洪湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及组成

利用GC-ECD测定了洪湖表层(0~2cm)、次表层(2~10cm)沉积物中有机氯农药的含量,并对其分布、组成及来源进行了探讨.结果表明,HCHs在表层、次表层沉积物中的含量分别为2.05~19.0ng/g和0.66~11.3ng/g,DDTs在表层、次表层沉积物中的含量分别为2.39~25.8ng/g和1.22~27.5ng/g.次表层沉积物中的有机氯农药含量低于表层沉积物,可能是因为有部分已发生迁移或转化.HCHs和DDTs呈现出在河流入湖口处含量较高,近长江处含量降低的趋势,其污染来源主要是河流输入及洪湖市的工农业排污.组分特征表明沉积物中的HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,而DDTs则主要来源于环境早期残留.     

太湖水体中丁基锡化合物污染现状研究

对太湖表层水、沉积物和水生生物样品的丁基锡污染物进行了研究.结果表明,绝大多数表层水样中未检出丁基锡化合物;沉积物样品中丁基锡的检出率为50%,浓度在0～0.95ng/g范围内,主要以一丁基锡为主;生物样品中检测到较高含量的丁基锡污染物,总丁基锡浓度为27.05～181.23 ng/g,这反映丁基锡具有明显的生物富集效应.生物样品中三丁基锡是主要污染物,大约占总丁基锡含量的70%.太湖中丁基锡的污染来源可能主要来自养殖网箱和船舶防污涂料的使用.     

扎龙湿地沉积物垂向剖面中多环芳烃分布特征

对扎龙湿地核心区沉积物分层取样,以正己烷/二氯甲烷为提取剂,用超声波方法提取沉积物中16种优控PAHs,采用GC/MS法定量分析w(PAHs). 结果表明,扎龙湿地剖面沉积物中2环和3环PAHs占PAHs总量的86%以上,4环以上的PAHs所占比例较小. 在各层沉积物中含量较高的萘、菲、芴及PAHs总量随深度的增加而减小,沉积物表层0～10 cm内的w(PAHs)最高,达396.61 ng/g. 表层沉积物中含量较高的PAHs为萘>菲>芴>荧蒽>芘>二氢苊>苊烯>. w(PAHs)与沉积物中w(TOC)呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.9347. 从扎龙湿地的低环PAHs污染特征以及同周边地区大气颗粒物中的PAHs对照分析表明,扎龙湿地沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于石油类污染.      

珠江口钻孔沉积物中多溴联苯醚的沉积记录

对采自珠江口的3个钻孔沉积物中的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)进行了分析,结果表明,PBDEs在所有的样品中均检出.3个沉积物钻孔中∑PBDEs(不包括BDE209)的含量(以干重计)为0.01～6.99ng/g(平均1.50ng/g),BDE209的含量为0.10～61.50ng/g(平均7.82ng/g).PBDEs在钻孔中的垂直分布显示,从20世纪90年代开始,珠江三角洲部分地区五溴联苯醚阻燃剂的使用已减少,但主要区域低溴代联苯醚的排放仍然存在.受珠江三角洲电子产业飞速发展的影响,珠江口沉积物钻孔中BDE209的含量及通量从1990年以后快速增加.不同钻孔沉积物中PBDEs的组成模式反映了PBDEs的不同来源及输入途径.钻孔#1和钻孔#2主要受流经工业发达地区河流输出PBDEs的影响,钻孔#3主要受经过大气长距离迁移后经河流输出的PBDEs的影响.     

椒江口沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及对映体特征

测定了椒江口表层沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)类有机氯农药的含量和对映体分数(EF).结果表明,HCHs、DDTs在所有采样点都有检出,HCHs、DDTs和有机氯农药总量分别为0.65～1.72 ng/g、1.30～34.31 ng/g和1.95～35.07 ng/g,沉积物中的DDTs含量明显高于HC...     

长江口南岸水体SPM和表层沉积物中OCPs的赋存

利用GC-ECD对长江口南岸14个采样点水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)及表层沉积物进行了有机氯农药(OCPs)的测定,分析了其中HCHs和DDTs的赋存水平和形态分布.研究表明,OCPs的含量水平有DDTs>HCHs的趋势;悬浮物中污染物浓度高于表层沉积物.悬浮物中HCHs污染水平分布在6.24～14.75ng/g,平均值为12.27ng/g;DDTs的污染水平为3.36～25.66ng/g,平均值为16.37ng/g.而表层沉积物中HCHs含量为1.19～8.22ng/g,平均值5.92ng/g;DDTs的含量水平为4.96～14.94ng/g,平均值为8.92ng/g.研究区内OCPs的含量低于ER-M值,对环境生物具有潜在的危害性.     

