Impacts of climate change on winter wheat water requirement in Haihe River Basin

Climate change and variability has the potential to impact crop growth by altering components of a region’s water balance. Evapotranspiration driven by higher temperatures can directly increase the demand of irrigation water, while indirectly decreasing the length of the annual crop growth period. The accompanying change in precipitation also affects the need to supply irrigation water. This study focuses on the spatial and temporal variation of historical and future irrigation water requirements of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Haihe River Basin, China. Irrigation water requirement is estimated using a simple water balance model. Climate change is incorporated by using predicted changes in daily precipitation and temperature. Changes in evapotranspiration and crop phenophase are then calculated for historical and future climate. Over the past 50 years, a decrease in total net irrigation water requirement (NIR) was observed mainly due to a reduction in the crop growth period length. The NIR is shown to decrease 2.8～6.9 mm with a 1-day reduction in growth period length. In the future, sowing period will come later and the heading period earlier in the year. The NIR in November, March and April is predicted to increase, especially in April. Increased NIR can result in increased water deficit, causing negative impacts on crop yield due to water stress. In the future, more attention should be paid to water resource management during the annual crop growth period of winter wheat in the Haihe River Basin.     

气象因素与早稻产量因子的相关性分析

为了探明气象因素对南方稻区早稻产量因子及产量的影响,应用杂交早稻组合金优402于2003—2009年种植在湖南省内7个生态点的产量因子和相应的气象数据,建立早稻不同生育时期的日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、相对湿度和日照时数等气象因素与总苗数、成穗率、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重等产量因子的回归方程,研究影响湖南早稻产量因子的主要气象因素及其敏感时期。结果表明:移栽后24～27 d的低温阴雨导致早稻分蘖数不足;分蘖成穗率主要受移栽后33～41 d的气温和日照时数影响,随温度升高和日照时数延长而升高;每穗总粒数与始穗前9～1 d的日均温、始穗前9～4 d的日最高气温及始穗前10～5 d的日照时数呈正相关,而与此期的相对湿度呈负相关;结实率与始穗前14～9 d的日均温、日最低气温呈正相关,而与始穗前9～5 d的日最高气温和日照时数表现为负相关;千粒重与始穗前25～20 d的相对湿度、始穗后14～20 d的日照时数呈正相关,而与始穗前25～20 d的日均温、始穗后17～22d的日最低气温表现出负相关。     

1961—2013年中国东北地区初终霜日及无霜期的气候变化特征

利用东北地区1961—2014年日最低气温及平均气温资料,分析了近53 a初霜日、终霜日及无霜期的气候变化特征。结果表明：东北地区平均初霜日、终霜日分别为9月28日和5月5日,平均无霜期为145 d。东北地区162个站中,155个站初霜日推后,160个站终霜日提前,158个站无霜期延长,初霜日显著推后1.55 d/10 a,终霜日显著提前2.5 d/10 a,无霜期显著延长 4.08 d/10 a,霜的变化反映了气候变暖的特征（0.3 ℃/10 a）。自南向北随纬度的升高和海拔高度的抬升,初霜日提前、终霜日推后、无霜期缩短。东北地区霜的变化受最低气温的影响要大于平均气温。初霜日、终霜日及无霜期分别在1986、1989、1986年发生了突变,各省霜的突变均发生于20世纪80年代和90年代。突变后,初霜日、终霜日和无霜期多年平均等值线均向北推进。     

