Linkages between land management activities and water quality in an intensively farmed catchment in southern New Zealand

Linkages between land management activities and stream water quality are reported for a 2480 ha catchment used for dairy farming, sheep–beef farming and forestry in Southland, New Zealand. Our approach was to reconcile measured loads of nutrients exported from the catchment with those estimated based on characterisation of farming practices within the catchment. The latter was based upon detailed surveys of farm practices and soil quality. Monthly stream monitoring showed that median nutrient (N and P), sediment and faecal bacteria concentrations exceeded guidelines recommended for surface waters. Measured specific yields for suspended sediment (SS), total N (TN) and phosphorus (P) discharged from the catchment were 58, 8.2 and 0.43 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, for the 2001–2005 monitoring period. In comparison, model estimates of N and P losses in drainage and overland flow from farms in the catchment were 10.1 and 0.59 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Field measurements, farm management surveys and farm systems modeling have identified some land management practices that appear to be key sources of many of these pollutants. These sources include subsurface drainage systems (including the preferential flow of irrigated effluent through these soils), overland flow from the heavy soils used for dairy farming in the catchment and the practice of intensively wintering cows on forage crops. Modeling suggests that a significant improvement in catchment water quality could be achieved through the implementation of targeted best management practices (BMPs) on dairy farms in the catchment. These include (i) covered feedpad wintering systems for controlling N losses, (ii) nitrification inhibitor use on milking platforms, (iii) deferred irrigation and low rate application of farm dairy effluent and (iv) limiting soil Olsen P to economically optimum levels. The adoption of these BMPs will, in part, depend on their economic viability. This paper therefore presents a double-bottom-line analysis (i.e. environmental and economic) of some of these BMPs and discusses their potential to cost-effectively deliver improved water quality in the Bog Burn catchment.     

应用FCM-qPCR方法定量检测水中常见病原体

以往对水体病原体的研究主要是通过监测粪大肠杆菌作为指示,然而研究表明粪大肠杆菌与水中病毒和细菌病原体呈现出较差的相关性.因此,选取水中典型病原体并对其进行定量检测是当前需要解决的技术问题.为此本研究建立了流式细胞术和定量PCR联合使用方法,用于快速获取水环境中总病毒、细菌以及几种典型病原体(大肠杆菌、军团菌、腺病毒、贾第虫和隐孢子虫等)的浓度水平,并将该方法应用到污水处理厂进出水及受纳河流上下游的病原体检测中.结果表明,该污水处理厂对总细菌和总病毒以及几种典型病原体都具有较高的去除率(93%);污水处理厂排水对受纳水体病原体浓度水平基本没有负面影响.研究为评估污水处理厂处理效果及排水对受纳水体的生态影响提供了技术支持.     

Human-, Ovine-, and Bovine-Specific Viral Source Tracking Tools to Discriminate Between the Major Fecal Sources in Agricultural Waters

This study evaluated the sources of fecal contamination in different river catchments, using a combination of microbial source tracking tools, for human, ruminant, ovine and bovine livestock, in order to define appropriate water management strategies. Every source of waterway pollution was evaluated in river water samples from one urban river catchment and two important farming regions in New Zealand. Fecal pollution was initially measured by testing Escherichia coli and evaluating the presence of human- and ruminant-associated DNA markers of Bacteroidales (BiAdo, BacHum-UCD, BacH, and BacR) and human and ruminant fecal sterols/stanols ratios. Then specific fecal pollution sources were assessed with previously reported quantitative PCR assays targeting human-, bovine-, and ovine-specific viruses: human adenoviruses (HAdV), human JC polyomaviruses, bovine polyomaviruses (BPyV), and ovine polyomaviruses (OPyV). High level of ruminant fecal contamination was detected all over the farming areas, whereas no ruminant sources were identified in the urban river sampling sites. BacR was the most frequently observed ruminant marker and OPyV and BPyV allowed the identification of ovine and bovine fecal sources. The human fecal viral marker (HAdV) was the most frequently observed human marker, highly abundant in the urban sites, and also present in farming areas. This is the first study using simultaneously the ovine and the bovine viral markers to identify and quantify both bovine and ovine fecal pollution.     

