Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.     

Response of community composition and biomass of submerged macrophytes to variation in underwater light, wind and trophic status in a large eutrophic shallow lake

Light climate is of key importance for the growth, community composition of submerged macrophytes in lakes and, they, in turn, are affected by lake depth and the degree of eutrophication. To test the relationships between submerged macrophyte presence and the ratio of Secchi disk depth (SDD) to water depth, i.e. SDD/depth, nutrients and wind, we conducted an extensive sampling campaign in a macrophyte-dominated area of the eastern region (n = 36) in 2016 in Lake Taihu, China, and combined the data gathered with results from extensive physico-chemical monitoring data from the entire lake. We confirmed that SDD/Depth is the primary factor controlling the community composition of macrophytes and showed that plant abundance increased with increasing SDD/Depth ratio (p < 0.01), but that only SDD/Depth > 0.4 ensured growth of submerged macrophytes. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen also influenced the growth and community composition of macrophytes (p < 0.01), while Chla was an indirectly affecting factor by reducing underwater light penetration. Wave height significantly influenced plant abundance (p < 0.01), whereas it had little effect on the biomass (p > 0.05). The key to restore the macrophyte beds in the lake is to reduce the nutrient loading. A decrease of the water level may contribute as well in the shallow bays but will not bring plants back in the main part of the lake. As the tolerance of shade and nutrients varied among the species studied, this should be taken into account in the restoration of lakes by addition of plants.     

巢湖水体营养状态分析及富营养化防治对策

结合2001-2006年巢湖水质监测数据、相关文献资料，分析主要污染物变化趋势和富营养化形成原因，对其水体富营养化状态进行分析．提出防治对策建议。分析结果表明：巢湖水体6年间营养状态在轻度富营养和中度富营养之间。主要营养盐总磷、总氮及高锰酸盐指数6年间均无显著变化，农业面源污染和适宜的气候条件是巢湖水体富营养化形成的主要原因。     

Spatial and historical distribution of organic phosphorus driven by environment conditions in lake sediments

The chemistry of sedimentary organic phosphorus (OP) and its fraction distribution in sediments are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as terrestrial inputs and runoffs. The linkage of OP with environmental conditions was analyzed on the basis of OP spatial and historical distributions in lake sediments. The redundancy analysis and OP spatial distribution results suggested that both NaOH-OP (OP extracted by NaOH) and Re-OP (residual OP) in surface sediments from the selected 13 lakes reflected the gradient effects of environmental conditions and the autochthonous and/or allochthonous inputs driven by latitude zonality in China. The lake level and salinity of Lake Hulun and the runoff and precipitation of its drainage basin were reconstructed on the basis of the geochemistry index. This work showed that a gradient in weather conditions presented by the latitude zonality in China impacts the OP accumulation through multiple drivers and in many ways. The drivers are mainly precipitation and temperature, governing organic matter (OM) production, degradation rate and transportation in the watershed. Over a long temporal dimension (4000 years), the vertical distributions of Re-OP and NaOH-OP based on a dated sediment profile from HLH were largely regulated by the autochthonous and/or allochthonous inputs, which depended on the environmental and climate conditions and anthropogenic activities in the drainage basin. This work provides useful environmental geochemistry information to understand the inherent linkage of OP fractionation with environmental conditions and lake evolution.     

氮磷比对湖泊富营养化模型参数敏感性的影响

运用Morris方法研究了蓝藻暴发期不同氮磷比条件下,巢湖富营养化模型中蓝藻、溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧的参数敏感性.结果表明:蓝藻的敏感参数随氮磷比不同有显著差异;氮缺乏情况下,蓝藻对氮转化过程相关参数较敏感;磷缺乏情况下则反之.在任何氮磷比条件下,溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧等非生物变量都是对直接参与其自身转化过程的...     

