湛江港表层沉积物重金属的分布及其潜在生态风险评价

测定了湛江港12个表层沉积物样品中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的含量,并与有机质含量进行双变量相关分析,同时应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了沉积物重金属综合污染效应。结果表明:湛江港海域沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的含量范围分别为(9.5～27.2)×10-6、(24.4～68.1)×10-6、(15.7～115.2)×10-6、(未检出～0.202)×10-6和(0.026～0.167)×10-6,平均含量分别为17.6×10-6、36.9×10-6、67.0×10-6、0.065×10-6和0.091×10-6。除Pb与Hg之间,各种重金属元素之间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系。除Pb和Cd之外,各种重金属与有机质之间相关系数较高。Hakan-son潜在生态风险评价结果显示,湛江港表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险均较小,属轻微生态危害。5种重金属的潜在生态风险大小依次为:Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn。     

大沽河口潮间带沉积物重金属污染特征

为了解胶州湾大沽河口潮间带沉积物重金属污染现状,2015年采集60个大沽河口潮间带表层沉积物样和2个柱状样,测试了样品的粒径及主要重金属元素含量。结果显示,大沽河口地区以黏土质粉砂为主,局部含有砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂;潮汐对粒径较大的砂、粉砂的分选性较好,对黏土的分选性较差;沉积物重金属污染程度较低,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、As和Hg等7种重金属元素的平均含量为30.29×10-6、29.35×10-6、80.55×10-6、69.92×10-6、0.08×10-6、0.05×10-6和8.63×10-6;表层沉积物中各金属元素与平均粒径之间有较强的负相关性;利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对各金属元素的潜在生态危害程度进行了评价,结果显示大沽河口潮间带重金属污染程度整体较低,Hg为主要超标元素,近年来,该地区环境有所改善。     

天津渤海湾近岸海域沉积物中4种常见重金属的分布及其风险分析

重金属是近岸海域常见污染物之一,本文以天津渤海湾近岸海域为研究区域,对沉积物中4种常见重金属铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）的污染特征及其潜在生态风险进行调查分析。结果显示沉积物中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的浓度范围分别为（4.61~39.74）×10-6、（0.08~1.76）×10-6、（5.49~26.22）×10-6、（17.94~147.10）×10-6,平均值分别为27.07×10-6、0.52×10-6、21.88×10-6、86.84×10-6。根据《海洋沉积物质量标准》（GB18668-2002）,4种重金属基本达到Ⅰ或Ⅱ类水平。为避免生态风险评价结果的片面性,分别采用国际公认的加拿大魁北克沉积物质量基准法、Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法对4种重金属的生态风险进行评价,结果表明3种方法的评价结果基本一致,都发现研究区域内Cd污染最严重,在部分站位为中度污染,对海洋生物可能会产生一定的危害,应引起相关部门的重视。与之相比,其它3种重金属的生态风险几乎可以忽略不计。     

雷州半岛近海表层沉积物重金属污染评价

本文测定了雷州半岛近海43个表层沉积物中重金属元素（Hg、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Cr）和类金属元素（As）的含量,并分析其空间分布特征,采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染风险等级进行评价。结果表明:各站位中Hg、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和As的平均含量分别为0.037×10?6、15.62×10?6、66.33×10?6、0.13×10?6、26.71×10?6、59.54×10?6和11.20×10?6,均超过南海北部陆架区沉积物背景值;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为130,属于低生态风险,但雷州半岛东侧鉴江入海口海域和西侧流沙湾近海海域达到中等生态风险程度,Hg是主要的污染因子;与前人2010年结果比较,雷州半岛近海沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、As含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,反映了人类活动对该海域的影响。     

舟山近岸海域沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究

对舟山附近海域沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）、同步提取重金属（SEM）和5种重金属的分布进行了调查,并用（SEM-AVS）差值法对上述重金属的生物有效性进行了研究。结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中AVS和SEM含量均较低,AVS含量范围为0.005~4.21 μmol/g,平均含量为0.546 μmol/g,SEM含量范围为0.3356~1.614 μmol/g,平均含量为0.7998 μmol/g;表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别为24.65×10-6、27.21×10-6、114.5×10-6、58.26×10-6和0.142×10-6。（SEM-AVS）差值法的结果表明除5个站位外,其余站位沉积物中重金属对生物可能具有中等毒性。     

杭州湾表层沉积物中重金属空间分布特征与污染状况评价

本文对杭州湾海域2018年8－9月25个沉积物样品中的7种重金属含量进行了研究,结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量平均值分别为22.50×10?6、21.93×10?6、63.39×10?6、0.10×10?6、48.32×10?6、0.05×10?6、5.45×10?6,所有评价因子的含量平均值均低于全国海岸带重金属的背景值。单因子污染指数法的评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,7种重金属的污染程度依次为:Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。重金属富集程度分析结果显示,Cd、Hg和As的富集程度较低,Pb和Zn的富集程度相对较高。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,杭州湾海域潜在生态风险等级为“较低”,海洋生态环境状况较好。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析结果显示,该海域表层沉积物TOC含量与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量具有一定的正相关性。主成分分析法结果表明,前两个主成分的贡献率分别为64.42%和16.59 %;结合相关性分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr主要的来源为工业生产与生活污水。     

厦门贝类养殖区重金属的含量分布特征与潜在生态危害评价

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物中重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为1.06 μg/L,1.23 μg/L, 0.05 μg/L,6.28 μg/L,0.033 μg/L,1.01 μg/L;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6,39.5×10-6,0.07×10-6,97.3×10-6,0.05×10-6,7.20×10-6.生态质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,处于清洁水平.养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Hg、As和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu、Pb、Zn,表明和Hg、As、Cd的潜在危害大于Cu、Pb、Zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.     

舟山附近海域表层沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

根据2009年8月在舟山附近海域采集的表层沉积物中6种重金属的检测结果,利用变异系数法、单种重金属污染指数法、多种重金属综合污染指数法,对表层沉积物中各重金属的空间波动及污染程度进行了分析,并利用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对单种和多种重金属的潜在生态危害程度进行了评价.结果表明:表层沉积物中重金属平均含量顺序依...     

珠江河口沉积物Hg的分布与污染评价

利用Hg元素直测仪分析了珠江河口表层沉积物和柱状沉积物Hg的含量和背景值.沉积物Hg的背景值为(45.94～70.62)×10-9.表层沉积物Hg含量在(20.81～369.20)×10-9,平均为168.23×10-9,平面分布呈西部向东部和东南方向减少的趋势,其中,以西部浅滩沉积物Hg含量最高,富集程度最大.柱状沉积物Hg含量在(33.61～250.43)×10-9,平均含量150.49×10-9,垂直分布存在显著的地域差异,东滩沉积物Hg表现为上部富集,而西滩沉积物表现为均匀分布.地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和单因子污染指数法三种污染评价的结果表明,珠江河口表层沉积物的Hg污染区主要集中于西部浅滩,存在中等程度的Hg污染.     

第二松花江中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险

通过测定第二松花江中下游水体中重金属的含量,探讨了水体重金属的分布特征,并采用潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,水中重金属含量较低,沉积物中重金属含量均远高于该河段水中重金属含量;水和沉积物重金属含量沿程变化规律一致,即在市区河段中的含量远高于非市区河段;沉积物重金属呈现中等至极强的生态风险,以Hg和Cd的生态风险为主。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.