Humanpharmakawirkstoffe in der Umwelt: Einträge, Vorkommen und der Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme

Background

The presence of a large spectrum of pharmaceutical agents has been reported for aquatic environments (surface—and groundwater) and other aquatic media (influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants) in Germany and beyond, including their occurrence in drinking water. Considering the large number of pharmaceuticals produced for human use and released into the environment, various authors (Sattelberger 1999, Hanisch et al. 2004, Castiglioni et al. 2006, IWW 2006, Stockholm County Council 2006) tried to compile ‘priority lists’ focusing on those substances with environmental relevance. The following agents are included in all lists: ciprofloxacine, clarythromycine (antibiotics), carbamazepine (anti-epileptic agent), bezafibrate (lipid reducer), clofibric acid (lipid reducer metabolite), ethinylestradiol (sex hormone) and cylophosfamide (cytostatic agent). The agents erythromycine and sulfamethoxazole (antibiotics), ibuprofen, indometacine, propyphenazone (analgesics), atenolol (beta-blocker) and ifosfamide (cytostatic agent) can be found in three of four priority lists.

Results

Pharmaceuticals mainly enter the aquatic environment via effluent water, coming from wastewater treatment plants (including hospital and household sewerage), untreated discharges (e.g, secondary transfer of active agents into ground- and surface waters via sewage sludge application in agriculture and via landfill leachate) and leakages in the municipal sewer network.

Discussion

Potential activities towards a reduced release of pharmaceuticals into the environment should consider primarily the origin of the exposure to allow a separation of drug containing flows already at the source. Following the latter it would be possible to minimize the contamination of spring-, ground- and surface waters which serve as raw water resources for drinking water supply. However, considering the actual water pollution with pharmaceuticals and other substances, ‘end-of pipe’ techniques in the sewage and drinking water treatment are absolutely essential.

Conclusions

Sustainability criteria (e.g. protection of drinking water resources, habitats and biocoenoses, recycling and economizing use of resources) and economic aspects of modern sewage disposal concepts require a useful choice and combination of technical measures as components of centralized and decentralized sewage and drinking water treatment methods. It is though not realistic to cover and eliminate all pharmaceutical agents of environmental relevance equally effective even if a catalogue of potential technical treatment methods is elaborated thoroughly. Therefore, a concentration of efforts on selected drug agents, at least following initially some of the priority lists, is recommended.

Recommendations and Perspectives

The contamination of the water cycle with pharmaceuticals is nevertheless not exclusively to be solved via the application of technical methods. The BMBF (Federal Ministry for Education and Research) funded project start (Management Strategies for Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water, www.start-project.de) therefore tries by implementation of a transdisciplinary approach to integrate technical-, behavioral-, and agent-orientated management strategies towards a more comprehensive and sustainable problem solution.     

Resilienz vs. Effizienz – ein kritischer Blick auf die Umweltökonomie

Background, aim, and scope Economists assess politics (also concerning energy supply) due to the efficiency criterion. Thus, economic instruments for environmental protection shall contribute to achieve ecological goals in an (cost-)efficient way. We show that the overemphasis of efficiency is an alien in the way (ecological) systems are working. Mostly, ecological systems are not high-grade efficient. Hence, economic instruments of environmental protection introduce an inappropriate logic to ecological systems that may have severe impacts on their resilience. We illustrate this with the example of emission trading. Time efficiency is considered to be a powerful criterion due to the interest yield requirements of investors, also for ecological investments. We show how the concentration on time efficiency destroys diversity and has negative impacts on the resilience of (eco-)systems. Main features The economic system is embedded in society and natural environment (as self-organizing, living systems). The economy as an ‘instrumental system’ should serve these systems. The guiding value approach (a system theory approach) gives indication that overemphasizing certain guiding values (such as efficiency, as the economic science does) may weaken the functional capability of systems and finally may lead to a collapse of the systems. Results and discussion The article tries to change the focus of the discussion. An altered focus probably has to be implemented by scientists of other subject areas. Contemporary environmental economics (with its focus on efficiency) is unable to give satisfying answers on the pestering problems. Conclusions Criticising the primacy of efficiency is not the same as generally to disclaim considering efficiency needs. Instead, based on the guiding value theory, we want to be contrary to the one-sided and dominating stressing of the of the efficiency criterion. Perspectives Not following the efficiency guide any more means to think over some ‘sacred cows’ such as emission trading or shareholder value. Instead we have to think over alternative designs to reach the ecological targets.     

