珠江口海区水产经济种类中重金属含量的初步分析

有关经济鱼类重金属含量的调查研究及海洋生物基线值(Baseline value)国外已有不少的报导。我所于1976—78年参加了珠江口近海区水产经济种类及底栖生物的污染调查,并对这一海域的环境质量作出了初步的评价。1978—79年又开展了珠江口外海     

珠江口及近海沉积有机质来源判断

用二元混合模型对有机地球化学指标之间的关系进行模拟,结果表明珠江口和近海沉积物样品OC/N与δ15N在早期成岩过程中均发生了较大改变,OC/N可用作判断有机质来源的辅助证据,而δ15N不宜用作沉积有机质来源的指示.δ15Corg 则可以较可靠地用来评价来源的贡献.稳定C同位素二元混合模拟结果表明从珠江河流出海口往近海方向,陆源有机质所占比例呈下降趋势,在珠江口内,陆源有机C的比例略大于水生有机C,而近海有机质以当地水生藻类为主要来源.     

2010年夏季珠江口海域溶解氧的分布特征和海气交换通量

根据2010年8月的调查资料,分析了珠江口海域溶解氧的分布特征,探讨了其与水体稳定性、营养盐、叶绿素a及CO2分压的关系。结果表明,溶解氧浓度由珠江口内向口外近海逐渐递增,在垂向上则随着水深由浅至深呈下降趋势。相关性分析显示,溶解氧在表底层的浓度差与温度差、盐度差和叶绿素a含量差都达到显著相关的水平,低氧区的形成与水体层化和有机质的降解耗氧密切相关,其中珠江冲淡水为浮游植物的生长和繁殖提供了丰富的N、P营养盐,而浮游生物的消亡和有机质的分解加剧了氧的亏损。溶解氧海气通量呈现明显的空间差异,其中河口上游表现为氧汇,而下游海域为氧源。     

珠江口及南海北部近海海域大气有机氯农药分布特征与来源

分冬、春航次采集了珠江口及南海北部近海海域大气样品,同时以广州和中山作为陆基对照点,对大气中的有机氯农药（OCPs）进行了系统分析.结果表明,大气中的有机氯农药主要为HCHs、DDTs和氯丹,其含量范围分别为 13～99、 73～390、 63～224 pg/m³（冬季航次）和10～106、 429～1 003、 1 724～9 638 pg/m³（春季航次）.总体而言,春季航次期间的大气OCPs含量普遍高于冬季航次.研究发现,珠江口及南海近海海域大气OCPs主要受控于陆源污染的影响,呈现近陆点高和远陆点低的特点.大气中 α-HCH的含量已显著降低,而高含量 γ-HCH的检出与林丹的继续使用有关,“新”DDT的污染主要来自三氯杀螨醇的生产和使用以及船舶防污油漆中使用的滴滴涕.春季航次期间大气氯丹含量的高值,源于白蚁高发期氯丹的大量使用以及来自西太平洋地区的大气长距离输送.     

珠江口水体表观光谱特性与类型分析

珠江口海域是典型的二类水体,光谱特性复杂,一直是国内学者研究的热点区域。本文基于2014年春（5月）、夏（8月）、秋（11月）、冬（2月）珠江口海域四个航次实测的表观光谱资料,探讨了珠江口海域遥感反射率的类型及时空分布特性。结果发现珠江口海域四季水体遥感反射率呈5大类型,每一类光谱都具有典型的区域性和季节变化特征,其谱峰在450~575 nm范围内随季节变化而移动,A类型常年分布在珠江口内,B类型冬春季节分布在珠江口外混合过渡类水体中,C类型主要分布在珠江口口门外水深较深的离岸海域,D类型春夏季在万山群岛附近海域出现,E类型与大洋水体的光谱特征类似。分析表明5种光谱类型的谱型变化趋势由不同的水质因子主导。该研究对深入探讨珠江口等我国近海二类复杂水体的光谱特性及其水色要素的遥感反演具有重要的参考价值。     

珠江口东海域营养盐比例及其对藻类的影响

根据珠江口东四口门(虎门、蕉门、洪奇门、横门)海域的调查资料,对营养盐含量和比值与浮游植物生长和种群结构的关系进行分析。结果表明:调查海域浮游植物的生长与海水中营养盐的浓度及营养盐之间的比例均有关,丰富的氮、磷、硅和较高的N:P、Si:P、Si:N比,可能是形成目前调查海域浮游植物群落以硅藻类占优势的种群结构的主要原因;但是在像深圳湾这样的半封闭海湾,营养盐含量及其之间的比例发生变化(尤其是N:P),将对浮游植物种群结构产生相应的影响。     

