetlands of north-eastern New South Wales (NSW) Australia are increasingly being affected by anthropogenic factors
such as urbanisation, residential development and agricultural development. However, little is known about their vulnerability
to sea level rise as a result of climate change. The aim of this research is to predict the potential impact of sea level
rise (SLR) on the coastal wetland communities. Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) was used to predict the potential
impacts of sea level rise. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for mapping and analysis. It was found that a meter
rise in sea level could decrease coastal wetlands such as Inland fresh marshes from about 225.67 km2 in February 2009 to about 168.04 km2 by the end of the century in north-eastern NSW, Australia. The outcomes from this research can contribute to enhancing wetland
conservation and management in NSW. 相似文献
7.
Climis A. Davos 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1999,5(2):171-180
Coastal management is a collective action. As such, it depends for its effective implementation on the cooperation of a multitude
of stakeholders, i.e. civic organizations, economic interest groups, environmental groups, governmental agencies, scientists
and other individuals. Where ‘effective implementation’ implies the achievement of targeted objectives within targeted time
horizons and ‘cooperation’ connotes that stakeholders elect to pursue cooperative strategies that may yield higher gains for
all stakeholders instead of competitive strategies that may maximize individual benefits. Thus, the fundamental challenge
of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) is to maximize the effectiveness of this management by maximizing and sustaining stakeholder
cooperation. I submit that sustainable cooperation can be maximized and nurtured for its voluntariness only by a process-oriented,
cooperative CZM. The alternative, outcome-oriented, normative CZM can force, directly or indirectly, cooperation but it cannot
sustain it. My purpose in this paper, is to highlight arguments supporting this view as well as the analytical challenges
of cooperative ICZM. Certain points are also viewed in the light of preliminary findings of a research project designed to
probe these challenges. 相似文献
8.
We analyze non-cooperative international climate policy in a setting of political competition by national interest groups. In the first stage, countries decide whether to link their domestic emission permit markets to an international market, which only forms if it is supported by all countries. In the second stage, countries non-cooperatively decide on the number of tradable emission allowances. In both stages, special interest groups try to sway the government in their favor. We find that (i) both the choice of regime and the levels of domestic and global emissions only depend on the aggregate levels of organized stakes in all countries and not on their distribution among individual interest groups and (ii) an increase in lobbying influence by a particular lobby group may backfire by inducing a change towards the lobby group's less preferred regime. 相似文献
9.
Unintended consequences of a pre-announced climate policy are studied within a framework that allows for competition between polluting and clean energy sources. We show that early announcement of a carbon tax gives rise to a “green-paradox,” in that it increases emissions in the interim period (between announcement and actual implementation), irrespective of the scarcity of fossil fuels. The paradoxical outcome is driven by consumption-saving tradeoffs facing households who seek to smooth consumption over time and holds both when the announced implementation date is taken as a credible threat and when households are skeptical about the (political) will or capability of the government to implement the policy as announced. 相似文献
10.
Elizabeth K. O’Dea Edward Dwyer Valerie Cummins Dawn J. Wright 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(4):607-627
A Coastal Web Atlas (CWA) is a valuable resource for a range of users including coastal managers as it provides easy access
to maps, spatial data, coastal information and tools. A trans-Atlantic workshop on “Potentials and Limitations of Coastal
Web Atlases”, held in Ireland in July 2006, brought together atlas developers and coastal data experts from Europe and the
United States to examine state-of-the-art developments in CWAs and future needs. This paper focuses on workshop outcomes,
including what defines a CWA and an overview of international, national, state and regional atlas case studies from both sides
of the Atlantic. Results of discussions are presented concerning issues related to design, data, technology and institutional
capacity for existing CWAs based on the collective experience of workshop participants. Directions in CWA development and
applications since the workshop are also discussed. A major outcome of the workshop was the initiation of an International
Coastal Atlas Network. The insights provided give a framework for CWA developers and a useful point of reference for coastal
managers and policy makers on atlas potentials and limitations. 相似文献
11.
The Dutch province of Zeeland is situated in the southern part of the Delta region. The geographical location of the province
and its history of inundation, land reclamation and dam-building, clearly illustrate the importance that water always has
had and still has in The Netherlands. Coastal defence projects are of utmost importance for The Netherlands and the Delta
Project is the crown project.