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中F^—,Cl^—,NO^—3,SO^2—4离子

本文介绍了低压离子色谱法测定水样和酸雨中氟，氯，硝酸根，硫酸根离子的方法，欲测阴离子在阴离子交换柱上被分离，同时用１．２ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｎａ２ＣＯ３溶液作流动相，流速为１．６ｍｌ．ｍｉｎ＾－１。各离子的流分用电导检测。     

Straßenversiegelung in Deutschland und ihre Beinflussung der Umwelt im Vergleich mit anderen OECD-Ländern

Since the increasing awareness of environmental damage, attention has focussed on the problems caused by the extension of car traffic. The number of cars has permanently increased over the years and is predicted to continue in the future. The number of cars registered worldwide already passed the number of 500 million in the year 1988 (OECD, 1995). Two major problems are linked to the increase in car traffic: The air pollution by engine conbustion and the so-called sealing of the ground by pavements. The streets dramatically cut into coherent areas, separate biotopes, animal and plant populations (BBR, 1998). Facts about grund sealing in Germany are presented and compared to those of other OECD-countries. Environmental consequences are discussed.     

Nitropyridoindoles—Formation,characterization and mutagenicity

Nitration of pyridoindoles (β‐carbolines) was carried out using different nitration methods and structural assignments of these nitro compounds were made using different spectroscopic techniques. The mutagenic activity of these nitro derivatives was studied using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 NR and TA 100 NR in the absence as well as in the presence of S‐9 mix. Only trinitro derivatives were found to be highly mutagenic to strain TA 98 NR.     

Ag—Mn,Ag—Co和Ag—Ce复合氧化物上CO,丙酮和吡啶的催化燃烧

本文考察了Ａｎ－Ｍｎ，Ａｇ－Ｃｏ和Ａｇ－Ｃｅ复合氧化物上ＣＯ，丙酮和吡啶的催化氧化性能，结果表明，双组分Ａｇ－Ｍｎ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３和Ａｇ－Ｃｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的氧化活性均高于单组分Ａｇ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３．在Ａｇ－Ｃｅ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上，ＣＯ氧化反应的速率言程可用ｒ＝ｋＰｏ２＾ｍＰＣＯ来表示，随着催化剂中氧化铈含量的增加，对氧的反应级数明显下降。     

激光—时间分辨技术在Zn,Al,Cd荧光测定中的应用

本文报道了以７－碘－８羟基喹啉－５－磺酸作荧光增强剂,采用激光－时间分辨技术对Ｚｎ,Ａｌ,Ｃｄ进行荧光测定的原理和方法。     

Water, energy and food interactions—Challenges and opportunities

Water and energy are inextricably linked, and as a consequence both have to be addressed together. This is called the water-energy nexus. When access to either is limited, it becomes obvious that it is necessary to consider their interdependence. Population growth, climate change, urbanization, increasing living standards and food consumption will require an integrated approach where food, water and energy security are considered together. In this paper we examine water, energy and food security and their couplings. The nexus also creates conflicts between water use, energy extraction and generation as well as food production. Some of these conflicts are illustrated. It is argued that there is an urgent need for integrated planning and operation. Not only will better technology be needed, but also better integration of policies, organizations and political decisions.     

N,N—二甲基甲酰胺在血液中代谢物S—（N—甲基氨基甲酰）谷胱…

根据先将ＳＧＭ转化为乙基、Ｎ－甲基氨基酸盐（ＥＭＣ），然后以气相色谱－质谱联用手段测定所产生的ＥＭＣ的原理，发展出生种定量检测大鼠血清中ＳＭＧ及其他Ｎ－甲基氨基甲酸硫酯类物质的分析方法。方法采用人工合成的ＭＳＧ和ＥＭＣ进行标定，每次测定需要样品量为０．５ｍＬ，方法的合理检出极限为ｃ（ＳＭＧ）＝１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。