产表面活性剂石油降解菌的筛选鉴定及修复效能

以炼油厂周边土壤中筛选出的产表面活性剂石油降解菌为研究对象,探究其产生表面活性剂的发酵条件及对土壤的修复效果。根据血平板、排油圈实验选定1株优势产表面活性剂菌株,编号为M-8,经生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定其为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus);通过TLC、红外光谱分析测定菌株M-8产生脂肽类表面活性剂;为使菌株产生更多的表面活性剂,采用Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken实验对发酵条件进行优化。结果表明：在pH为8.15,蔗糖为21.8 g/L,磷源为12.33 g/L,发酵培养3 d条件下,菌株表面活性剂的产量可达到(1.305±0.05) g/L。在实验室模拟条件下,以石油降解率、脱氢酶活性及土壤呼吸强度为指标,测定处理48 d后对石油污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明：处理48 d后,添加菌株组石油去除率达到91.23%,且添加菌株的土壤脱氢酶活性及呼吸强度远高于未添加菌株的土壤。     

己烯雌酚降解菌固定化条件优化及其降解性能

以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,制备了己烯雌酚(DES)降解菌株S(Serratia sp.)的固定化菌剂,通过正交试验确定了菌株S的最佳固定化条件:海藻酸钠质量分数为4%,菌悬液与海藻酸钠重量比为1:2,CaCl₂质量分数为4%,交联时间为6h.菌株S的固定化菌剂比游离菌株更有优势;7d时,固定化菌株S对无机盐培养基中DES的去除率为83.84%,较游离菌株高22.84%.优化了固定化菌株S对溶液中DES的处理条件:固定化菌株S接入量为300g/L,初始底物浓度为20~40mg/L.固定化菌株S对DES浓度为40.01,37.90 ,33.52μg/L 3个排污口污水中DES的去除率分别达90.0%,96.0%,96.7%.利用固定化菌株处理实际污水中DES等雌激素具有应用潜力.     

广谱角蛋白降解菌的筛选及其降解特性分析

采用富集驯化的方法,筛选到一株广谱高效角蛋白降解菌株E-26。经形态观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA基因分析,该菌株初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌。产酶特性及发酵条件优化结果表明麦芽糖和酵母粉是菌株E-26降解猪毛的最佳外加碳氮源pH 8.0、温度40℃、接种量10%、底物浓度1.0%为其降解猪毛的最适反应条件。在该优化条件下,该菌株发酵培养10 d后,最高酶活性为57.8U/mL,比初始酶活提高了37.4%,最高猪毛降解率达71.2%,比初始猪毛降解率提高了41.9%。     

厨余发酵菌株筛选及单菌发酵对其品质的影响

为筛选出适合厨余发酵的菌种并探讨各菌种在发酵过程中的作用,文章从厨余发酵糟感官品质变化的角度出发,通过多次初筛、复筛得到发酵效果好的优良菌株,将各菌种接种于厨余中进行发酵,通过对各发酵组不同时间段微生物、真蛋白、葡萄糖等指标的分析,考察各菌种在发酵过程中的作用.结果表明:筛选出的4株菌分别为L22、Lc、Ydy、S1,...     

一株产絮凝剂的类芽孢杆菌新种及絮凝特性研究

从新疆荒漠地区分离到一株产高效絮凝剂的菌株Y24-1,根据菌株的形态学特征和16S rRNA基因序列比对分析,确定该菌株为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)新种。该菌絮凝产物的发酵动力学表明,其属于I型发酵,即菌体生长和产物合成偶联;在发酵42 h时絮凝活性最高,可达82.7%。絮凝特性研究表明,絮凝产物具有较好的热稳定性,最适絮凝pH为6.0,Ca2+、Mg2+等二价金属阳离子具有明显的助凝效果。该菌发酵产物能有效的去除多种重金属离子和色素,特别是对Pb2+和Hg2+的吸附率分别可达到90.5%和78.7%,显示了其在环境工程中良好的应用前景。     

一株稻田土壤梭状芽孢杆菌的分离及其固氮产氢能力研究

为研究水稻土壤中协同固氮产氢菌的固氮产氢特性,拓展协同固氮产氢菌菌种资源,利用厌氧微生物富集培养、亨盖特厌氧滚管等技术,从华南稻田土壤中筛选到一株同时具有产氢和固氮能力的菌株BZ-1. 经形态学观察及16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定菌株BZ-1属于梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium sp.). 通过测定产氢量、生物量、发酵产物及固氮酶酶活等,对菌株BZ-1的产氢能力及协同固氮产氢特性进行分析. 结果表明:菌株BZ-1发酵34.55 mmol/L葡萄糖可产生42.19 mmol/L H₂,主要副产物为丁酸(15.96 mmol/L)、乙酸(7.14 mmol/L)和乳酸(5.09 mmol/L);菌株BZ-1具有固氮酶活性,能够以N₂为唯一氮源进行生长;菌株BZ-1固氮产氢时,相比于添加7 mmol/L氯化铵的试验组,产氢量提高了14.71%,最大生物量降低了33.33%,乙酸产量提升了61.49%. 研究显示,菌株BZ-1在协同固氮产氢条件下固氮能力的提升、生物量的降低以及核心碳代谢途径的改变可能是其产氢量提升的原因. 固氮产氢菌株BZ-1的获得将为提高土壤肥力以及缓解铅、镉等重金属对农作物的胁迫作用提供新的思路.      