气候变暖对东北三省春玉米布局的可能影响及其应对策略

玉米是我国重要的粮食作物之一,东北三省春播玉米区是我国第一大玉米产区,在气候变暖背景下研究气候变化对东北春玉米生产的影响及其应对策略,对我国粮食安全具有重大意义。论文以东北三省为研究区域,利用71个气象台站1961—2010年和未来气候情景RCP 4.5下2021—2040年逐日温度数据,分析了气候变化情景下东北三省热量资源和春玉米种植熟性的时空变化特征,探索性地研究了东北春玉米应对气候变暖应采取的对策。研究结果表明：未来2个年代际,东北三省日平均气温稳定通过10 ℃初日提前、10 ℃终日和初霜日推迟,稳定通过10 ℃日数和积温呈增加趋势,其中三江平原地区变化幅度最大,10 ℃初日将提前约8 d,初霜日推迟约10 d,10 ℃日数和积温分别增加约15 d和300 ℃·d;不同熟性春玉米种植北界在未来 2个年代际的北移东扩速度较过去50 a更快,尤其是中晚熟春玉米可种植区北界到2030年代将北移至49°32′N、东扩至我国东部边境135°E;为应对气候变暖,在不改变耕作制度和更换更晚熟春玉米品种的前提下,预计到2030年代,东北的松嫩平原春玉米播种期可提前或推迟16~20 d,部分地区可超过20 d;三江平原和辽河平原区可提前或推迟8~12 d;南部沿海地区播种期变化范围较小,在8 d以内;同时,亦可通过种植区北移东扩以充分利用气候变暖带来的热量资源,预计到2030年代,东北三省晚熟、中晚熟和中熟春玉米的种植北界将在现有基础上分别北移2°13′N、1°08′N和近3°N。     

气候变暖对长江中下游地区热量资源分布的影响分析

利用1960—2010年长江中下游地区90个气象站日平均气温资料,运用线性倾向估计等方法,对近51 a来≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及其持续天数和起止日期的时空分布特征进行分析,以了解气候变暖对该区热量资源分布的影响。结果表明:近51 a来长江中下游地区气温持续增暖,回归系数达0.21 ℃/10 a,略低于同期中国的增温速率(0.27 ℃/10 a),且与各项热量资源指标有显著的相关性。随着气候变暖,≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及持续天数普遍显著增加,是受起始日期提前和终止日期延后的共同影响,而前者的影响更明显。21世纪00年代起北亚热带和中亚热带在长江中下游地区北移特征显著,明显与20世纪90年代以前的界线拉开了距离;20世纪90年代以后,一年三熟制种植北界和双季稻可种植区北界明显北移,21世纪00年代与19世纪60年代相比,其平均移动幅度超过2个纬距。     

西北干旱区旱地玉米叶面积指数与气象因子及生物量的关系

利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1994-2008年玉米试验观测资料,对玉米的LAI变化规律,温度、光合有效辐射对LAI的影响,LAI对50 cm土层土壤贮水量、生物量及产量因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明,三叶期-乳熟期LAI随着出苗后的天数呈S曲线变化。缓慢增长期出现在8~28 d;快速增长期出现在28~74 d;缓慢下降期出现在74~103 d。叶片含水率以0.9%/10 d的速度线性下降。各试验年份间,降水差异较大,变异系数为31%~92%;其次为≥10℃有效积温;光合有效辐射比较稳定。从播种到乳熟期,各年份的气象要素值趋于平均值。LAI与≥10℃有效积温及光合有效辐射呈幂函数变化,有效积温500℃及光合有效辐射值250 MJ/m²是LAI累积速度变化的转折点。≥10℃有效积温500~1 000℃及光合有效辐射800~1 000 MJ/m²是LAI快速增长的阶段。随着LAI的增大,50 cm土层贮水量呈线性减少。LAI对生物量的影响可用幂函数描述,最利于生物量累积的LAI值为3.5,较为适宜的种植密度为60 000株/hm²。七叶期-拔节期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性较差,抽雄期-乳熟期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性显著。在一定范围内,抽雄期LAI的增大对提高玉米的经济产量有利。     

Mitigation of climate change impacts on maize productivity in northeast of Iran: a simulation study

