Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO₂ can stimulate wetland carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant–water–soil system. The results showed: (1) elevated CO₂ stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively. (2) Elevated CO₂ significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0–15 cm layer, and 22.7% and 26.0% in the 15–30 cm soil layer. (3) Averaged across the rice growing period, elevated CO₂ greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. (4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ¹⁵N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO₂. The above results indicate that elevated CO₂ can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

Elevated CO2 facilitates C and N accumulation in a rice paddy ecosystem

Elevated CO₂ can stimulate wetland carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) exports through gaseous and dissolved pathways, however, the consequent influences on the C and N pools are still not fully known. Therefore, we set up a free-air CO₂ enrichment experiment in a paddy field in Eastern China. After five year fumigation, we studied C and N in the plant-water-soil system. The results showed: (1) elevated CO₂ stimulated rice aboveground biomass and N accumulations by 19.1% and 12.5%, respectively. (2) Elevated CO₂ significantly increased paddy soil TOC and TN contents by 12.5% and 15.5%, respectively in the 0-15 cm layer, and 22.7% and 26.0% in the 15-30 cm soil layer. (3) Averaged across the rice growing period, elevated CO₂ greatly increased TOC and TN contents in the surface water by 7.6% and 11.4%, respectively. (4) The TOC/TN ratio and natural δ¹⁵N value in the surface soil showed a decreasing trend under elevated CO₂. The above results indicate that elevated CO₂ can benefit C and N accumulation in paddy fields. Given the similarity between the paddies and natural wetlands, our results also suggest a great potential for long-term C and N accumulation in natural wetlands under future climate patterns.     

Combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on Cd and Zn accumulation dynamics in Triticum aestivum L.

A simulated climate warming experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO_2 concentration on the bioaccumulation,translocation and subcellular distributions of Cd and Zn in wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.) at Dingxi,Gansu Province,China.The objective was to find evidence that global climate change is affecting the bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in T.aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.The results showed that compared to control A,elevated temperature and CO_2 increased Cd bioaccumulation in the shoots by 1.4–2.5 times,and increased that in the roots by 1.2–1.5times,but decreased Zn levels in wheat shoots by 1.4–2.0 times,while decreased that in the roots by 1.6–1.9 times.Moreover,temperature and CO_2 concentration increase also led to increased Cd concentration,and decreased Zn concentration in subcellular compartments of wheat seedlings.The largest Cd concentration increase(174.4%) was observed in the cell wall and debris fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the highest CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC3).The largest Zn concentration decrease(53.1%) was observed in the soluble(F3) fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the medium CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC2).The temperature and CO_2 increase had no significant effect on the proportional distribution of Cd and Zn in the subcellular fractions.The root-to-shoot translocation of Cd increased with the increasing temperature and CO_2 concentration.However,the Zn distributions only fluctuated within a small range.     

施肥量对福州平原稻田CO2排放及其温度敏感性的影响

为了阐明施肥量对稻田CO_2排放及其温度敏感性的影响,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对福州平原稻田对照(CK)、常规施肥组(CG)和倍增施肥组(BZ)的CO_2排放及其温度敏感性进行了测定和分析.结果表明,CK、CG和BZ的CO_2排放通量变化范围分别为32.33~3181.97、30.68~3701.05和32.81~3206.29 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CG的CO_2排放通量比较CK增加了14.16%,BZ的CO_2排放通量较CK增加了8.04%,CK、CG和BZ之间CO_2排放通量差异不显著(p0.05);稻田CO_2排放与土温(r=0.683,p0.01)、株高(r=0.820,p0.01)及含水量(r=0.309,p0.05)具有显著的正相关关系;CK、CG和BZ的CO_2排放通量与土温和气温均具有显著的正相关关系(n=42,p0.01);CK、CG、BZ的Q_(s10)值和Q_(a10)值分别为28.13、18.88、13.24和9.86、7.64、6.35,CK的温度敏感性显著高于CG和BZ(p0.05),施肥显著降低了稻田CO_2排放的温度敏感性(p0.05).     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

安阳市典型工业源PM2.5排放特征及减排潜力估算

为探究安阳市PM_(2. 5)排放特征,通过现场调查对安阳市工业源活动水平和控制技术信息进行收集,采用合理的估算方法、排放因子,建立了安阳市2016年工业源PM_(2. 5)排放清单,并利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术进行空间分配.基于典型行业超低排放改造和煤炭压减要求设置3种情景,估算了2020年安阳市工业源PM_(2. 5)减排潜力.结果表明,安阳市2016年工业源PM_(2. 5)排放总量为81 071. 13 t;有色冶金、钢铁和建材行业是安阳市PM_(2. 5)主要贡献源,分别占总排放量的45. 43%、25. 74%和18. 00%;安阳市各乡镇排放差异突出,PM_(2. 5)排放主要集中在市区及林州市和安阳县,且以安阳市区排放量最为突出,而安阳市区的4个辖区的排放强度差异更为巨大;通过设定不同控制情景,估算2020年安阳市PM_(2. 5)减排潜力分别为398. 72、11 623. 87和14 072. 27 t,分别占2016年工业源排放总量的0. 49%、14. 34%和17. 22%.可见,安阳市PM_(2. 5)具有较大减排潜力,超低排放改造和煤炭压减对安阳市PM_(2. 5)减排具有重要意义.     