Nitrate leaching from a free-draining volcanic soil irrigated with municipal sewage effluent in New Zealand

Land application of municipal sewage effluent is becoming increasingly popular worldwide as a means of disposal, treatment, nutrient recycling, irrigation to meet plants' water requirements, and groundwater recharge. Nitrate leaching from a volcanic soil (Typic Udivitrand) was investigated under a Pinus radiata plantation near Rotorua, New Zealand, which had received, on average, 0, 29, and 88 mm per week of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for the previous 4 years. Four replicates of undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters (200 mm diameter×200 mm depth) from surface soil from each treatment were used to study the influence of the three different rates of effluent application on N leaching. A rapid emergence of nitrate–N occurred in the drainage samples, and indicated that approximately up to half of soil nitrate was readily leached beyond the topsoil. Nitrate–N concentrations in the drainage water increased substantially with effluent application rate, almost reaching the World Health Organisation recommended limits (approximately 10 g m⁻³) in plots receiving effluent at the highest rate. Given that nitrate leaching from the soils may threaten the viability of the land treatment system, due to large N loads being observed in streams which drain irrigated catchments during winter periods, possible strategies for minimising nitrate leaching losses under effluent irrigation may need to be considered.     

Johnson & Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型在污染物室内挥发风险评价中的应用和比较

在土壤污染和地下水污染的现场,挥发过程是挥发性污染物暴露的重要途径.设置典型土壤污染场景作为研究对象,选取Johnson&Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型进行室内挥发过程的模拟和暴露浓度的计算.对两个模型中污染物的运移机理进行了比较和分析.尽管方法和参数选择有所不同,二者对污染源处三相平衡浓度的计算本质上是一致的.暴露浓度的计算结果表明,两个模型对室内挥发过程的模拟可能会有较大差异,与污染现场的具体情况有关.参数影响的分析表明,污染源顶部埋深对二者暴露浓度的影响一致,Johnson&Ettinger模型对污染土壤含水率的大小非常敏感.建议考虑房屋结构的实际情况,选用或者改进模型进行室内挥发过程的评价.     

A comprehensive evaluation of re-circulated bio-filter as a pretreatment process for petroleum refinery wastewater

Conventional biological treatment process is not very efficient for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) that contains high-concentration of organic contaminants. Prior to biological treatment, an additional pretreatment process for PRW is required for the effluent to meet the discharge standards. While re-circulated bio-filter (RBF) has been applied as a pretreatment process in several PRW treatment plants, its effects have not been comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the parameters of operation, the changes in pollution indexes and contaminant composition in an engineered RBF have been investigated. We found that mainly highly active de-carbonization bacteria were present in the RBF, while no nitrification bacteria were found in the RBF. This indicated the absence of nitrification in this process. The biodegradable organic contaminants were susceptible to degradation by RBF, which decreased the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) by 83.64% and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD_Cr) by 54.63%. Consequently, the alkalinity and pH value of RBF effluent significantly increased, which was unfavorable for the control of operating parameters in subsequent biological treatment. Along with the decrease of COD_Cr, the RBF effluent exhibited a reduction in biodegradability. 834 kinds of recalcitrant polar organic contaminants remained in the effluent; most of the contaminant molecules having complex structures of aromatic, polycyclic and heterocyclic rings. The results of this study showed that RBF could efficiently treat PRW for biodegradable organic contaminants removal; however, it is difficult to treat bio-refractory organic contaminants, which was unfavorable for the subsequent biological treatment process operation. An improved process might provide overall guarantees for the PRW treatment.     

某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

典型规模化养猪场废水中兽用抗生素污染特征与去除效率研究

采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱/串联质谱方法,对苕溪流域某规模化养猪场排放的典型废水进行兽用抗生素污染检测.结果表明,废水中四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素等4种四环素类抗生素污染最为严重,最高单体污染浓度可达13.65×103ng·L-1.磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲唑和磺胺二甲嘧啶等3种磺胺类物质也有一定的检出量,但以磺胺二甲嘧啶较为突出,最高检出量为675.4ng·L-1.氧氟沙星以及红霉素和罗红霉素等喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素除了原水有较低的检出量,其它废水均未检出.厌氧消化废水处理系统对废水中高浓度的抗生素具有明显的去除效果,但对低浓度的抗生素去除率较低.与欧盟水环境抗生素阈值(10ng·L-1)相比,排放水中的抗生素污染浓度对周边地表水环境的污染风险仍需要引起重视.通过饲料摄入途径估算养猪场排泄物抗生素含量,并与实测值比较,结果表明,饲料摄入并不是该养猪场兽用抗生素利用的主要方式,可能存在其它用药途径,需要在今后的畜禽养殖兽用抗生素的污染调查、风险估算和消减工艺研发中引起重视.     