Development and evaluation of mitigation strategies are fundamental to manage climate change risks. This study was built on (1) quantifying the response of maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield to potential impacts of climate change and (2) investigating the effectiveness of changing sowing date of maize as a mitigation option for Khorasan Province which is located in northeast of Iran. Two types of General Circulation Models (GCM: (United Kingdom Met Office Hadley Center :HadCM3) and (Institute Pierre Simon Laplace: IPCM4)) and three scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) at four locations (Mashhad, Birjand, Bojnourd and Sabzevar) employed in this study. Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) was employed for generating the future climate. The Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES-Maize was used for crop growth simulation under projected climate conditions. The results showed the simulated grain yields of maize gradually would decrease (from −1% to −39%) during future 100 years compared to baseline under different scenarios and two GCM at all study locations. The simulation results suggested that delayed sowing date from May to June at all study locations, except Sabzevar location is the most effective mitigation option for avoiding thermal stress at end of growth period. In addition, shifting in sowing date to March or April will be beneficial in terms of obtaining higher yields in Sabzevar. Grain yield did not show special trend from north to south of Khorasan Province in the future climate. In general, change of sowing date may be quite beneficial to mitigate climate change impacts on grain yield of maize in northeast of Iran.     

1960-2011 年东北地区热量资源时空变化特征

基于1961-2011 年东北地区88 个气象站逐日气温资料,采用Kendall-Theil 线性趋势估计等方法探讨了该地区热量资源的时空变化特征。结果表明,近50 多年东北地区稳定≥0 ℃积温以25～95 ℃·d/10 a 的趋势显著增加,三江平原的增加趋势明显大于东部山区。稳定≥0 ℃气温的起始期在东北北部和中部显著提前,终止期在北部基本显著延后,日平均气温稳定≥0℃的日数在北部和中部地区基本以2～4 d/10 a 的趋势显著增加。东北地区大部分站点终霜冻日期明显提前,初霜冻日期明显延后,无霜冻期基本以3～5 d/10 a 的趋势显著增加。稳定≥10 ℃积温以30～110 ℃·d/10 a 的趋势显著增加,稳定≥10 ℃气温的起始期北部地区显著提前,终止期南部地区显著延后,作物有效生长期在中部和北部地区基本以2～4 d/10 a 的趋势显著增加。     

Cytogenetic analysis of 1375 amniotic fluid specimens from pregnancies with gestational age less than 14 weeks

Our laboratory has received 1375 early amniotic fluid (EA) specimens during the past 5-year period for cytogenetics analysis. The gestational ages of the EA specimens were less than 14 weeks as estimated by ultrasound. The average volume of specimen received was 16 ml. Specimens were typically received in two collection tubes and cultured in Chang A and in supplemented MEM media using the in situ technique. Of the 1375 EA specimens received, 1356 were successfully cultured and yielded results. Abnormal results were found in 67 (4.9 per cent) of the cases. Nineteen specimens (1.4 per cent) failed to yield a result. The mean turn-around time (TAT) for all EA specimens was 8.28 days. In 1991, the average TAT for the EA specimens was 8.00 days compared with a TAT of 6.59 days for all specimens received over 14 weeks gestational age. The number of EA specimens received has increased from 1.5 per month in 1986 to 57 per month in 1991. In summary, our experience with EA specimens for cytogenetic analysis has demonstrated that the success rate is 98.6 per cent and that an increasing number of obstetricians are performing early amniocentesis as they seek to provide their patients with earlier results and an alternative to chorionic villus sampling.     

