水文变化条件下农田溪流营养盐滞留效应模拟

以巢湖流域某一典型农田源头溪流为对象,基于溪流水文条件的动态变化性,从水文概率密度模型与营养盐滞留率模型综合集成角度,解析较长时间尺度下营养盐滞留有效流量的动态变化特征.在对水文概率密度模型Monte Carlo随机模拟的基础上,根据先前10次野外示踪实验获得的营养盐吸收速度等数据信息,定量评估溪流营养盐滞留的总体水平,估算最有效流量和等效流量.结果表明,农田溪流渠段的NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留能力总体偏低,相应的期望滞留率分别为0.0671(6.71%)和0.0541(5.41%),最有效流量分别为0.0051,0.0049m³/s,功能等效流量分别为0.044,0.043m³/s.基于溪流营养盐吸收速度明显偏低的客观现状,有必要从溪流形态和河床地貌特征的改造着手,提升溪流水体营养盐滞留能力.     

Stream-bed phosphorus in paired catchments with different agricultural land use intensity

Stream-bed sediments from three paired catchments, each draining a lower agricultural intensity system and a higher agricultural intensity system, were analysed for (a) total P (TP), (b) bioavailable-P (Resin-P), (c) equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC₀), and (d) degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS). The influence of agriculture on sediment P was explored within the context of other key variables that may control the sediment P concentrations such as particle size, Fe, Ca and organic matter content, and in terms of potential implications of sediment P to in-stream biota. TP concentrations, EPC₀, and the proportion of fine sediment were highest at the sites with the greater agricultural impact. Higher concentrations of bioavailable-P were also found in higher intensity agricultural systems. However, the highest concentrations of bioavailable-P were found at sites with point source inputs. Sites with high Fe concentrations had higher TP concentrations relative to agricultural intensity, but also had lower DPS values, illustrating that the sediment still had the capacity to take up P in a strongly bound form. The results from this study show that higher risk agricultural practices (intensive arable production and dairy and beef production) can lead either directly, or indirectly through increased inputs of fine sediment, to increased sediment TP concentrations. The importance of geochemical and physical controls on the bed sediments’ capacity to mitigate high P inputs in headwater lowland streams, especially under low flows and times of eutrophication risk in spring and summer is illustrated.     

芦苇占优势农田溪流暂态存储特征及影响分析

2014年9月~2015年6月,在合肥市二十埠河流域一长约90m的芦苇占优势农田源头溪流渠段,选择NaCl为示踪剂,采用恒速连续投加的方式,开展8次野外示踪实验.在此基础上,利用OTIS模型对考虑和不考虑暂态存储影响的两种情景开展水质模拟,计算示踪剂氯离子(Cl^-)浓度峰值的相对偏差,并以暂态存储指标定量刻画农田溪流的暂态存储潜力.结果表明,不同季节的暂态存储交换系数α稳定在10^-4数量级;不考虑主流区与暂态存储区交换作用的Cl^-浓度峰值相对偏差HI的变化范围为2.60%~12.54%,平均值为5.35%;HI与流量Q呈现显著的对数函数关系,且随Q的增加而逐步减小;HI与比值A_s/A呈明显的线性关系,并随A_s/A的增加而逐步增大;8次示踪实验对应主流区停留时间T_c、暂态存储区水力停留时间T_s差异均较显著,且春季、初夏的暂态存储能力较秋、冬季更强一些;比值A_s/A变化范围为1.036~1.627, F_med²⁰⁰数值介于8.10%~23.03%,两者均表明该芦苇占优势渠段具有较大的暂态存储潜力.     

基于TASCC的典型农田溪流氨氮滞留及吸收动力学模拟

为揭示农田溪流氨氮滞留的动态变化性,选择NaCl为保守示踪剂、NH4Cl为添加营养盐开展野外瞬时投加示踪实验.在此基础上,采用TASCC方法和养分螺旋指标定量刻画 滞留动态,并以Michaelis-Menten模型(M-M方程)模拟 吸收动力学特性.结果表明:背景浓度的 吸收长度Sw-amb变化范围为93.94~295.54m,平均值为177.41m;质量传输系数Vf-amb变化范围为0.16~0.38mm/s,平均值为0.26mm/s;吸收速率Uamb变化范围为0.16~0.38mg/(m2×s),平均值为0.26mg/(m2×s).由M-M方程模拟得到的 最大吸收速率Umax为0.59~1.38mg/(m2×s),半饱和常数Km为1.10~5.03mg/L. 在从背景浓度到饱和浓度区间范围内展现出的Sw-add-dyn、Utot-dyn和Vf-tot-dyn动态变化性,验证了TASCC解析 滞留动态和吸收动力学特征的可行性和有效性.     