深圳湾及邻近沿岸沉积物中碳、氮和磷的分布

依据1998~2014年每年2个航次取得的资料,分析和研究了深圳湾和珠江口东南沿岸表层沉积物中生物地球化学要素[包括总碳(TC)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)]的时空分布,并依据C:N原子比探讨沉积物中有机质的来源.结果表明,TC、TOC、TN和TP含量在深圳湾中分别为(13200±3600)、(12200±3200)、(910±352)和(594±288)mg/kg,而在珠江口东南沿岸中分别为(12000±3900)、(8700±2300)、(601±259)和(334±119)mg/kg.1998~2014年研究海区沉积物中TC和TN含量的年际变化均呈上升趋势,而TOC含量则呈下降趋势.研究期间TP含量在深圳湾中呈下降趋势,而在珠江口东南沿岸中呈上升趋势.深圳湾和珠江口东南沿岸中TOC:TN原子比分别约为17.7和19.5,研究期间均呈下降趋势.研究海区中表层沉积有机质(SOM)是陆生和水生2种来源的混合输入,在深圳湾中以水生源为主,而在珠江口东南沿岸中以陆生源为主.1998~2014年研究海区中表层SOM从以陆生源为主逐渐转变为以水生源为主.     

珠江口及南海近海海域大气多环芳烃分布特征

分冬、春两次航次分别采集了珠江口及南海近海海域大气气溶胶样品和气相样品,同时以广州和中山作为陆基对照点,对16种EPA优控多环芳烃进行了分析.结果表明,大气PAHs主要以气态化合物为主,总PAHs(气态+颗粒态)的含量范围为49.6～256.6 ng/m3,平均120.7 ng/m3.珠江口海域大气颗粒态多环芳烃季节变化显著,冬、春航次大气颗粒态多环芳烃的含量分别为6.7～18.0 ng/m3和0.4～5.1 ng/m3,冬季航次期间大气颗粒态PAHs含量的高值主要源于大陆气流对城市群大气PAHs污染的输送,另外干冷的季节亦有利于PAHs向颗粒态的富集.与此相反,气态多环芳烃含量的季节差异不明显.在冬季,随东北季风携带的城市粉尘可以将大气中的气态PAHs捕获,而春季航次的大气PAHs主要来源于西太平洋地区的远程输送和PAHs的海-气交换作用.认为受控于季风活动的水、热因子组合特征,是影响珠江口海域大气PAHs含量与分布的主导因素.     

珠江口毛颚类的生态研究

根据2002～2003年珠江口12个航次的调查资料,分析探讨了不同调查时间和区域毛颚类的种类组成、丰度变化及其环境因子的影响.以表层盐度(S)变化将调查海域划分三个区域:Ⅰ区(S<25)、Ⅱ区(2530).12个航次的调查结果表明:调查海域共出现毛颚类13种,Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区的种数一般多于Ⅰ区,皆以暖水种居多.其中2002年7月(夏季)、2003年1月(冬季)和4月(春季)的3个航次结果表明珠江口毛颚类的平均丰度为23 ind/m3, 三个区域的平均丰度比较为Ⅰ区(43 ind/m3)> Ⅱ区(15 ind/m3)>Ⅲ区(11 ind/m3),春夏季的丰度高于冬季.另外在Ⅰ区进行了9个航次调查的研究表明:Ⅱ区的毛颚类平均丰度较高,月份之间的丰度差别明显,沿珠江口由内往外丰度增加.百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)和肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)是珠江口毛颚类的优势种.盐度、温度和饵料浓度是影响珠江口毛颚类丰度变化的重要因素.     

珠江口三维水质与底泥耦合模型的验证及应用

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水动力模型,建立了可描述珠江口水体-底泥中营养盐动态变化的三维水质-底泥模型,利用1999年和2006年夏季观测数据对模型进行了验证,在此基础上,模拟分析了珠江口主要水质因子和底泥营养盐通量的分布特征,以及底泥通量对珠江口营养盐输入的贡献.验证结果表明,模型能较好地反映出水体和底泥中的营养盐及溶解氧浓度的时空分布特征,各水质因子的模拟值与观测值的相对误差均小于38%;另外,底泥营养盐通量的模拟值与文献报道的实测结果较为接近,表明模型能合理地刻画出底泥主要生化过程及通量变化特征.模拟结果显示,夏季珠江口氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)通量主要从底泥向水体输送,底泥是水体氮磷元素的源,而硝态氮和亚硝态氮(NO_3~-+NO_2~-,NO23)的通量输送方向则与之相反,底泥呈现“汇”的效应;底泥营养盐通量主要从河口向外海递减,伶仃洋NH_4~+-N、NO23、PO_4~(3-)-P的通量变化范围分别为0.24~8.88、-10.06~-0.14、-0.37~0.41 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),珠江口近海的通量变化范围分别为-0.01~4.14、-1.45~0.68、-0.12~0.09 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1).整体而言,底泥营养盐通量对珠江口营养盐输入有明显贡献,夏季经底泥释放进入水体的NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P最大相当于陆源总氮、总磷输入量的12%和22%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.