The importance of this project does not only regard the protection against the sea; the Delta dams also contribute considerably
to the regional infrastructure. They are a important contribution to the abolishment of the former isolation of the region.
They control inland navigation and form important boundaries for water management. They separate salt, brackish and fresh
water as well as waters with or without tidal-influence and they also influence the ecological systems in and along the waters.
Through physical planning, including the coastal policy of today, land and water can be further integrated. This paper discusses
the role of the Province in area planning, related to the division of labour between the various public authorities in The
Netherlands: state, provinces and municipalities. Coastal and water policy at the provincial level have been largely integrated
with relevant other interests.
It may be concluded that regional planning and coastal policy are beginning to adopt a new view towards dealing with water. 相似文献
12.
In this study, China’s current macro-environmental policies as well as their implementation and management tools are analyzed. By using the basic economic methodology, detailed studies are conducted focusing on the implementation effect of contemporary China’s typical environmental policy of the total pollutant discharge quantity control type, and also the two types of environmental management tools are compared from the perspective of implementation costs and policy uncertainty. By introduction of distributed management tools into the implementation of environmental policies, market-oriented means and the methods of economic analysis are introduced into environmental policy decision-making mechanisms, which could afford a new method for changing the current relatively low efficiency of environmental policy, solving the problem of “government failure” in environmental policy implementation, and providing a new way to make environmental policy system more flexible and more efficient. It is of great practical significance to solve China's current structural, complex and accumulative environmental problems. 相似文献
13.
Analysis of shoreline change is often based exclusively upon the littoral cell concept and modelling of hydrodynamic processes.
The Futurecoast study has considered fresh approaches to assessing shoreline evolution, which have been used to provide an
analysis of future long-term evolution for the entire shoreline of England and Wales. This has been based upon an improved
understanding of coastal systems and their behavioural characteristics. The study has included a range of supporting studies,
focussing upon maximizing use of existing information and experience. A number of additional data sets have also been produced.
The integration of leading expertise from different areas of coastal research to collectively consider this information has
been the foundation for the study. The key outputs from this research are: (1) Improved understanding of coastal behaviour;
(2) Assessment of future shoreline evolution; (3) Supporting information and data; (4) Delivery of results on an interactive
CD-ROM. 相似文献
14.
70 beaches in Wales, UK, were investigated with regard to the quality of beach scenery using video panoramas. Beaches were
given a score from zero to 20 by a panel of 24 coastal managers (National Park and Heritage Coast Wardens, etc.) and 42 final
year Degree or Master of Science students specializing in environmental sciences. Mean scores of coastal managers ranged from
16.1 (Broadhaven, S. Pembrokeshire; 80%) to 3.8 (Prestatyn, North Wales; 19%), while scores of students ranged from 16.0 (Barafundle,
S. Pembrokeshire; 80%) to 6.1 (Trecco Bay, Porthcawl; 31%). Wave height, number of people present on the beach and position
on the final videotape did not have significant effects on mean scores generated by either group. With both groups a strong
preference was observed for undeveloped beaches over those where anthropogenic structures were prominent (p=0.00), but beach commercialization level had an independent effect only on scores from the student group (p=0.02). Cloud cover at time of filming had a significant effect (p=0.00) on scoring, so a correction was applied for final score calculation and ranking. The findings contribute to management
of coastal aesthetic resources by providing a quantitative evaluation scheme. It is proposed to use these scores for beach
scenery/aesthetic quality in a novel, comprehensive beach rating system. 相似文献
15.
Christopher House 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(4):273-284
The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Protocol in the Mediterranean means the coastal zone can be better protected
and problems can be targeted in a coordinated manner. This research developed a model to improve Integrated Coastal Management
(ICM) implementation in the region. The methodology collected data from Mediterranean coastal zone experts via semi-structured
interviews and a review of Mediterranean Coastal Foundation ICM Conferences in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Results identified issues
and recommended solutions at various points in the policy process and these were used to propose a model for the implementation
of ICM. Research demonstrated the need for non symbolic engagement with science especially during the ex-ante, interim and
ex-post reports of implementation. Improved and considered horizontal governance and capacity building was highlighted as
crucial. Findings also emphasised the importance of legislatively supported bottom-up policy implementation for the Mediterranean
to help develop local coastal management ownership. Finally, the particular complexity of coastal policy in an administratively
and culturally diverse region was identified as the main difficulty for successful implementation of coastal policies. 相似文献
16.