大气CO2浓度升高对红三叶和高丹草Cs、K竞争吸收与转运的影响

水培条件下,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对红三叶(Trifolium Pratene L.)和高丹草(Sorhum vulgare x Sorghum.vulgare var.sudanense hybrids)在不同铯(Cs)浓度(0、200、500、1000μmol·L-1)下生物量、铯和钾的竞争吸收及转运的影响.结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了2种植物叶、茎和根各部位的生物量,其中,红三叶各部生物量分别提高了42.6%、66.2%和45.0%,高丹草分别提高了17.4%、18.9%和22.3%.大气CO2浓度升高提高了红三叶和高丹草叶片及茎中的Cs含量,提升比例最大的为红三叶的茎(达9.7%),同时显著提高了2种植物对Cs的转运系数及红三叶的茎和根中Cs/K的区别系数.对于红三叶,大气CO2浓度升高引起叶片K含量略微增加,而茎和根系中K含量显著降低;对于高丹草,大气CO2浓度升高引起叶片和茎中K含量增加,而根系中K含量降低.2种植物对Cs的吸收都与介质中Cs浓度呈显著的线性相关,溶液中Cs浓度的增加提高了红三叶和高丹草的Cs/K区别系数,并且Cs的添加不仅对红三叶和高丹草的生物量都起到了一定的抑制作用,同时还降低了2种植物对钾的吸收.在正常的CO2浓度下,1000μmol·L-1Cs处理可使2种植物叶、茎和根中的K含量分别降低10.4%、13.3%、32.5%(红三叶)和18.3%、42.1%和38.9%(高丹草);在大气CO2浓度升高的条件下,分别降低12.2%、22.0%、35.0%(红三叶)和17.9%、38.7%、34.6%(高丹草).     

太湖氧化亚氮(N2O)排放特征及潜在驱动因素

氧化亚氮（N₂O）是《京都议定书》规定的6种温室气体之一,其百年增温趋势是CO₂的298倍,大气N₂O浓度在持续快速增长中.浅水湖泊是大气N₂O的重要来源,为探讨富营养湖泊太湖N₂O排放的时空变化及潜在驱动因素,于2月（冬）和8月（夏）不同季节下在太湖进行野外观测,采用扩散系数-顶空瓶法观测表层水体N₂O浓度［c（N₂O）］和排放通量［F（N₂O）］,并讨论分析N₂O排放的潜在驱动因素.由于溶解性有机物（DOM）光谱是溶解性有机碳（DOC）及溶解性有机氮（DON）来源组成的有效示踪指标,其迁移转化过程亦会释放大量无机氮,改变水体氧化还原电位,因而也能影响N₂O排放.结果表明,太湖表层水体N₂O的浓度和排放通量表现出的时间变化及空间变化强烈受到季节（水温）差异和营养水平的共同影响,其表层水体c（ČN₂O）均值为（19.7±2.7） nmol·L^-1,F（N₂O）均值为（41.1±1.8）μmol·（m²·d）^-1,两者均表现为夏季高于冬季（t-test,P<0.01）;DOM和DOC等有机质的输入累积能够提高水体N₂O的产生和排放潜力,其中N₂O排放通量与水体类腐殖质组分C1显著正相关,表征陆源输入的荧光峰积分比值I_C ：I_T及芳香性指标S_275-295都表明西北入湖河口区积累了大量陆源类腐殖酸,其转化降解对N₂O的产生及排放有较大的贡献.结果显示水温、DOM组成来源和营养水平等均是影响太湖水体N₂O排放的重要因素.长期连续观测能更好地全面评估各种因素对水体N₂O产生及排放的影响并科学合理地制定减排方案.     

Ti/RuO2-IrO2电极电化学方法降解溶液中TBBPA及其降解机理探究

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是世界上产量和用量最大的溴代阻燃剂之一,在河流、底泥及污水中持久存在,严重威胁环境和人体健康.探讨了阳极为Ti/RuO_2-IrO_2电极的电化学法对溶液中TBBPA的降解效率,并考察了电流密度(5~20 m A·cm~(-2))、初始pH值(3~11)、极板间距(1~3 cm)及电解质浓度(1~40 mmol·L~(-1))对降解速率的影响.研究结果表明,TBBPA的降解遵循一级动力学方程,在溶液初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1)、电流密度为10 mA·cm~(-2)、电解质浓度为5 mmol·L~(-1)及极板间距为1 cm的条件下,60 min后TBBPA的降解率可达97.2%,且降解速率常数和半衰期分别为0.060 min~(-1)和11.6 min,能量消耗为105.3 k Wh·m~(-3).同时运用HPLC-MS/MS检测出中间产物双酚A(BPA)和2-溴苯酚,并推断其降解途径主要为在羟基自由基(·OH)作用下连续的脱溴过程中,苯环与异丙基之间的C—C键断裂生成BPA和2-溴苯酚.电化学法是一种高效的、有潜力的降解难降解有机污染物的方法,本文将为今后实际废污水中TBBPA的去除提供基础数据和技术参数.     