解淀粉乳酸细菌在厨余垃圾乳酸发酵中的应用

研究了水解淀粉乳酸细菌对厨余垃圾发酵生产乳酸的强化作用.从厌氧发酵的厨余垃圾中分离到6株水解淀粉的乳酸细菌,其中菌株FH164具有最高的淀粉降解率和乳酸产量.在pH5.5～6.0条件下,经48h发酵,菌株FH164从40.50g·L^-1的可溶性淀粉产生32.67g·L^-1的乳酸.根据形态、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析结果,可将菌株FH164鉴定为链球菌属(Streptococcus sp.)细菌.接种菌株FH164可强化厨余垃圾的乳酸发酵,采用垃圾不灭菌的开放式发酵,菌株FH164可得到28.23g·L^-1的乳酸,比自然发酵(不接种的对照)的乳酸浓度高19.2%.     

1株转座子插入突变菌株TB34的筛选及产氢分析

以分离自红树林污泥的厌氧发酵产氢细菌Pantoea agglomerans BH18为出发菌株,利用转座子Tn7构建突变体文库.通过卡那霉素抗性筛选与PCR扩增,鉴定转座子插入突变菌株.通过初筛和复筛,获得1株突变菌TB34,其产氢量较野生菌株明显提高.在初始pH为7.0和葡萄糖浓度10 g.L-1的海水培养条件下,产氢量(H2/葡萄糖)为(2.04±0.04)mol.mol-1,相比野生菌株产氢量提高43%.经过5次连续传代培养,突变菌株TB34表现出稳定的产氢特性.测定突变菌株TB34在不同碳源培养条件下的产氢量.结果表明,突变菌株TB34和野生菌株BH18都能利用蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖发酵产氢.与野生菌株BH18不同,突变菌株TB34在以木糖为底物培养条件下仍能够发酵产氢,产氢量(H2/木糖)为(1.34±0.09)mol.mol-1,扩大了底物利用范围.     

发酵稻壳对亚铁离子和硫离子的吸附-解吸附特性

为了解发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-离子的固定潜力,采用静态批式法研究了发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-离子的吸附行为,探讨了反应时间、溶液中Fe2+和S2-浓度、溶液p H、吸附反应环境温度及溶液离子强度对发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+和S2-特性的影响,并进一步通过解吸附试验了解发酵稻壳吸附态Fe2+和S2-的稳定性.结果表明,发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+(r=0.912 1)和S2-(r=0.901 1)的动力学过程均符合Elovich动力学模型,且Fe2+(R2=0.965 1)和S2-(R2=0.936 6)的等温吸附特征可较好地用Freundlich等温吸附模型描述.发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-的吸附为非优惠型吸附,其中对Fe2+的吸附为非自发反应,对S2-的吸附为自发反应.发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-的吸附过程是一吸热过程,升温有利于吸附作用的进行,发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附主要为配位吸附,而对S2-的吸附主要为阴离子交换吸附.一定p H范围内(1.50~11.50)发酵稻壳吸附Fe2+和S2-具有较强的适应性.同时随着离子强度的增加发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附量有所增加,而对S2-的吸附量略有减少,进一步证明发酵稻壳对Fe2+的吸附以内层配位为主,对S2-的吸附以外层络合为主.此外,不同p H条件及离子强度下发酵稻壳吸附的Fe2+和S2-解吸率很低,解吸率均小于10.00%.上述结果说明,发酵稻壳对Fe2+和S2-具有较好的吸附能力和环境适应性,吸附态Fe2+和S2-稳定性好,不易再释放.     

零价铁对脱色希瓦氏菌S12偶氮还原的促进作用

以脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis)S12为实验菌株,研究了零价铁(ZVI)存在条件下微生物的厌氧偶氮还原特性及其最佳反应条件.结果表明,ZVI可显著促进菌株S12的厌氧偶氮还原速率.培养30 h后含有20 mmol.L-1微米级ZVI和S12菌的培养体系中,菌株S12对1 mmol.L-1苋菜红的脱色率达100%,比不含ZVI的S12菌培养体系和只含ZVI的体系的偶氮还原率分别提高了23.16%和94.66%;在额外含20 mmol.L-1甲酸钠的培养体系中,ZVI的存在也使S12菌对苋菜红的脱色率提高了20.54%.此外,ZVI的存在可显著提高培养体系对偶氮染料的耐受能力.在投加ZVI和菌株S12培养体系中,连续批量投加浓度为1 mmol.L-1的苋菜红可在276 h内实现11次有效脱色,而不含ZVI的S12菌培养体系中只能实现3次有效脱色.进一步的研究发现,ZVI与菌株S12协同培养体系的最适反应pH为9.0,最适ZVI投加量为60 mmol.L-1.与毫米级和纳米级ZVI颗粒相比,微米级ZVI颗粒具有更强的促进作用.本研究结果将为利用ZVI协同促进偶氮染料的生物治理效果提供科学参数.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.