Observations on carbon and nitrogen content of suspended matter in a headwater stream in Hong Kong

The total carbon(C) and total nitrogen(N) content of suspended matter in a small undisturbed headwater drainage basin in the New Territories of Hong Kong has been monitored. Mean C and N contents were 12.85 % and 0.99% respectively for 132 samples. Samples collected under stableflow conditions had mean C and N contents of 12.81% and 1.06% respectively. Stormflow samples had mean C and N values of 12.86% and 0.97% respectively,which were very similar to the levels observed under stableflow conditions. The mean C: N ratios of 12.47 and 13.39 for stableflow and stormflow also reveal little difference according to hydrologic conditions. When all the data is considered little difference is observed in C and N according to the season. However, in winter there is a significant difference in C and N content between stable and stormflow samples. When C and N are plotted against water level the scattergraphs suggested that as stage increases the percentage of C and N in the suspended matter declines.Scattergraphs of C and N against suspended sediment concentration reveal a negative association. Comparison has been made between fresh leaf C, N and C/N ratio for trees and shrubs and the suspended matter. Fresh leaves do not appear to contribute significantly to suspended matter. The C/N ratio of suspended matter would also seem to exclude woody material and algae as sources of suspended matter.     

Spatial and temporal variability of agricultural pollutants in an agricultural headwater stream within a multipond system, southeastern China

The spatial and temporal variability of nutrients and suspended solids were investigated for two years in a 1.8 km agricultural headwater stream, located by Chaohu Lake, southeastern China. The stream form was greatly modified by human activities into channelized, pond and estuary shapes. The stream could be divided into 4 channelized reaches(1.3 km), a pond reach(0.15 km) and 3 estuary reaches(0.36 km). It was found that nutrients and TSS concentrations in the stream showed temporal variability, and higher concentrations occurred in months with high precipitation and intensive agricultural activities. And, retention of total nitrogen ( TN ), nitrate ( NO3-N ),ammonium( NH4^ -N) and total suspended solids (TSS) predominantly occurred in the pond reach and estuary reaches with larger width and low current velocity. Pollutants retained in these reaches accounted for more than 50% of those retained in whole stream. The retention mostly happened in the rain-runoff events and it was 7 to 27 times than that in base flow. The results showed that the channelized reach was the most important source for pollutants release under either runoff or base flow, and its release accounted for more than 90% of whole stream release.There was a high spatial variability of nutrients retention in different channelized reaches. The channelized reach directly discharging into the pond did always retain nutrients and TSS under base flow and runoff conditions, whereas the other channelized reaches performed differently in different hydrological conditions. The high spatial and temporal variability of nutrients and TSS in the stream indicated that anthropogenic disturbance of the agricultural headwater stream, such as channelization and excavation, would be expected to decrease the capacity of nutrients retention in the stream.     

鄱阳湖不同高程沉积物中磷形态特征研究

选取了枯水期鄱阳湖10~13m高程共14个出露表层沉积物样品,通过研究其总磷(TP)及各形态磷含量与分布特征,试图揭示江湖关系变化导致的水位下降对鄱阳湖沉积物磷潜在释放风险的影响.结果表明,鄱阳湖表层沉积物总磷(TP)含量在214.5~736.0mg/kg之间, 平均含量为(428.6±154.3)mg/kg.空间分布呈“五河”入湖尾闾区(444.5mg/kg)≈湖心区(445.4mg/kg)>北部湖区(387.7mg/kg).各形态磷在空间上的差异相对较小,不同形态磷含量次序为活性磷(254.6±114.3mg/kg)>有机磷(105.0±49.2mg/kg)>非活性磷(69.1±26.3mg/kg).江湖关系变化引起鄱阳湖枯水期沉积物出露时间提前并且延长,进而导致不同高程沉积物总磷及其各形态磷含量差异明显,其含量变化趋势为12~13m> 11~12m>10~11m,即高程越高,沉积物总磷及其各形态磷含量越高.其中活性磷增幅最大,OP次之,非活性磷最小.而空间增幅表现出“五河”入湖尾闾区最为显著,湖心区次之,而北部湖区最小.     