A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides in soil

The impact of effluent irrigation on the transformation and mobility of organic contaminants is poorly understood. The objectives of this review paper are: (i) to discuss the fundamental processes influencing the transformation and transport of pesticides in soil; (ii) to present a critical analysis of the impact of effluent irrigation on the transformation and transport of pesticides in soils; (iii) to suggest research areas that need attention. Effluent irrigation affects the fate of pesticides through its direct effect on the transformation and transport of pesticides that are already present at the irrigation sites, and its indirect effect on soil properties that are important in controlling the transformation and transport of organic contaminants. It has often been noticed that the effluent-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) facilitates the movement of soil-borne pesticides by forming soluble pesticide complexes, and enhances their biodegradation by providing energy sources for the microorganisms that are involved in pesticide degradation. However, the results of field and laboratory experiments that examined the effect of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides are inconsistent; in some cases reduced mobility resulting from enhanced pesticide sorption has been observed, but enhanced pesticide mobility has also been reported. The inconsistency may be related to the inherent spatial variability of soil properties and/or the heterogeneity of effluent quality. For example, effluents vary in the nature and concentration of DOM that play a vital role in the degradation, sorption and transport behaviour of pesticides. Similarly, they vary in the concentrations of solvents and surfactants that have been shown to impact sorption and transport of organic contaminants. Field-based investigations on the impact of effluent irrigation on pesticide fate coupled with an accurate characterisation of the effluent are urgently required to assess the long-term risk associated with effluent irrigation in relation to pesticide transformation and transport.     

Neural stem cell-based in vitro bioassay for the assessment of neurotoxic potential of water samples

Intensive agriculture activities, industrialization and growing numbers of wastewater treatment plants along river banks collectively contribute to the elevated levels of neurotoxic pollutants in natural water reservoirs across Europe. We established an in vitro bioassay based upon neural stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of raw wastewater, treated sewage effluent, groundwater and drinking water. The toxic potential of water samples was evaluated employing viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration assays. We found that raw wastewater could reduce the viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and decreased the neuronal and astrocyte differentiation, neuronal neurite growth, astrocyte growth and cell migration. Treated sewage water also showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migration. Our results indicated that relatively high concentrations of nitrogenous substances, pesticides, mercuric compounds, bisphenol-A, and phthalates, along with some other pollutants in raw wastewater and treated sewage water, might be the reason for the neuroinhibitory effects of these water samples. Our model successfully predicted the neurotoxicity of water samples collected from different sources and also revealed that the incomplete removal of contaminants from wastewater can be problematic for the developing nervous system. The presented data also provides strong evidence that more effective treatments should be used to minimize the contamination of water before release into major water bodies which may be considered as water reservoirs for human usage in the future.     

Detection of Viruses in Coastal Seawater Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus Galloprovincialis</Emphasis> as an Accumulation Matrix

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that shellfish can be used to detect enteric viruses in marine waters where they are present at very low concentrations. Aqua-cultured mussels were placed in the sea just off the mouth of a drainage channel affected by human and animal faecal contamination. Samples were taken from the channel, the sea and the mussels at intervals over two 4-week periods. The samples were tested to verify the presence of both rotaviruses and E. coli. Rotaviruses were detected by Real Time-PCR, typed by multiplex PCR and subsequently sequenced. E. coli was enumerated in water matrices by a filtering method and in mussels by the MPN method. The presence of E. coli in the examined matrices demonstrates contamination of faecal origin throughout the studied environments. Rotaviruses were recorded in channel waters, but not in sea water. In both experiments, rotaviruses were detected in mussels 21 and 28 days after being placed in the sea water off the channel mouth. The use of mussels thus enabled the detection of rotaviruses in waters where the high dilution rendered direct investigation impossible. This study indicates that mussels can be used in marine virological surveillance programs.     