富营养化巢湖沉积物溶解性有机质光谱时空分布特征及其环境意义

通过紫外吸收光谱（UV-vis）和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEMs）,研究典型富营养化湖泊巢湖沉积物溶解性有机质（DOM）光谱时空分布特征.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物DOM的a（254）含量为13.1~101.7 m^-1,平均值为（32.2±16.2）m^-1.其中,夏季沉积物a（254）的含量（（46.6±25.6）m^-1）要显著高于其它季节,且湖心区a（254）平均值和变异性均小于湖滨区.表层沉积物DOM的S_275~295值从春季到冬季上随时间呈明显上升趋势.沉积物DOM荧光强度在夏季最高,在垂直剖面上总体呈下降趋势.DOM组分以酪氨酸类蛋白质和溶解性微生物产物为主,各组分在空间分布上无明显差异.巢湖沉积物DOM荧光指数（FI）为2.56~4.89,腐殖化指数（HIX）为0.57~6.78,生物源指数（BIX）为0.31~1.54.巢湖沉积物DOM主要来自于生物源,藻的生长循环会显著影响富营养化湖泊沉积物DOM的来源和性质.     

In-situ observations of internal dissolved heavy metal release in relation to sediment suspension in lake Taihu, China

Despite laboratory experiments that have been performed to study internal heavy metal release, our understanding of how heavy metals release in shallow eutrophic lakes remains limited for lacking in-situ evidence. This study used automatic environmental sensors and a water sampling system to conduct high-frequency in-situ observations(1-hr intervals) of water environmental variables and to collect water samples(3-hr intervals), with which to examine the release of internal heavy metals in Lake T...     

Initial identification of heavy metals contamination in Taihu Lake, a eutrophic lake in China

A detailed investigation of seven heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Ni) in the water column, interstitial water and surface sediment was conducted to quantify the extent of their contamination in Taihu Lake. Results showed the average total concentrations ranged from 0.93 μg/L for Cd to 47.03 μg/L for Zn. The dissolved concentrations in the overlying water ranged from 0.06 μg/L for Cd to 15.86 μg/L for Zn. The metals in the Taihu Lake surface water were primarily in the particulate phase, especially for Cd, whose particulate concentration represented 94.3% of the total. In the surface sediment, the mean concentrations for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were 41.50, 28.72, 27.82, 65.46, 5.94, 0.82 and 41.17 mg/kg, respectively. The metals in the water column and sediments of Taihu Lake displayed significant spatial variations, and the higher metal concentrations mainly occurred in the north and west of Taihu Lake, especially in Zhushan Bay and West Taihu Lake. A quality assessment indicated that most of the metals in the surface water of Taihu Lake had no or low adverse health effects on organisms, except for Pb and Cu, which may cause chronic toxicity. Compared with the "Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines", the polluting metals were Cr, Ni and Cd, and the polluted regions were confined to Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay and the west of Taihu Lake, especially for north of Zhushan Bay. The polluted areas for Cr, Ni and Cd were 14.36, 34.70 and 13.24 km², respectively. We suggest that Cr, Ni, and Cd in the polluted areas should be addressed and that tissue chemistry and sediment toxicity assessments be performed as soon as possible.     

Linkage between water soluble organic matter and bacterial community in sediment from a shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

Lacustrine sediment played important roles in migration and transformation of its water soluble organic matter(WSOM), and the source and composition of WSOM would affect water trophic status and the fate of pollutants. However, we know little about the pathway of WSOM transformation and its driving bacterial communities in lacustrine sediment. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of sediment WSOM and its fluorescent fractions across Lake Chaohu using fluorescen...     

巢湖十五里河沉积物生物有效性氮磷分布及相关性

在巢湖十五里河采集15个沉积物柱样,对表层(0～10 cm)沉积物生物有效性氮、磷含量和空间分布特征及相互关系进行研究. 结果表明,十五里河表层沉积物的各形态〔IEF(离子交换态),WAEF(弱酸可提取态),SAEF(强碱可提取态)和SOEF(强氧化剂可提取态)〕生物有效性氮、磷含量存在较为明显的空间变化性. w(生物有效性氮)占w(TN)的53.4%～67.9%,且w(SOEF-N)＞w(IEF-N)＞w(SAEF-N)＞w(WAEF-N),其中w(SOEF-N)为411.35～965.47 mg/kg,占w(TN)的33.4%～43.7%;w(生物有效性磷)占w(TP)的47.3%～89.4%,且w(SAEF-P)＞w(SOEF-P)＞w(WAEF-P)＞w(IEF-P),其中w(SAEF-P)为311.74～960.33 mg/kg,占w(TP)的33.0%～78.0%. 不同形态生物有效性氮的相关性较差,其中w(IEF-N)与w(WAEF-N)和w(SAEF-N)呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.042和-0.122;w(WAEF-N)和w(SAEF-N)和w(SOEF-N)的相关系数仅为0.320～0.513. 生物有效性磷的相关性相对较强,其中w(IEF-P)与w(WAEF-P)呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.527,w(WAEF-P)与w(SAEF-P)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.653. 不同形态生物有效性氮、磷的相关性不显著.      