水系沉积物地球化学测量在墨西哥Tomatlan地区铜矿预查中的应用

墨西哥Tomatlan地区属于东环太平洋构造带和成矿带的一部分,具有较好的找矿前景。通过水系沉积物测量在该区圈出了铜多金属矿主要成矿元素和成矿指示元素综合异常12处,Fe族元素综合异常12处。优选部分综合异常开展查证,发现多个异常均由矿(化)体引起,对重要矿化蚀变地段进行了探槽揭露和少量浅钻验证,新发现Cu、Au、Ag多金属矿点6处,磁铁矿点2处。研究表明,水系沉积物异常可快速准确地揭示墨西哥Tomatlan地区Cu、Au、Fe矿(化)信息,水系沉积物测量在墨西哥甚至拉丁美洲地区热带海洋性湿润中低山地球化学景观区铜矿预查中,可快速准确地圈定找矿靶区。     

溪流营养盐滞留的水文与非水文过程分析方法

为评估溪流营养盐滞留中水文与非水文过程的影响及其贡献水平,首先定义了水文与非水文过程营养螺旋指标,并在将水文过程营养盐吸收长度S_w＿hyd、非水文过程营养盐吸收长度S_w＿nonhyd和溪流营养盐吸收长度S_w＿tot三者之间假设为“并联电路总电阻和各支路电阻”关系模式的基础上,提出了测算S_w＿nonhyd的技术方法;基于不同水文与非水文过程作用情景的OTIS（One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage）模型模拟,构建了计算溪流水文与非水文过程营养盐滞留贡献率及估算溪流主流区和暂态存储区非水文过程营养盐滞留量的模型与方法,并将上述方法应用于溪流丁坝群NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^3--P滞留调控实验的案例中.结果表明：水文与非水文过程营养螺旋指标能够较好地反映溪流营养盐滞留潜力;与对照组相比,丁坝群结构显著降低了水文过程NH₄⁺...     

源头溪流氮磷耦合吸收效应及动力学模拟

为揭示源头溪流氮磷耦合吸收作用机制,选择NaCl和NaBr为保守型示踪剂、KNO₃和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,于2017年10月~2018年3月在合肥城郊的2条源头溪流,开展5次由单、双营养盐添加构成的示踪试验,利用TASCC技术方法,分别以Michaelis-Menten（M-M）方程和双营养耦合吸收曲面模型拟合营养盐吸收动力学过程.结果表明,双添加试验的NO₃^-N、PO₄^-P吸收速率均明显高于单添加情形,意味着溪流中NO₃^-N与PO₄^-P吸收存在相互促进作用;双营养耦合吸收响应曲面直观展示了氮、磷营养盐不同浓度水平及浓度比情形下吸收速率的演化趋势,诠释了较低浓度水平下溪流NO₃^-N（或PO₄^-P）吸收速率随PO₄^-P（或NO₃^-N）可利用量增加而增大的作用机制;两种动力学模型在NO₃^-N、PO₄^-P最大吸收速率拟合结果上均存在不同程度的偏差,其中M-M方程低估了U_max-N和U_max-P,相应幅度分别达3.91%~16.11%、3.23%~23.63%.     

底泥预处理对磷等温吸附特征及磷形态的影响

以校园河流底泥为材料,研究了通过不同预处理对有机质去除后,底泥对磷的等温吸附特征以及底泥中磷的赋存形态的转化.结果表明,对底泥曝气预处理强化了底泥对磷的吸附能力,最大吸附量(S_max)达到714.3mg/kg.不同底泥灼烧后,最大吸附量为天然底泥的1.64～2.25倍,且明显高于未灼烧底泥.对底泥曝气与对水曝气预处理使易被生物利用态磷向难被生物利用态磷转化,易被生物利用态磷较预处理前分别减少了7.02%和0.23%,而空白试验底泥的易被生物利用态磷则增加了4.85%.底泥灼烧后,SMT法不适合分析磷的赋存形态.底泥预处理后,酸性或碱性均促进了磷的释放.底泥灼烧后,在pH5～6条件下,磷的释放量低于未灼烧底泥.     