Testing the Norwegian phosphorus index at the field and subcatchment scale

Simple risk assessment tools for agricultural phosphorus (P) losses, like the P index, have been developed in the U.S.A. and in some European countries. Despite its popularity, there have been surprisingly few studies, which try to test the index close to the field scale. For Norway, the P index approach comprises the risk related to both the source of P (soil P status, amount of fertilizer and manure as well as method of application, plant P release by freezing and P balance) and the risk related to transport of P (erosion, flooding, surface runoff, contributing distance, modified connectivity, soil profile, subsurface drainage). In this paper, we have applied the Norwegian P index to farmer fields within a small agricultural catchment, the Skuterud catchment (450 ha), in southeastern Norway. The Norwegian P index was tested for two agricultural fields (0.3–0.4 ha) and nine subcatchments (6–65 ha). Total P concentrations in runoff from the 11 study areas were measured during the year from May 2001 to April 2002. Results from the testing showed that the Norwegian P index described 66% of the variation in measured relative total P concentration for fields and subcatchments included in this study. Additionally, the P index was able to detect fields and subcatchments with the highest measured P concentrations. Results also showed that the source factor contributed most to the variation between fields and hence were important for the identification of high-risk areas in Skuterud catchment. It was found that the soil P status described 66% of the variation in the source factor. Among the transport variables, it was found that both erosion risk and contributing distance had an important influence on the transport factor. Overall, the study illustrated the potential of the P index to detect areas with the highest risk of P loss.     

粗放型绿色屋面填料的介质组成对出水水质的影响

通过模拟降雨实验监测填料组成不同的绿色屋面模拟设施出水水质,研究粗放型绿色屋面设施填料组成对出水污染物特征的影响.结果表明,设施出水中主要的污染物包括不同形态的N、P以及COD;除COD外,出水中污染物浓度随累积降雨量增加而下降,具有明显的淋失效应;所有设施出水中重金属含量均较低,初期出水的平均浓度均达到饮用水标准.含有田园土、醋糟的绿化种植土出水营养物质淋失严重,在累计降雨150 mm情况下,设施出水TN、TP、COD平均浓度分别为2.93、0.73和78 mg·L-1,均超过地表水水质标准Ⅴ类的限值,添加水厂污泥可以有效地减少绿化种植土中TP的淋出且不影响植物对P的吸收;使用无机复合种植土的设施出水水质较好,但仍需要结合设施对水量削减能力和植物生长状况判断填料是否能够应用于粗放型绿色屋面.     

水体中溶解有机物对多氯联苯在淮河水体沉积物上的吸附和生物富集作用的影响

利用淮河4个采样点同时采集的水、表层沉积物和鲤鱼体内多氯联苯不同同系物的浓度分析数据,讨论该类污染物在水体多介质体系中转移分配规律．研究结果表明,在现场条件下观察到的水,沉积物有机碳分配系数(KOC)的对数及生物富集因子(BCF)的对数与正辛醇,水分配系数(KOW)的对数之间没有相关性．但是当假定水中的多氯联苯同系物与溶解有机碳相互作用并改变了有机污染物在水中形态分布时,以游离态多氯联苯浓度重新计算得到的log KOC和log BCF正比于log KOW,因此,在评价多氯联苯污染生态效应时,溶解有机物的影响不可忽视．     

C市饮用水源风险评价实例分析

保护饮用水源、保障饮用安全是目前我国环境保护工作的重要任务.借鉴了美国科罗拉多州地表饮用水源风险评价的方法和思路,并根据C市饮用水源的特点,从污染物迁移可能性、污染危害、泄漏可能性以及污染物的量4个方面对C市136个饮用水源遭受污染的风险进行了定量和定性评价.结果表明:有5个饮用水源属于高风险级别,需要对其实施优先管理.这5个高风险的饮用水源具有共同的环境污染特点,即饮用水源保护区内土地利用率高、农业面源范围广,并且点源数量多、污染大. 风险评价结果与饮用水源保护区内的污染源特点表现出良好的一致性,同时也表明加强饮用水源保护区内的污染源防治工作是保障饮用水源免受污染的重要举措.      