M. R. Phillips E. J. Abraham A. T. Williams C. House 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2007,11(3):159-170
Fifteen beaches from the Swansea Bay coastal sediment cell, South Wales, UK, were analysed via function analysis, involving
assessment of specific environmental and socio-economic indicators. These were allocated scores from field surveys and extensive
desktop studies, which included beach awards, relevant shoreline management plans, planning and conservation designations
and current legislation. Normalised scores allowed production of a conservation/development matrix, enabling beach location
in conservation, development or conflict fields, which results appropriately identified. Conservation field beaches tended
to have a low density residential hinterland with little or no commercialisation. Conversely, beaches that leant towards the
development field had a high density residential hinterland and were highly commercialised. Evaluation showed the importance
of planning legislation in conflict areas and identified locations of development potential, where significant environmental
consequences would be unlikely. This representation could be used for evolution of conservation/development status within
coastal areas, enabling policy adjustment as necessary. It will also enable future sustainability assessment and it is suggested
that indicators could be modified to reduce environmental emphasis and provide a more uniform socio-economic consideration. 相似文献
17.
姚阳 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2008,14(1):45-48
发展产业集群通常被地方政府当作发展经济的重要手段.笔者通过讨论产业集群发展过程中政府的作用,从政府对集群的规划、公共要素的投入、发挥地方资源特点、企业主体地位等方面提出发展产业集群的政策建议.参7. 相似文献
18.
A newly constructed coastal revetment at Colhuw Beach in the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK, was analysed using a recently
developed environmental risk assessment package (ERA). Conflict with Heritage Coast conservation objectives is apparent and
the act of building such a structure is questioned for a location where maintenance ofnatural beauty is an axiom of the coastal management philosophy. The likelyhood of revetment related environmental consequences of
significant magnitude was analysed using estimated probability values derived from Bayesian theory. The damaging impact of
the structure on the natural environment is out of all proportion to the level of storm protection afforded to the site. Analyses,
such as carried out via ERA, would have shown planners, engineers and environmentalists, the inadequacies of such an investment
and management strategy. The ERA approach can help to introduce greater clarity and consistency into decision making processes. 相似文献
19.
A newly constructed coastal revetment at Colhuw Beach in the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, Wales, UK, was analysed using a recently
developed environmental risk assessment package (ERA). Conflict with Heritage Coast conservation objectives is apparent and
the act of building such a structure is questioned for a location where maintenance ofnatural beauty is an axiom of the coastal management philosophy. The likelyhood of revetment related environmental consequences of
significant magnitude was analysed using estimated probability values derived from Bavesian theory. The damaging impact of
the structure on the natural environment is out of all proportion to the level of storm protection afforded to the site. Analyses,
such as carried out via ERA, would have shown planners, engineers and environmentalists, the inadequacies of such an investment
and management strategy. The ERA approach can help to introduce greater clarity and consistency into decision making processes. 相似文献
20.
Policy challenges and approaches for the conservation of mangrove forests in Southeast Asia
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Daniel A. Friess Benjamin S. Thompson Ben Brown A. Aldrie Amir Clint Cameron Heather J. Koldewey Sigit D. Sasmito Frida Sidik 《Conservation biology》2016,30(5):933-949
Many drivers of mangrove forest loss operate over large scales and are most effectively addressed by policy interventions. However, conflicting or unclear policy objectives exist at multiple tiers of government, resulting in contradictory management decisions. To address this, we considered four approaches that are being used increasingly or could be deployed in Southeast Asia to ensure sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. First, a stronger incorporation of mangroves into marine protected areas (that currently focus largely on reefs and fisheries) could resolve some policy conflicts and ensure that mangroves do not fall through a policy gap. Second, examples of community and government comanagement exist, but achieving comanagement at scale will be important in reconciling stakeholders and addressing conflicting policy objectives. Third, private‐sector initiatives could protect mangroves through existing and novel mechanisms in degraded areas and areas under future threat. Finally, payments for ecosystem services (PES) hold great promise for mangrove conservation, with carbon PES schemes (known as blue carbon) attracting attention. Although barriers remain to the implementation of PES, the potential to implement them at multiple scales exists. Closing the gap between mangrove conservation policies and action is crucial to the improved protection and management of this imperiled coastal ecosystem and to the livelihoods that depend on them. 相似文献