广东红海湾海域表层水环境中重金属含量特征及污染评价

为了研究红海湾海域水体中重金属的污染水平,2015年5月和11月在研究海域设48个采样站位进行了表层水样分析,分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As共7种重金属的含量及污染特征,采用单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染评价法对研究海域的水质污染情况进行评价分析,利用变异系数法来分析了各调查站位之间污染物在空间尺度上离散程度,使用相关性分析和PCA方法分析重金属污染物的主要来源。结果表明,该海域表层海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量的平均值均满足《海水水质标准》二类水质要求,单因子污染指数法评价结果显示7种重金属平均含量的污染程度大体排序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Cr＞Hg。综合污染评价法显示评价海域表层海水中7种重金属综合污染指数的平均值均小于1,且综合污染指数整体相差不大,研究海域属于清洁海域。变异系数结果表明各站位间水体中重金属含量在调查海域空间离散度较大,研究海域的重金属污染物来自不同的污染源。相关性分析和PCA方法分析表明,重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As之间的相关系数较小,且前三个主分中的研究重金属元素正载荷较低,因此重金属元素相互之间都不具有相似的污染水平或共同的污染来源,元素之间具有共同来源的概率较低。     

广东省海域经济鱼类的重金属污染及其评价

对广东省海域24种代表性经济鱼类肌肉中的 Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和 Ni 6种重金属的含量进行了测定,同时还测定了部分鱼样的内脏、鳃、骨、皮、鳞5种器官组织中的重金属。广东省海域经济鱼类的重金属含量,与国内外一些非污染海域或轻微污染海域经济鱼类的重金属含量相近,远低于“海洋生物污染评价标准”和“人体消费卫生标准”,这反映了栖息于广东省海域的经济鱼类受重金属污染的影响不明显,基本上处于良好状态。重金属在鱼体不同器官组织中的分布存在差异,肌肉中的重金属含量最低。     

江苏近岸海域城市海产品石油烃含量调查与污染分析

本研究对2021年和2022年江苏近岸海域城市（连云港、盐城、南通）重点海产品石油烃含量进行了监测,分种类对石油烃含量分布和近岸城市污染情况进行对比分析,并采用单因子污染指数法对石油烃污染情况进行分析。结果表明,江苏近岸海域海产品普遍存在石油烃污染,但大部分含量较低,石油烃含量范围为ND～25.1 mg/kg（湿重,下同）,平均含量为6.1 mg/kg;从海产品类别来看,双壳类>头足类>甲壳类>鱼类,整体上呈现鱼类含量较小的趋势;3个抽样城市,连云港海产品石油烃检出率最低,推测可能与区域性污染有关。海产品的污染指数为0～1.02,平均值为0.53,97.1%的海产品污染指数小于1。综合来看,大部分鱼类和头足类未受石油烃污染,甲壳类未受或受到轻度污染,双壳类受到轻度污染,未出现重度污染。2021年和2022年,江苏近岸海域监测的海产品大部分未受到石油烃污染或受到轻度污染,生物质量良好。     

青岛市土壤重金属污染的物元可拓评价

鉴于甶各个单因素评价得到的评价结果存在一定的矛盾性,从而导致土壤重金属污染程度存在不确定性的特点,研究中引入了物元理论和可拓集理论,建立了土壤重金属污染的物元可拓模型.对常规的污染物浓度超标赋权法进行了修正,引进了Hakanson毒性响应系数,使得评价因子的权重不仅能反映污染物浓度的超标状况,还与重金属的毒理性质有关,并将其与传统的定权方法进行对比,发现其修正效果显著,突显了重金属的潜在危害程度.以青岛市为例进行评价方法实证分析:共采集83个土壤样品,在对表层土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As6种重金属元素含量进行分析的基础上,采用修正后的重金属权重以及物元可拓模型进行评价;评价结果表明青岛市土壤重金属污染等级以清洁一尚清洁为主,极个别采样点存在轻度或中度污染;模糊数学法评价结果与物元可拓模型的评价结果基本一致,验证了物元可拓模型应用于土壤重金属污染评价的可靠性.     