近33 a西北太平洋极端海表温度事件的变化特征及与ENSO的关系

使用1982~2014年美国国家海洋和大气管理局（national oceanic and atmospheric administration,NOAA）最优插值1/4度逐日海温分析资料,分析西北太平洋极端海表温度（sea surface temperature,SST）事件的变化特征,探讨极端SST事件与ENSO（El Ni?o-southern oscillation,ENSO）之间的关系。结果表明:极端高温事件的频率明显增大,20世纪80年代为2~5 a一遇,20世纪90年代为1~4 a一遇,21世纪以来,除2004和2011年外,其余年份均有发生。极端高温发生天数呈线性增加趋势,增长速率为30 d/10 a。单次极端高温事件持续时间逐渐增长,增长速率为0.56 d/次,且平均温度和最高温度也呈上升趋势,上升速率分别为0.032℃/次和0.049℃/次。相反的是,极端低温事件的频率明显减小,1982~2000年为1~2 a一遇,21世纪以来,发生次数明显减少。极端低温发生天数和单次事件的持续时间均明显减少,减少速率分别为-27 d/10 a和-1.6 d/次。单次极端低温事件的平均温度和最低温度呈线性上升趋势,增长速率分别为0.0087℃/次和0.017℃/次。极端高温事件呈现1~4 a和4~7 a周期的高低频震荡,低温事件呈现多尺度周期变化,主周期尺度为3~4 a。Nino 3.4区下半年ENSO指数与西北太平洋极端高温呈显著负相关,与极端低温事件呈显著正相关。意味着在La Ni?a年份,极端高温事件更容易发生。反之,在El Ni?o年份,极端低温事件容易发生。     

河南信阳市近62年来极端气温变化特征及周期分析

通过对河南省信阳市每日气温资料的搜集和整理,运用线性拟合及累积距平、Morlet复数小波等方法对WMO发布的10种极端气温指数进行了计算和分析。研究了信阳地区近62年来极端气温变化特征及周期性。结果表明,近62年来信阳地区的极端最高气温几乎没有变化,极端最低气温在波动变化中有小幅上升趋势,夏日、热夜、暖夜天数呈现波动上升,冰日、霜日、冷夜、冷日天数呈下降趋势。极端最高气温、极端最低气温、冷夜、暖夜、冷日、暖日都存在35 a左右的周期。夏日、冰日、热夜、霜日存在37 a左右周期。冰日的变化存在着5个左右的周期,极端最低气温、冷日与冷夜的变化存在4个左右的周期。其中极端最低气温、霜日、冰日、冷夜、冷日、暖夜都有5 a以下的周期。冷夜和暖夜、冷日和暖日、夏日和冰日以及热夜和霜夜存在负相关的关系,其中冷夜和暖夜以及热夜和霜日的变化幅度较大,它们之间有负相关关系。冷日和暖日以及夏日和冰日的变化较小,负相关的关系不太明显。总体来说,近60年来,信阳地区极端天气热指数呈上升趋势,极端天气冷指数呈下降趋势,整体气温呈现上升的趋势,其中近二十年气温上升更明显。     

1960-2015年淮河流域异常初、终霜日时空变化及其影响因子

农作物生长关键期发生的异常初、终霜日,对农业生产造成极大损失。准确了解并掌握异常初、终霜日在淮河流域的变化规律及成因,有利于做好霜冻预报服务工作,减轻霜冻灾害的影响,对保障国家粮食稳产、高产、安全具有重大的意义。基于淮河流域1960-2015年61个气象站点逐日地面0 cm最低气温资料,采用标准差计算了初、终霜日的稳定性,使用概率密度函数定义了异常初、终霜日,利用IDW插值方法反映气候态转变前后异常初、终霜日稳定性和频率,同时利用线性倾向估计、M-K、滑动t检验和累计距平法得到气温的变化趋势及突变年份,相关系数法用来分析环流指数、气温、初霜日、终霜日之间的关系。通过研究得出以下结论：（1）淮河流域近56年来平均气温以0.18 ℃·10 a^-1（P<0.01）的速率呈现显著的上升趋势并且在1993年发生突变,气候态的转型促进了初霜日的推迟和终霜日的提前。（2）气候态的转变导致初、终霜日的稳定性降低,初、终霜日稳定性随经、纬度的增加而变好,初霜日稳定性随海拔升高而变好,终霜日稳定性随海拔升高而变化不显著,终霜日稳定性好于初霜日稳定性。（3）偏早初霜日频率>偏晚终霜日频率>特早初霜日频率>特晚终霜日频率,且在气候态转型后,异常初、终霜日的频率趋于降低,稳定在0~20%之间,异常初霜日发生频率整体高于异常终霜日,气候变暖对初霜日的影响大于终霜日。（4）异常初、终霜日频率时空分布差异显著,高频年代分别为1970s和1960s,低频年代为2000s。随着气候的转变,虽然异常初、终霜日频率逐步趋于稳定且处于低频趋势,但是气候转变促进了淮河流域东南部和南部的特早初霜日频率增加,南部偏早初霜日发生频率范围增加。东北部的偏晚初霜日发生频率增加,同时东南部的特晚终霜日发生频率也明显增加。（5）北半球9月极涡面积越小,淮河流域初霜日越迟（R=-0.41,P<0.01）。10月副高面积增加,初霜日推迟（R=0.39,P<0.01）;2月极涡面积减小,终霜日提前（R=0.29, P<0.05）。4月副高面积增大,终霜日提前（R=-0.15,P>0.05）,并且在1990年后提前趋势加快。     