山东博山地下水污染的数学模拟

在分析研究区的水文地质特征和地下水污染情况的基础上，用模糊数学方法进行地下水水质评价，用趋势面分析和Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法模拟地下水中污染物的空间分布，用灰色系统方法和对流－弥散方程的特征有限元解模拟地下水中污染物随时间的分布并且进行污染的预测，对各种方法的特点和应用条件进行了分析，表明和数学模拟方法进行地下水污染的定量研究是可行的。     

Compatibility of slurry wall backfill soils with acid mine drainage

The use of slurry walls to contain oxidized tailings and provide cutoff below tailings dams is generally a cost-effective way of preventing environmental degradation due to seepage of acid water from tailings areas. Long-term environmental protection dictates that the slurry wall materials be compatible with the acid water. Six percent Avonseal bentonite by weight was added separately to two natural soils to represent slurry wall backfill materials, which were then permeated with several pore volumes of acid mine drainage (AMD) in the laboratory. Results using both flexible wall and fixed wall permeameters were similar. The carbonate-rich backfill gave an average hydraulic conductivity (K) of 1×10⁻⁹ cm/s, buffered the AMD at circumneutral pH, and kept effluent metal concentrations to very low values (for example, less than 0.05 mg/l zinc). Although the carbonate-free backfill also maintained low K (average 3×10⁻⁸ cm/s) during AMD permeation, it could not neutralize the AMD as effluent pH decreased to approximately 3.5, and metal concentrations reached those of the influent or permeant after approximately 17 pore volumes.     

滇池河流降雨径流资源利用的技术途径

根据城市污水土地处理慢速渗滤等工艺的去除率BOD₅和COD_Cr分别为84.3%和82.5%,TP、KN和NH_3-N分别为94.9%、85.8%和89.4%,SS也高达58.4%。保证这类生态工程终年稳定运行的核心问题是:处理出水水质稳定和处理水量的稳定。影响稳定的主要因素有作物非用水季节(收获和栽种)的水量调节系统、雨季稳定运行和高去除率的处理工艺、适应慢速土地处理的气候和土壤等环境条件以及水量平衡调节与管理的有效保证。集水区域内实行分区管理的截流和改善下垫面排水调控能力的水利工程,配合使用灌溉型慢速土地处理(SR)或植物生长淹没床(VSB)湿地资源化利用与处理系统等生态工程处理工艺,是实现降雨径流资源化利用的主要技术保证。     

有机改性凹凸棒石对养猪废水中有机物的吸附研究

研究表征了十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵改性凹凸棒石的结构,探讨了改性凹凸棒石对猪粪废水中的有机污染物的吸附性能及机理,并考察了改性剂修饰比例、废水p H、吸附剂的投加量对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,两种改性剂成功结合到了凹凸棒石表面,有机改性凹凸棒石的晶体结构未发生改变,但对有机污染物的吸附能力显著高于原土.两性和阳离子改性凹凸棒石吸附有机污染物的最佳参数为:修饰比例为100%,吸附剂浓度为16 g·L~(-1),p H=4(阳离子改性为6),对猪粪废水中COD的去除率分别达到88%和92%,吸附量分别达到79 mg·g~(-1)和82 mg·g~(-1).吸附过程均符合二级动力学模型(R20.998),两性和阳离子改性凹凸棒石对有机物的吸附分别符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温式.有机改性凹凸棒石的疏水性增强,提高了对有机污染物的吸附能力,其沉降性能良好,这使其作为一种吸附剂用于实际养猪废水的处理成为可能.     

湘江沉积物镉和汞质量基准的建立及其应用

沉积物质量基准是保护底栖生物免受污染物危害的保护性临界水平,可用来评估与沉积物结合的污染物的影响,并为底栖生物保护和沉积物的科学管理提供依据.分析了湘江43个采样点沉积物、上覆水、间隙水和植物中Cd和Hg含量,选取钩虾做沉积物毒理实验,利用相平衡分配法、加标毒理实验法和背景值法确定湘江沉积物Cd和Hg质量基准低值(SQC-L)分别为1.89 mg·kg-1和0.13 mg·kg-1,基准高值(SQC-H)分别为28.32 mg·kg-1和0.79 mg·kg-1.经与国内外基准值比较,并与底栖生物监测数据和植物监测数据对比分析,表明确定的基准值合理.应用该基准值评价湘江沉积物质量现状发现,湘江沉积物Cd和Hg含量低于SQC-L和高于SQC-H的采样点所占比例较低,74.4%和76.7%的采样点沉积物Cd和Hg含量在SQC-L和SQC-H之间.