东营市北部海域文蛤重金属污染特征与食用风险评价

2016年10月在东营市北部海域采集文蛤,测定其体内7种重金属含量,分析其污染特征,从而探究文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）对沉积物中重金属的生物富集能力及其影响因素,并采用单因子污染指数（P_i）和总目标危险系数（THQ_s）评价文蛤食用风险.结果表明,该海域文蛤体内Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn含量分别为0.009~0.019,0.51~0.80,0.25~0.76,0.45~0.76,0.43~2.46,1.83~3.78,14.33~17.75mg/kg.与国内外其它区域文蛤体内重金属含量对比发现,该海域文蛤体内重金属含量处于中等水平.基于综合污染指数（MPI）,S5站位文蛤受重金属污染最严重.文蛤对Cd的富集能力最强（生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）平均为455.13%）.7种重金属中,只有Pb的生物蓄积与其在沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关,而Hg、Cu的蓄积分别与沉积物中细颗粒物（粒径< 63 μm,FGS）、有机质（OM）含量呈显著正相关和负相关.通过分析各站位的THQ_s值可知,长期食用该海域文蛤对人体有害,且食用风险主要来源于As.因此,为降低食用该海域文蛤给消费者带来的健康风险,必须采取有效措施控制重金属（特别是As）在海产品中的积累.     

辽东湾西北部海域表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征与污染状况评价

对2013年秋季和2014年春季两季辽东湾西北部海域共26个采样站位7种重金属含量的分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Hg、Zn和Cd含量的平均值均高于渤海工业化前沉积物重金属背景值。单因子污染指数和重金属地质累积指数评价结果显示,Cd属于"轻度"污染,Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、As和Cr属于无污染程度。重金属潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区的综合潜在生态风险"较低"。单金属潜在危害系数程度较高的是Cd、Hg。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析表明:TOC含量与重金属Hg、Cu、Cd、Cr和As含量具有一定的正相关性。进一步通过主成分分析表明该海域沉积物重金属有3个来源,即有机质降解;工业废水、城市排污及养殖自身污染;岩石的自然风化和侵蚀过程。本研究结果揭示了辽东湾西北部海域沉积物中重金属的分布特征,初步推断了重金属污染来源,可为辽东湾海洋生态环境保护、修复提供依据。     

粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属污染评价及来源解析

为了解粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属的空间分布、污染程度、生态风险和潜在来源,对粤东近岸海域153个表层沉积物样本中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As）含量的分布特征进行分析,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属污染状况和潜在生态危害程度进行评价,利用相关性分析和主成分分析方法,结合重金属排放特点解析了重金属污染物的主要来源。结果表明,7种重金属含量均不同程度超过了背景值,入海河口及其附近区域是重金属的主要富集区。地累积指数的评价结果显示,各重金属污染程度为Pb>Cu>Hg>Zn>Cr>As>Cd。潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,粤东近岸海域表层沉积物重金属整体表现为中等程度的生态风险,Hg和Cd是主要的贡献因子,需加强监测。分析表明,粤东近岸海域表层沉积物中重金属主要来自电子垃圾拆解、化石燃料燃烧、涉重金属企业排放、农业生产活动和船舶排污。     

大亚湾石化排污海域重金属污染及生态风险评价

为了解大亚湾石化排污区海域重金属污染现状及其潜在生态风险,对该湾的海水、表层沉积物和生物(鱼)体中7种重金属(Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)含量及空间分布进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数法和生态风险指数法对海水和表层沉积物重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价.结果表明,2011~2012年海水重金属含量较低,除部分站位Zn和Pb超过海水水质第一类标准外,未出现明显的重金属污染.海水重金属综合污染指数均值丰水期(0.72)>枯水期(0.38),表层沉积物重金属综合污染指数均值枯水期(7.77)>丰水期(5.70),枯水期表层沉积物重金属污染因子为Hg,其次为As和Zn;丰水期表层沉积物重金属污染因子为Hg,其次为Zn和Cu.调查海域丰水期和枯水期间采集到的生物(鱼)体内各种重金属均未超标.重金属含量的相关性分析表明,不同时期大亚湾石化排污区重金属间的相关程度差异明显.枯水期调查海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数RI(129.20)>丰水期(102.86),枯水期有25%的站位出现高警级风险.调查海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险在丰水期是远岸海域高于沿岸海域,湾口高于湾顶;而在枯水期则相反.Hg对大亚湾石化排污区海域存在强潜在生态风险,其他6种重金属均为轻微潜在生态风险.     

北戴河及相邻海域沉积物重金属潜在生态危害评价

根据2011年和2012年春夏秋三季长时间、大范围的对北戴河及相邻海域沉积物重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn)的调查结果,通过单因子污染指数、综合生态危害指数、潜在生态危害指数等评价方法,分析北戴河及相邻海域沉积物重金属的含量分布趋势及潜在生态危害。研究结果表明,整个近岸海域沉积物重金属的含量有从抚宁近岸向两侧逐渐升高的趋势。海港区近岸海域重金属污染相对较严重,之后依次是山海关近岸海域、北戴河近岸海域、昌黎近岸海域和抚宁近岸海域。所有监测站位的重金属要素含量均未超出一类海洋沉积物标准,属于轻微生态危害。     