Estimating changes in flood risks and benefits of non-structural adaptation strategies - a case study from Tyrol,Austria

Flood damage has increased significantly and is expected to rise further in many parts of the world. For assessing potential changes in flood risk, this paper presents an integrated model chain quantifying flood hazards and losses while considering climate and land use changes. In the case study region, risk estimates for the present and the near future illustrate that changes in flood risk by 2030 are relatively low compared to historic periods. While the impact of climate change on the flood hazard and risk by 2030 is slight or negligible, strong urbanisation associated with economic growth contributes to a remarkable increase in flood risk. Therefore, it is recommended to frequently consider land use scenarios and economic developments when assessing future flood risks. Further, an adapted and sustainable risk management is necessary to encounter rising flood losses, in which non-structural measures are becoming more and more important. The case study demonstrates that adaptation by non-structural measures such as stricter land use regulations or enhancement of private precaution is capable of reducing flood risk by around 30 %. Ignoring flood risks, in contrast, always leads to further increasing losses—with our assumptions by 17 %. These findings underline that private precaution and land use regulation could be taken into account as low cost adaptation strategies to global climate change in many flood prone areas. Since such measures reduce flood risk regardless of climate or land use changes, they can also be recommended as no-regret measures.     

沈阳地区采暖期气候特征与节能预报技术研究

基于沈阳地区1961-2010年逐日平均气温观测数据,采用气候倾向率及度日法,参照采暖供热相关规范,对沈阳地区采暖期气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:沈阳地区采暖期平均气温呈上升趋势,采暖期度日呈减少趋势。平均采暖初、终日分别为10月26日、4月3日,平均采暖期长度为160 d。采暖初终日和采暖期长度均存在年际变化振荡,但总体呈现出采暖初日推后,终日提前,采暖期长度缩短的趋势。寒冷程度的减小和寒冷期的缩短使得采暖能源需求量减少,采暖期节能减排空间较大。利用2008-2010年气象-热力数据建立的沈阳地区供热量预报方程及供热气象指数,近3年理论节煤率达9.1%。该预报方程及供暖气象指数已于2010年11月开始在沈阳地区供热作业中投入应用,为实时供热调度提供参考依据。     

气候变化下汉中盆地水稻产量变化研究

深入分析气候变化下汉中盆地水稻产量变化响应,可在进一步探究影响研究区水稻产量主要气象要素的同时,为地方水稻生长期内气象灾害的防控提供科学依据。为了解研究区水稻生长季主要的气象影响因子,文章基于1951—2014年汉中盆地多测站日气温、降水量、积温及气温日较差数据和水稻单产资料分离的气象单产数据,综合运用线性趋势、趋势系数、HP滤波法、Morlet小波分析等方法,在分析汉中盆地水稻气象产量和生长季各气象要素变化趋势的同时,推求了水稻气象产量和各主要气象要素序列的显著周期。研究结果表明：1）近64 a汉中盆地4—9月水稻生长季平均气温和≥10 ℃活动积温变化均呈上升趋势,气温日较差呈下降趋势,降水量变化趋势不明显;2）汉中盆地各气象要素与水稻气象单产的显著周期分析结果显示水稻气象单产第一主周期与各气象要素的第二主周期相对应,均存在13~14 a时间尺度的主周期变化;3）各气象要素对水稻气象产量的影响各异,不同气候背景下影响水稻气象产量的主导气象因素不同。论文研究结果可为汉中盆地水稻生产的优化布局及地方经济社会发展提供参考依据。     