巢湖沉积物中有机磷的生物可利用性研究

沉积物中有机磷通过转化为无机磷被藻类利用,加速水体富营养化进程。采集巢湖沉积物柱状样品,用Ivanoff连续提取法分级提取不同深度沉积物中有机磷,测定了沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性,并研究了碱性磷酸酶对沉积物中碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷(NaHCO₃-Po)、盐酸提取态有机磷(HCl-Po)、氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)的水解效果。结果表明:东半湖区C14采样点的有机磷浓度高于西半湖区C4采样点,C4采样点NaOH-Po、HCl-Po、NaHCO₃-Po和残渣态-Po浓度占总有机磷浓度的比例分别为41.70%、12.82%、11.05%和2.22%,C14采样点分别为43.75%、19.00%、6.12%和 4.22%,2个采样点不同形态有机磷浓度均为NaOH-Po>HCl-Po>NaHCO₃-Po>残渣态-Po;C4采样点的碱性磷酸酶活性高于C14采样点,这与西半湖区富营养化程度较高有关;NaHCO₃-Po、HCl-Po、NaOH-Po均能被碱性磷酸酶水解,C4和C14采样点表层沉积物中各形态有机磷的水解比例显著高于下层沉积物,说明人类活动产生的有机磷生物可利用性较高,其中,以简单小分子化合物为主的NaHCO₃-Po被水解的比例最高,为65.78%~69.47%。     

基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段氮磷滞留特征

为揭示巢湖十五里河源头河段氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NH4Cl、KH2PO4及NaCl作为示踪剂,开展野外现场示踪实验.根据获得的氯离子浓度和营养盐浓度穿透曲线数据信息,利用OTIS与OTIS-P计算软件,估算水文参数(D、A、As、a等)和营养盐一阶吸收系数(λ、λs).在此基础上,计算暂态存储指标和营养盐吸收相关参数值,定量评估主河道流动水体与暂态存储对NH4+和SRP的损失贡献.结果表明,主河道与暂态存储区NH4+吸收系数平均值分别为3.88×10-6,8.81×10-4s-1,SRP分别为7.80×10-6,7.98×10-8s-1;综合衰减系数k-NH4平均值为1.64×10-4s-1,k-SRP为7.80×10-6s-1;NH4+和SRP的吸收长度Sw-NH4、Sw-SRP相当大,分别为1632.88,25471.32m,意味着该河段经由物理或生态过程去除N、P的可能性低;该河段Vf-NH4、Vf-SRP 值较营养盐浓度低的溪流或小河流偏小,但U-NH4、U-SRP则明显偏大;暂态存储对于NH4+损失的平均贡献率为93.82%,主河道水流对SRP损失的平均贡献率高达99.70%.     

太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响

对太湖不同营养水平和不同特征的 4 种沉积物的总磷、磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析,模拟研究了不同 pH 值对上覆水体中总溶解性磷和溶解性活性磷含量的影响.结果表明,太湖沉积物样品总磷含量在 336.1～3408.01mg/kg,属于中富营养化到极富营养化水平.pH 值是影响磷释放的重要因素,碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P 的释放;酸性条件下,促进 HCl-P的释放.严重富营养化湖区沉积物的磷主要由无机磷组成,其中主要是 NaOH-P,该区中 pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加,而 pH值下降对磷释放量的影响较小.中富营养化湖区沉积物的无机磷组成中,部分湖区 NaOH-P 含量高,部分湖区 HCl-P 含量高,所以该区中 pH 值变化对沉积物磷释放的影响,由于 NaOH-P 和HCl-P 含量不同而存在差异,NaOH-P含量较高,pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加;HCl-P 含量较高,pH值下降会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加.     

咸水区湿地沉积物磷的吸附与解吸研究

采用恒温培养法研究美国纽约Pelham Bay Park四种典型湿地沉积物中P的吸附与解吸行为,及其等温吸附曲线与拟合方程.结果表明:在溶液初始P浓度0～100 mg/L时,各沉积物的P吸附量跟初始浓度具有显著的正相关关系;各沉积物的P释放量比较有限,每千克沉积物释P量在0～ 30 mg之间.用Langmuir和Fre...     