福建中、东部沿海主要养殖贝类体重金属的含量与评价

根据2000年11月福建中、东部沿海养殖贝类体重金属的检测资料，分析了牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏体内重金属的含量水平。结果表明；闽江口附近海域和兴化湾湾顶北部海域养殖的褶牡蛎，体内Zn和Cd的含量明显高于其他养殖区。文中对3种养殖贝类的重金属污染程度进行评价的结果表明：闽中、东沿海的养殖贝类基本未受重金属污染或属微污染水平。     

Domestic or imported? An assessment of carbon footprints and sustainability of seafood consumed in Australia

The distance between where food is produced and consumed is increasing, and is often taken as evidence of an unsustainable global food system. Seafood is a highly traded commodity yet seafood sustainability assessments do not typically consider the impacts of the movement of products beyond the fishery or farm. Here we use life cycle assessment to examine the carbon footprint of the production and distribution of select seafood products that are consumed in Australia and determine differences in the sustainability of imports and their domestically produced counterparts. We found that the distance food is transported is not the main determinant of food sustainability. Despite the increased distance between production and consumption, carbon footprints of meals from imported seafood are similar to meals consisting of domestically produced seafood, and sometimes lower, depending on the seafood consumed. In combining LCA with existing seafood sustainability criteria the trade-offs between sustainability targets become more apparent. Carbon ‘footprinting’ is one metric that can be incorporated in assessments of sustainability, thereby demonstrating a broader perspective of the environmental cost of food production and consumption.     

珠江口底栖生物重金属含量现状与评价

根据2003年的调查资料，结合国内外有关生物残毒理论，对珠江口海域底栖生物重金属含量现状进行分析与评价。结果表明，底栖生物中Hg、Ph、Cd、As含量较低，但甲壳动物和软体动物体内Ph和Cd具有潜在的严重积累问题；甲壳类Cd含量已严重超人体消费标准，软体类的Cd含量等于人体消费标准值，甲壳动物和软体动物的可食性应引起人们的关注。     

Environmental impact of radionuclide migration in groundwater from a low-intermediate level radioactive waste repository.

The radionuclide migration from a certain Chinese repository with low-intermediate level radioactive solid waste is studied. The migration in groundwater is analyzed and computed in detail. Under presumption of normal releasing, or the bottom of the repository has been marinated for one month with precipitation reaching 600 mm once and a 6 m aerated zone exists, a prediction for 7 radionuclides is conducted. It shows that the aerated zone is the primary barrier for migration. The migration for radionuclides 60Co, 137Cs, 90Sr, 63Ni, etc. will be retarded in it within 500 years. The concentration of 239Pu will be decreased by amount of 6 order. Only 3H and 14C can migrate through the aerated zone. The radionuclides that go through the aerated zone and enter the aquifer will exist in spring, stream and sea. Based on this, the intake dose by residents in different age group resulting from drinking contaminated spring water, eating seafood is calculated. The results showed that the impact of the repository to the key resident group is lower than the limit in national repository regulation standard. This complies with the repository management target.     

Sustainability of seafood production and consumption: an introduction to the special issue

This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Cleaner Production on “The Sustainability of Seafood Production and Consumption”. The purpose of the special issue is to bring together a series of papers that will form a nucleus for the growth of an emerging area of scholarship. Overfishing and marine habitat damage have generated a global crisis in the production of seafood. In order to respond to this crisis we need systems for the management of seafood production and consumption that will comprehensively reduce and eventually eliminate wastefulness in both capture fisheries and aquaculture systems. Thirteen papers address these issues, with focuses on: seafood harvesting practices, fish processing, life cycle assessment, eco-efficiency, management of wastes, seafood distribution and consumption, total energy costs, eco-labeling, and the conservation of resources and biodiversity. We conclude that major changes are required in our approaches to the management of both the marine environment and our seafood capture and production systems. We also conclude that steps have been taken in this direction, but there is still far to go.     

Isolines as a new tool to assess the energy costs of the production and distribution of multiple sources of seafood