Adaptation strategies for maize cultivation under climate change in Iran: irrigation and planting date management

Climate change is affecting the productivity of crops and their regional distribution. Strategies to enhance local adaptation capacity are needed to mitigate climate change impacts and to maintain regional stability of food production. The objectives of this study were to simulate the climate change effects on phenological stages, Leaf Area Index (LAI), biomass and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the future and to explore the possibilities of employing irrigation water and planting dates as adaptation strategies to decrease the climate change impacts on maize production in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. For this purpose, we employed two types of General Circulation Models ((United Kingdom Met. Office Hadley Center: HadCM3) and (Institute Pierre Simon Laplace: IPCM4)) and three scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1). Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) was used to produce daily climatic parameters as one stochastic growing season for each projection period. Also, crop growth under projected climate conditions was simulated based on the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES-Maize. The results of model evaluation showed that LARS-WG had appropriate prediction for climatic parameters. Time period from cultivation until anthesis and maturity were reduced in majority of scenarios as affected by climate change. The results indicated that the grain yield of maize may be reduced (11 % to 38 %) as affected by climate change based on common planting date in baseline and changed (?61 % to 48 %) in response to different irrigation regimes in the future climate change, under all scenarios and times. In general, earlier planting date (1 May) and decreasing irrigation intervals in the anthesis stage (11 applications) caused higher yield compared with other planting dates due to adaption to high temperature. Based on our findings, it seems that management of irrigation water and planting dates can be beneficial for adaptation of maize to climate change in this region.     

Observations on the economic importance of tomato leaf miner (Liriomyza bryoniae) (agromyzidae)

Yield losses can occur as a result of leaf miner infestation, but are not dependent on severity of damage alone; proximity to fruit at an early stage of development is very important. If damage on leaves adjacent to a truss reached 30 mines/leaf at the time fruit was half-swollen, a 10% loss of yield resulted. At three levels of infestation investigated, losses amounted to 5, 13 and 20% of monetary returns. Although it was found that growing soft plants and keeping de-leafing to the minimum would maximise yields, it appeared that the direct effect of these cultural practices on yield was more important than their indirect effects on leaf miner damage.     

粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥氮转化与腐熟度

采用静态仓强制通风进行粪便和生活垃圾混合堆肥,以玉米秸和石灰为调理剂,考察堆肥过程的氮转化与腐熟度。试验结果表明:堆肥中氮的损失量为26%～49%,堆体高温期持续时间长,导致氮的损失增加。添加石灰使堆肥前期的氮损失率增加,但加快了堆肥过程,总氮的损失没有加大。水溶性氨氮含量在堆肥升温期出现峰值5.61mg/gdw,堆肥结束时氨氮含量小于0.34mg/gdw;堆肥中硝态氮主要在降温期和腐熟期形成,达到1.84～4.05mg/gdw。氨氮和硝态氮之比小于0.16和水溶态有机碳与总氮之比小于1.10,较适合作为粪便与垃圾的混合堆肥腐熟指标。     

黑龙江省气候变化对粮食生产的影响

收集1986~2000年黑龙江省79个县市农业生产资料和30个气象台站逐日气温、降水资料,应用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数方法将粮食产量分解为气候产量和经济产量,然后用EOF方法分析了粮食产量、气候影响程度指数、≥10℃积温、生长季降水的时空变化特征及其关系。结果表明:15年间全省粮食产量稳步增加,气候变暖趋势明显但降水变化不显著,变暖对粮食生产有利,降水的变化未对粮食产量产生实质影响。15年间气候影响程度总体增大,但气候变化及其影响具有时空差异性:1986~1993年北部和西南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加大于东北部和东南部;1993~2000年东北部和东南部积温增加明显,粮食产量增加超过北部和西南部。