海岸带表层沉积物中磷的地球化学特征

通过连续提取法对莱州湾主要入海河流及近岸海域表层沉积物中5种形态磷进行了定量分析.结果表明,近海沉积物自生钙结合磷含量(45.6%)高于河流(37.3%),而铁结合磷(Fe-P)含量(18.2%)却低于河流(31.3%).在近海,可交换或弱结合磷含量和粉砂比例呈正相关,表明该形态磷主要吸附于细粒粉砂．河流沉积物Fe-P与Fe浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),表明河流沉积物Fe-P分布受沉积物活性铁含量的控制．河口处Fe-P普遍低于相应河流,这可能与海相泥沙输入及河口厌氧区硫酸盐还原或硫化物累积有关.近海沉积物总可提取态磷平均浓度总体呈现出由海洋向河口方向递减的趋势.     

川中丘陵区不同下垫面集水区氮磷流失特征

通过对2019~2020年不同下垫面集水区(农田集水区与复合集水区)径流及氮磷浓度的连续逐日定位监测,研究川中丘陵区不同下垫面集水区氮磷径流流失过程与强度,探讨下垫面对集水区氮磷径流流失特征的影响.结果表明:不同集水区的径流过程因下垫面不同而存在明显差异,农田集水区内的水田和坑塘的拦蓄作用滞缓了汇流过程,而复合集水区中居民点、公路等不透水下垫面缩短了汇流时间,使得复合集水区的降雨径流量峰值更高,响应速度较农田集水区快12~25min,年径流深较农田集水区多28.1%;次降雨径流过程中磷浓度变化较氮更剧烈,浓度峰值出现时间较氮早约1.2h,在降雨后期磷浓度下降速度更快,降幅更大;复合集水区的氮磷平均事件浓度(EMC)、峰值浓度均高于农田集水区,且两集水区氮流失形态均以硝酸盐氮为主,占总氮的65.9%;磷流失以颗粒态为主,占总磷的67.5%;复合集水区的氮磷流失负荷分别是农田集水区的3.01和4.03倍,氮磷流失强度分别是农田集水区的1.88和2.51倍.因此,复合集水区内氮磷随径流流失的防控可能是未来川中丘陵区面源污染治理的重点.     

长江口沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放的研究

对长江口沉积物进行了释放及吸附P的研究,结果表明长江口海区沉积物对P的释放极少,沉积物吸附大量P后的再释放是缓慢的。经测定,沉积物吸附/释放平衡点的一般为0.038～0.085μg/mL,此值一般高于底层水P浓度,因此推测,长江口地区沉积物有向上覆水释放P的倾向。     

沉积物中磷形态与湖泊富营养化的关系

应用乙二胺四乙酸法对长江中下游太湖、巢湖和龙感湖等3个湖泊表层沉积物中磷的形态进行连续提取和测定.结果发现,在表层沉积物中,3个湖泊钙磷的百分含量比较接近,占总磷的30%左右,太湖和巢湖铁磷的百分含量显著高于龙感湖,而龙感湖有机磷的相对含量较高,可达40%~50%.这3个湖泊沉积物中有机磷形态差别十分明显,其中太湖沉积物中的有机磷主要以酸可提取有机磷形式存在,巢湖沉积物中酸可提取有机磷约占总有机磷的一半,而龙感湖的有机磷大部分与腐殖酸结合.沉积物中酸可提取有机磷的释放可能又是一个导致湖泊富营养化的重要过程.     

于桥水库周边农业小流域地表径流和亚表层流的磷素流失浓度特征

选择天津市重要饮用水水源地于桥水库周边2个农业小流域,连续5a进行了磷素流失的实验研究.结果表明,地表径流总磷浓度以果园为最高,浓度超过10 mg·L-1;村庄次之;农田最低,浓度在3 mg·L-1左右.降雨后亚表层流中磷浓度以果园为最高,且变幅最大,菜园次之,农田最低.在流域出口处,曹各庄流域地表径流总磷浓度达到10.07 mg·L-1,而桃花寺流域为0.69mg·L-1.土地利用类型格局和迁移廊道性质是造成2个流域磷素浓度差异的主要原因:曹各庄流域中村庄和果园同水库较近的距离(约200 m),以及道路型季节性河流增加了磷素迁移到受纳水体的风险;桃花寺流域中村庄和果园离受纳水体较远(约1500 m),在迁移过程中磷素被小石坝、植被过滤带和干塘等"汇"型结构所持留,从而减少了向受纳水体迁移的风险.