上海市PM2.5的物理化学特征及其生物活性研究

采集了上海市区和郊区春季和夏季的大气PM_2.5样品,分析了市区和郊区春夏2季PM_2.5质量浓度变化的规律,使用PIXE(Proton Induced X-ray Emission)分析技术获得S、K、Ca、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Sr、Pb等15种元素的质量浓度.结果表明,上海PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度在春季　(5?038.6 ng·m^-3) 比在夏季 (3?810.6 ng·m^-3) 高,春季郊区(2?528.9 ng·m^-3) 和市区(2?509.7 ng·m^-3) PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度相当,夏季市区样品 (1?674.2 ng·m^-3) 中化学元素质量浓度的总量比郊区(2?136.3 ng·m^-3) 的低,但来自人为污染的化学元素 (Cr、Mn、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Sr、Pb) 在市区PM_2.5中的含量较高;场发射扫描电镜 (FESEM) 分析显示,上海PM_2.5主要由烟尘集合体、燃煤飞灰、矿物颗粒、生物质颗粒和不明物质组成,质粒DNA评价揭示上海市区PM_2.5比郊区的具有更强的生物活性,主要原因可能在于市区样品中含有较高的重金属元素和较多的烟尘集合体．     

Pb(NO3)2与CPC共存对沉积物吸附对硝基苯酚的影响

选取Pb(NO₃)₂、氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、对硝基苯酚为代表污染物,试验了重金属与表面活性剂共存对有机物在沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明:Pb(NO₃)₂的存在减弱了CPC的增强吸附效应,Pb(NO₃)₂和CPC共存对对硝基苯酚的吸附产生拮抗效应.在固定CPC初始浓度不变的情况下,拮抗效应随Pb(NO₃)₂初始浓度增大而加强.同时,拮抗效应也取决于CPC的浓度.当CPC初始浓度小于3 000mg/L(平衡浓度低于临界胶束浓度CMC)时,这种拮抗效应尤为明显;随着表面活性剂浓度的继续增加,拮抗效应减弱,并逐渐趋向于CPC的独立效应.机理探讨表明,共存体系中,Pb²⁺与CPC在同一吸附点位不存在竞争吸附.     

On-line CO, CO2 emissions evaluation and (benzene, toluene, xylene) determination from experimental burn of tropical biomass

Atmospheric pollution and global warming issues are increasingly becoming major environmental concerns. Fire is one of the significant sources of pollutant gases released into the atmosphere; and tropical biomass fires, which are of particular interest in this study, contribute greatly to the global budget of CO and CO₂. This pioneer research simulates the natural biomass burning strategy in Malaysia using an experimental burning facility. The investigation was conducted on the emissions (CO₂, CO, and Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylenes (BTEX)) from ten tropical biomass species. The selected species represent the major tropical forests that are frequently subjected to dry forest fire incidents. An experimental burning facility equipped with an on-line gas analyzer was employed to determine the burning emissions. The major emission factors were found to vary among the species, and the specific results were as follows. The moisture content of a particular biomass greatly influenced its emission pattern. The smoke analysis results revealed the existence of BTEX, which were sampled from a combustion chamber by enrichment traps aided with a universal gas sampler. The BTEX were determined by organic solvent extraction followed by GC/MS quantification, the results of which suggested that the biomass burning emission factor contributed significant amounts of benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) changed in response to changes in the sample moisture content. Therefore, this study concluded that the emission of some pollutants mainly depends on the burning phase and sample moisture content of the biomass.     

一氧化氮合酶途径参与SO_2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动调节

以蚕豆为材料,研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)途径在SO2诱发气孔运动中的作用.研究发现:浓度7.5~200μmol·L-1的SO2衍生物处理后,蚕豆叶面气孔开度减小,气孔开度与SO2衍生物浓度呈负相关;SO2衍生物处理组叶组织中NOS活性增强;加入NO清除剂c-PTIO或NOS抑制剂L-NAME可抑制SO2衍生物诱发的气孔关闭;SO2衍生物处理组保卫细胞内NO和Ca2+水平升高,用c-PTIO降低胞内NO水平后Ca2+水平随之下降.结果表明,SO2衍生物胁迫可诱发保卫细胞内NO合成增加,NO通过调节胞内Ca2+水平升高,激活下游信号转导途径,调节气孔运动;NOS途径介导的NO合成参与了SO2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动的调节.     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.