府河和白洋淀沉积物中DDTs的分布特征和风险评估

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测了府河和白洋淀共计19个表层沉积物样品中的w(DDTs)及其分布特征. 结果表明,w(DDTs)为1.74～51.33 ng/g (以干质量计),平均值为11.01 ng/g,其分布特征呈现从府河到白洋淀逐渐递减的趋势. 与国内其他地区沉积物相比,府河和白洋淀地区DDTs的污染处于中等偏低的水平. 在所有沉积物样品中,p,p′-DDT所占比例较大,是最主要的异构体. 大部分样品中w(DDD)/w(DDE)大于1,而w(DDT)/w(DDE+DDD)小于1,说明研究区DDT处于厌氧环境条件,且没有新的DDT输入. 该地区DDTs主要来源于农田土壤侵蚀及工业废水排放. 潜在风险评估表明,府河和白洋淀的表层沉积物中DDTs对周围环境具有一定的影响,应引起相关部门的重视.      

洱海表层沉积物与鱼体中四溴双酚A的环境暴露水平

应用UPLC-MS-MS,对洱海表层沉积物和5种鱼类(白鲢、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、白条鱼和太湖短吻银鱼)样品中TBBPA(四溴双酚A)的质量分数进行了测定. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TBBPA) (以干质量计,下同)为21.06~52.72ng/g,平均值为37.72ng/g,呈西部、南部和北部湖区明显高于中部和东部湖区的分布特征,其分布受所处区域的经济发展水平和生活生产状态等影响. 白鲢、鲤鱼、鲫鱼、白条鱼和太湖短吻银鱼肌肉中w(TBBPA)平均值分别为13.53、8.20、8.86、7.55和10.87ng/g,w(TBBPA)与鱼的体长度特征无关,可能与鱼类的食性、所处营养级有关. 在鱼体的内脏器官中,肾脏中w(TBBPA)最高,平均值为7.64ng/g;其次为鳃和肝脏,分别为7.07和5.68ng/g;卵巢和精巢中没有检测到TBBPA的存在. 与国内其他地区相比,洱海表层沉积物中w(TBBPA)呈较低水平,鱼体中w(TBBPA)为中等水平.      

珠江三角洲河流沉积物中的壬基酚

对珠江三角洲河流表层沉积物中的壬基酚(NP)进行了分析.结果表明,NP在所有样品中均有检出,其含量范围在110～7808ng/g之间.其中,珠江广州河段污染水平最高,狮子洋水道明显低于上游珠江广州河段,东江位居其后,西江最低.沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)的分布特征与NP相似,相关分析显示TOC与NP之间显著性相关.     

典型氟工业园周边河流沉积物中全(多)氟化合物的分布特征

采用超高效液相色谱/质谱联用(UPLC/MS-MS)分析了我国重要的氟化物工业园区周边河流——辽宁细河(阜新段)、山东小清河(淄博段)和长江(江苏常熟段)表层沉积物中全(多)氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染状况.细河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量范围(以干重计,下同)为15.8～2 770 ng·g~(-1),全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)和六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)是主要污染物;小清河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为12.2～7 853 ng·g~(-1),全氟烷基辛酸(PFOA)和HFPO-DA为主要污染物;长江表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为9.20～35.9 ng·g~(-1),全氟十四酸(PFTeDA)和6∶2氟调磺酸(6∶2FTS)为主要污染物.工业园区废水排放(点源污染)是本研究中3个区域PFASs的主要来源. 3个区域PFASs含量及组成差异明显,与工业园区生产规模和产业类型有关.PFASs含量及各组分含量与TOC、沉积物粒径没有显著相关性,PFASs各组分间相关性也有差异,说明PFASs在沉积物中的富集过程与多种因素有关.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

珠江及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布及来源

珠江三角洲河流、河口及南海北部近海区域多环芳烃(PAHs)分析表明,PAHs总量分布范围在255.9～16670.3ng/g,整体污染水平处于中偏低下水平.分布特征为珠三角河流>伶仃洋>南海;珠江广州段是高污染区;沿南海近海海域4条剖面,随离岸距离增加,浓度下降.西江、伶仃洋及珠江部分站点石油污染比重大,南海近海则受燃烧来源比重大.PAHs来源诊断指标表明,珠江三角河流及伶仃洋更多受石化燃料燃烧的影响,南海近海区则主要受木柴、煤燃烧的影响.与1997年样品的对比表明,多环芳烃污染程度无明显下降,但区域内PAHs来源从以煤燃烧为主转变为以油燃烧为主,这种近期能源结构的转变在沉积速率较快的珠三角河流及伶仃洋表层沉积物中得到反映.     

Occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecane in sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China

The concentrations and geographical distribution of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were investigated in 37 composite surface sediments from seven major river drainage basins in China, including Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Tarim River and Ertix River. The detection frequency of HBCD was 54%, with the concentrations ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 206 ng/g dry weight. In general, the geographical distribution showed increasing trends from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of the rivers and from North China to Southeast China. Compared to other regions in the world, the average concentration of HBCD in sediments from Yangtze River drainage basin was at relatively high level, whereas those from other six river drainage basins were at lower or similar level. The highest HBCD concentration in sediment from Yangtze River Delta and the highest detection frequency of HBCD in Pearl River drainage basins suggested that the industrial and urban activities could evidently affect the HBCD distribution. HBCD diastereoisomer profiles showed that γ-HBCD dominated in most of the sediment samples, followed by α- and β-HBCD, which was consistent with those in the commercial HBCD mixtures. Further risk assessment reflected that the average inventories of HBCD were 18.3, 5.87, 3.92, 2.50, 1.77 ng/cm 2 in sediments from Pearl River, Haihe River, Tarim River, Yellow River and Yangtze River, respectively.     

长江和辽河沉积物中的多环芳烃类污染物

报道了长江和辽河沉积物中17种多环芳烃（PAHs）类污染物的含量及分布状况．所研究的长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为213.8～550.31ng/g（干重）,辽河新民段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为 27.45～198.26ng/g（干重）．测定结果表明,长江和辽河沉积物中多环芳烃具有不同的空间分布模式：长江段以南京市下游的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高,而辽河段则以新民市区的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高但总的来说,长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃的污染水平明显高于辽河新民段沉积物所受的多环芳烃污染．     

洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究

对夏季珠江三角洲河流及珠江口表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NPs)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,河流样品中除珠江正干平洲水道口、沙湾水道口及西江虎跳门处NPs值较高分别达98.84、129.82和164.98 ng/L外,其他地点均为<20～40ng/L;伶仃洋及近海表层水NPs含量较低为<10～14ng/L.OP值以澳门内港处最高为8.54ng/L,另外在白鹅潭、沙湾水道口和虎跳门处分别为2.89、2.44、2.12ng/L,其余采样点均低于检测限2ng/L,伶仃洋及近海表层水样OP值低于检测限1ng/L.     

Organochlorines in sediments and mussels collected from coastal sites along the Pearl River Delta, South China

IntroductionContaminationofthemarineenvironmentassociatedwithorganochlorineshasreceivedincreasingattentionoverthelastthirtyyears.Particularattentionhasbeenfocusedonthecoastalzoneandestuaries ,especiallynearmetropolitanregion(Sericano ,1990 ) .ThePearlRiverestuarine ,rangefromDayaBayintheeasttoChangshanIslandsinthewest,supportslargepopulationsofmarineorganismsandextensivefisheriesintheSouthChina .Sincethe 1980s ,therehasbeenrapideconomicdevelopmentinthePearlRiverDeltaresultinginexcessivedi…     

Advanced treatment of dyeing wastewater towards reuse by the combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor process

The performance of combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for the advanced treatment of an effluent from an integrated dyeing wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. The experimental results revealed that under the optimum Fenton oxidation conditions (initial pH 5, H 2 O 2 dosage 17 mmol/L, and Fe 2+ 1.7 mmol/L) the average total organic carbon (TOC) and color removal ratios were 39.3% and 69.5% after 35 min of reaction, respectively. Results from Zahn-Wallens Test also represented that Fenton process was effective to enhance the biodegradability of the test wastewater. As for the further purification of MBR process, TOC removal capacity was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 18 and 25 hr. Under the optimum HRT of 18 hr, the average TOC concentration and color of the final MBR effluent were 16.8 mg/L and 2 dilution time, respectively. The sludge yield coefficient was 0.13 g MLSS/g TOC and TOC degradation rate was 0.078 kg TOC/(m 3 ·day). The final effluent of MBR can meet the reuse criteria of urban recycling water-water quality standard for miscellaneous water consumption GBT18920-2002.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China

Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake. Compared to data from other regions, the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE209 was predominant, with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples. For the lowly brominated congeners (tri- to hepta-BDE), BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant, which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River, respectively. The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture. The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.     

Faecal sterols as sewage markers in the Langat River, Malaysia: Integration of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches

The Langat River in Malaysia has been experiencing anthropogenic input from urban, rural and industrial activities for many years. Sewage contamination, possibly originating from the greater than three million inhabitants of the Langat River Basin, were examined. Sediment samples from 22 stations (SL01-SL22) along the Langat River were collected, extracted and analysed by GC-MS. Six different sterols were identified and quantified. The highest sterol concentration was found at station SL02 (618.29 ng/g dry weight), which situated in the Balak River whereas the other sediment samples ranged between 11.60 and 446.52 ng/g dry weight. Sterol ratios were used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments and majority of the ratios clearly demonstrated that sewage contamination was occurring at most stations in the Langat River. A multivariate statistical analysis was used in conjunction with a combination of biomarkers to better understand the data that clearly separated the compounds. Most sediments of the Langat River were found to contain low to mid-range sewage contamination with some containing `significant' levels of contamination. This is the first report on sewage pollution in the Langat River based on a combination of biomarker and multivariate statistical approaches that will establish a new standard for sewage detection using faecal sterols.