Consumer-based ocean conservation efforts focus attention on seafood that is produced in an “eco-friendly” manner. However, many species can be produced either in aquaculture operations or harvested within wild capture fisheries, and each mode of production differs in their environmental impacts as well as their energy requirements. Complicating the assessment of eco-friendly seafood is the fact that seafood is a global commodity, the suppliers of which utilize a variety of methods to distribute the product from producer to consumer (e.g. ship, truck, airplane). Like the modes of production, these various modes of distribution differ in their energy intensity. This analysis assesses the overall energy requirements of production and distribution (E_P&D) of seafood to evaluate how the energy costs of distribution influence the total energy cost of seafood produced by different methods. This paper develops the concept of energy isolines as a tool to assess E_P&D. Isolines are a graphical method to succinctly integrate multiple distance assessments so that the best sourcing option can be determined. The isolines are then used to assess how the energy cost of distribution functions as a component of the overall energy cost, and how this influences the E_P&D of a product originating from two different sources with inherently different energy costs of production. Using scallops and salmon as examples, this analysis has revealed that an “eco-friendly” seafood commodity (one produced with less energy) produced far from its destination market could have a higher total E_P&D compared to a local, less “eco-friendly” product (that takes more energy to produce). Finally, this paper evaluates strategies to minimize the overall E_P&D of seafood. Overall, further work on energy audits of seafood focused the need to maintain a global perspective to determine seafood with the lowest overall energy cost of production and distribution.     

低中放废物处置场核素经地下水迁移对环境影响预测

研究了我国某民用低中放固体废物处置场核素迁移的途径，对核素在地下水中的迁移进行了详细分析与计算，假定正常释放或一次降水量达到６００ｍｍ，处置场底浸泡一个月，存在６ｍ的包气带时，对该处置场处置的７种核素进行预测，结果表明，包气带是延迟核素迁移的主要屏障，在５００年内，可以使＾６０Ｃｏ＾１３７Ｃｓ＾９０Ｓｒ、＾６３Ｎｉ等核素延迟，其中＾２３９Ｐｕ降低６个月数量级，但不能延迟＾３Ｈ和＾１４Ｃ的迁移，穿过     

Mercury in aquatic fauna contamination: A systematic review on its dynamics and potential health risks

Mercury is an important pollutant, released into aquatic ecosystems both naturally and by anthropogenic action. This element is transferred to aquatic organisms in different ways, causing potential health risks. In addition, mercury can be accumulated by humans, especially through the consumption of contaminated food. This systematic review aims to present mercury pathways, the major routes through which this element reaches the aquatic environment and its transformations until becoming available to living animals, leading to bioaccumulation and biomagnification phenomena. The key biotic and abiotic factors affecting such processes, the impact of mercury on animal and human health and the issue of seafood consumption as a source of chronic mercury contamination are also addressed. A total of 101 articles were retrieved from a standardized search on three databases (PubMed, Emabse, and Web of Science), in addition to 28 other studies not found on these databases but considered fundamental to this review (totaling 129 articles). Both biotic and abiotic factors display fundamental importance in mediating mercurial dynamics, i.e., muscle tropism, and salinity, respectively. Consequently, mercurial contamination in aquatic environments affects animal health, especially the risk of extinction species and also on human health, with methylmercury the main mercury species responsible for acute and chronic symptomatology.     

校园学生群体食物汞暴露现状及风险评价——以天津大学为例

通过测定校园学生主要食物中(包括主食、鱼类、肉类、蔬菜等)总汞和甲基汞浓度,同时采集志愿者头发作为生物指示物,结合外暴露和内暴露数据系统评估学生群体的汞暴露风险.校园食堂食物总汞浓度范围为0.57~207.50ng/g(以湿重计),甲基汞浓度范围为0.06~49.20ng/g(以湿重计),与已有研究相比处于较低水平.不同食物中汞浓度水平存在显著差异,如水产品中总汞和甲基汞浓度均比其他食物要高.所调查人发中总汞浓度为0.03~0.77 μg/g,甲基汞浓度为0.02~0.67 μg/g,男性发汞浓度要显著高于女性.人体汞浓度与个人饮食习惯存在一定联系,水产品食用频次较高的人群中发汞浓度也相对较高.男性学生总汞摄入量约为9200ng/d,女性约为7500ng/d.总汞摄入主要通过主食摄入,而甲基汞则主要通过水产品摄入.根据现行人群汞摄入风险评价标准,本研究中校园人群汞暴露风险较低,但水产品食用频次增加仍可能造成大量的汞摄入.     

某电镀厂附近农田土壤中的重金属形态研究

通过连续提取法对电镀废水污染区和对照区农田土壤中的重金属元素Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Mn形态进行了研究.结果显示,污染区土壤中多种形态的Cu、Cr和Ni含量都显著高于对照区,尤其以它们的有机结合态差异最为显著.污染区较对照区土壤中Mn的总量虽无显著差异,但可交换态Mn的含量显著增加(分别为98.68mg/kg和40.75mg/kg).污染区与对照区土壤中的Pb的交换态、碳酸盐结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态均无显著差异.电镀废水的污染使得农田土壤中Cu、Cr和Ni含量和生物有效性显著升高,Mn的化学形态改变,移动性和生物有效性增加.     

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