巢湖十五里河沉积物氮磷形态分布及生物有效性

为了解巢湖十五里河底泥氮磷形态分布规律及生物有效性,在河道上采集7个柱状样,按10 cm厚度分层,共得样品41个.采用化学提取方法,获得氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)、易交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、碎屑磷(De-P)和有机磷(Or-P)等各形态氮磷及总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,进而对各形态氮和磷的空间分布特征及相关性进行分析,并评估氮磷的生物有效性.结果表明,十五里河沉积物中各形态氮磷在纵向和垂直方向上表现出一定的规律性,且主要氮磷形态之间还具有显著的相关性.此外,在0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～50和50～60cm等沉积深度,生物有效性氮(NH4+-N与NO3--N两者之和)占TN的质量分数分别为8.17%、11.88%、7.99%、8.44%、8.97%和20.06%,生物有效性磷(Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P三者之和)占TP的质量分数分别为50.18%、49.12%、42.41%、34.11%、32.71%和39.55%.     

Exploration of relationships between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables using multivariate statistic analysis in a eutrophic shallow lake:A 5-year study

Understanding the process of the changing phytoplankton patterns can be particularly useful in water quality improvement and management decisions.However,it is generally not easy to illustrate the interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables given their high spatial and temporal heterogeneity.To elucidate relationships between them,in a eutrophic shallow lake,Taihu Lake,relative long-term data set of biotic and abiotic parameters of water quality in the lake were conducted using multivariate statistical analysis within seasonal periodicity.The results indicate that water temperature and total phosphorus(TP)played governing roles in phytoplankton dynamics in most seasons(i.e.temperature in winter,spring and summer; TP in spring,summer and autumn); COD(chemical oxygen demand)and BOD(biological oxygen demand)presented significant positive relationships with phytoplankton biomass in spring,summer and autumn.However,a complex interplay was found between phytoplankton biomass and nitrogen considering significant positive relationships occurring between them in spring and autumn,and conversely negative ones in summer.As the predatory factor,zooplankton presented significant grazing-pressure on phytoplankton biomass during summer in view of negative relationship between them in the season.Significant feedback effects of phytoplankton development were identified in summer and autumn in view that significant relationships were observed between phytoplankton biomass and pH,Trans(transparency of water)and DO.The results indicate that interactions between phytoplankton biomass and related environmental variables are highly sensitive to seasonal periodicity,which improves understanding of different roles of biotic and abiotic variables upon phytoplankton variability,and hence,advances management methods for eutrophic lakes.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 >DGT_0.78 >DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

巢湖十五里河沉积物磷吸收潜力及对外源碳的响应

2017年7月(夏季)和2018年1月(冬季),在巢湖十五里河干流的城乡梯度方向选择5个代表性采样点位,采集表层沉积物样,利用实验室培养法,测算沉积物磷的总吸收潜力SPU_(live)、非生物吸收潜力SPU_(kill)和生物吸收潜力SPU_(biotic),评估不同外加碳源(乙酸钠、葡萄糖及两者的混合溶液)对SPU_(biotic)的影响水平.结果表明,十五里河沉积物SPU_(live)存在时空差异性,且表现为SPU_(kill)高于SPU_(biotic);未添加碳源时,夏季和冬季的SPU_(kill)均值分别为3.016μg·(g·h)~(-1)和3.368μg·(g·h)~(-1),SPU_(biotic)均值分别为0.784μg·(g·h)~(-1)和0.323μg·(g·h)~(-1),夏、冬两季的非生物吸收潜力存在显著差异性;添加外源碳后,不仅SPU_(biotic)有了较大幅度的提升,生物因素在沉积物磷吸收中的贡献率水平也有了明显提高,且两者均表现为添加乙酸钠效果最显著,添加葡萄糖效果次之,混合碳源的效果相对较弱.由沉积物磷的生物吸收对外源碳的响应情况,可以判定十五里河沉积物磷吸收存在一定程度的碳限制性.     

浅水湖泊TP分布的迎风有限元数值模型研究

从控制方程出发,以Galerkin有限元法为基础,结合有限元法的较新改进,推导、建立了一个适合于浅水湖泊TP浓度分布计算的二维迎风有限元的数值模型,并将其应用于太湖,研究了太湖水体中TP分布特征。      

细菌群落结构对水体富营养化的响应

于2005年2月在太湖不同营养水平湖区采集水样,寞接提取水样的总DNA,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V3区PCR扩增,产物经DGGE(变性凝胶梯度电泳)分离后,获得水体细菌群落的16SrDNA指纹图谱;并运用FDC(表面荧光直接计数)方法对细菌丰度进行了测定.结果表明,水体中细菌的群落结构随着水体富营养化程度的改变产生明显变化,细菌数量呈现随水体营养水平增加而上升的趋势,营养水平较低的湖心区细菌数量仅为2.87×106 cells·mL-1,超富营养化的五里湖区水体中.细菌数量高达5.92×106cells·mL-1;细菌群落多样性随水体营养水平增加呈现显著的下降趋势,在超富营养化的1#、2#采样位点,细菌DGGE主要条带数量仅为23条,在沉水植物丰富区(贡湖湾)细菌DGGE主要条带数量达33条.PCA(主成分分析)的聚类结果表明,太湖水体中不同营养水平下的细菌群落多样性可大致归为3种类型,超富营养化的五里湖区水体细菌群落结构与梅粱湾及汞湖湾存在明显不同,可以大体归为超富营养类型、藻型湖区及草型湖区类型3种.此结果反映了水体富营养化过程中,由于营养物质的增加,促进了某些类群微生物的大量繁殖,水体中微生物的生物量显著增加;生态环境条件的恶化,造成了微生物多样性的下降,这可能导致原本稳定的水生态系统脆弱化.     

Characteristics and distribution of phosphorus in surface sediments of a shallow lake

Phosphorus ( P ) in sediments plays an important role in shallow lake ecosystems and has a major effect on the lake environment. The mobility and bioavailability of P primarily depend on the contents of different P forms, which in turn depend on the sedimentary environment.Here, sediment samples from Baiyangdian (BYD) lake were collected and measured by the Standards, Measurements, and Testing procedure and Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) to characterize different P forms and their relationships with sediment physicochemical properties. The P content in the sediments varied in different areas and had haracteristics indicative of exogenous river input. Inorganic P (334–916 mg/kg) was the dominant form of P . The 31P NMR results demonstrated that orthophosphate monoesters (16–110 mg/kg), which may be a source of P when redox conditions change, was the dominant form of organic P (20–305 mg/kg). The distribution of P forms in each region varied greatly because of the effects of anthropogenic activities, and the regions affected by exogenous river input had a higher content of P and a higher risk of P release. Principal component analysis indicated that P bound to Fe, Al, and Mn oxides and hydroxides (NaOH-P) and organic P were mainly derived from industrial and agricultural pollution, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that increases in pH lead to the release of NaOH-P. Organic matter plays an important role in the organic P biogeochemical cycle, as it acts as a sink and source of organic P .     

巢湖滨岸水塘洼地沉积物反硝化速率及对外源碳氮的响应

2018年10月至2019年8月,在巢湖西半湖北侧滨岸筛选3个典型水塘洼地,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,开展外源碳氮浓度梯度培养实验,解析底质反硝化速率对碳氮的限制性,并识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明:①洼地蒲草、水塘芦苇、水塘蒲草等3种植物丛沉积物对照样的反硝化速率[mg·(kg·h)^-1]分别为2.15～10.87(均值为6.47)、 2.08～10.65(均值为6.97)、 2.06～10.88(均值为6.76),彼此间差异性不显著;②总体上,外源氮(硝态氮)的添加可以明显提高沉积物的反硝化速率,表明硝态氮为反硝化过程的限制性因素;③外源碳(葡萄糖)的添加导致植物丛沉积物反硝化速率明显下降,表明有机碳对沉积物反硝化产生了抑制作用;④外源碳氮同时添加明显提高了沉积物反硝化速率,除10月洼地蒲草丛和6月水塘蒲草丛低碳氮浓度沉积物反硝化速率相对较高以外,其它情形均表现为高碳氮浓度沉积物反硝化速率更高.