河流表层沉积物活体毒性甄别和毒性因子初探

本文选择辽河流域6个支流表层沉积物作为研究对象,利用2种底栖生物(摇蚊幼虫和河蚬)活体毒性测试方法评价了辽河流域表层沉积物毒性.研究结果显示,所有表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫有毒性效应,显著降低了摇蚊幼虫的存活率(p<0.05);河蚬存活率有所降低,但差异不显著.沉积物活体毒性甄别结果发现,长沟子以有机物污染为主,付家窝堡和柴河以重金属污染为主,一统河和潮沟河以有机物和氨氮污染为主,而柳河以重金属和氨氮污染为主.综上所述,沉积物活体毒性甄别方法能有效甄别致毒污染物类别,同时表明不同种类底栖生物对沉积物毒性存在敏感性差异.     

农业废物好氧堆肥中环境因子对nirK、nirS和nosZ数量的影响

应用定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中参与反硝化过程的功能基因(nirK、nirS和nosZ)丰度在堆体不同位置处随时间的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着堆肥进程,3种基因数量整体呈现出先升后降的变化规律,且不同位置处的反硝化基因数量之间存在着显著的差异性.使用Canoco 4.5软件对获得的反硝化功能基因丰度数据与不同时期不同层次堆体温度、pH、含水率、NH4+-N、NO3--N和水溶性有机碳(WSC)等环境因子的相关性进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA).基于手动选择的RDA分析结果表明,WSC、NH4+-N和堆体温度对反硝化基因丰度有着显著的影响(P<0.05),且前2个因子达到了极显著水平(P<0.01).应用t-value回归分析方法单独分析每种环境因子与3种基因的相关性,其中nirK与温度和pH显著正相关(P<0.05),nirS与温度显著正相关(P<0.05),nosZ与NH4+-N显著正相关(P<0.05)、与WSC显著负相关(P<0.05).     

Effects of silver adsorbed on fumed silica, silver phosphate glass, bentonite organomodified with silver and titanium dioxide in aquatic indicator organisms

In order to reduce the level of transmission of diseases caused by bacteria and fungi, the development of antimicrobial additives for use in personal care, hygiene products, clothing and others has increased. Many of these additives are based on metals such as silver and titanium. The disposal of these products in the environment has raised concerns pertaining to their potential harmfulness for beneficial organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the shape, surface chemistry, size and carrier of three additives containing silver and one with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on microcrustacean survival. Daphnia magna was used as a bioindicator for acute exposure test in suspensions from 0.0001 to 10,000 ppm. Ceriodaphnia dubia was used for chronic test in TiO₂ suspensions from 0.001 to 100 ppm. D. magna populations presented high susceptibility to all silver based additives, with 100% mortality after 24 hr of exposure. A different result was found in the acute experiments containing TiO₂ suspensions, with mortality rates only after 48 hr of incubation. Even on acute and chronic tests, TiO₂ did not reach a linear concentration-response versus mortality, with 1 ppm being more toxic than 10,000 ppm on acute test and 0.001 more toxic than 0.01 ppm on chronic assay. Silver based material toxicity was attributed to silver itself, and had no relation to either form (nano or ion) or carrier (silica, phosphate glass or bentonite). TiO₂ demonstrated to have a low acute toxicity against D. magna.     

模拟自然水体中藻-溞-草间的相互作用研究

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果及同时恢复水生植被的影响,以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,模拟自然条件研究了不同氮磷浓度对三者生长和相互作用的影响.结果表明:金鱼藻和小球藻共培养时,在氮浓度介于2.92～12.60mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.06 ～0.85 mg·L-1,金鱼藻增长不明显,甚至出现负增长;而小球藻的增长率则远高于金鱼藻.小球藻和大型溞共培养时,氮、磷浓度分别为1.26～ 10.53 mg·L-1和0.04～1.16 mg·L-1时均占据优势,对小球藻的抑制效果显著,抑藻及氮磷去除效果明显好于金鱼藻和小球藻共培养,而且磷的去除效果优于氮.三者共培养时,在氮浓度介于3.15 ～23.92 mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.07 ～0.64 mg·L-1时,大型溞与金鱼藻的增长率都较高,而小球藻则维持在较低的增长水平,水质改善效果较好;当氮、磷浓度分别升至25.95 mg·L-1和1.18 mg·L-1时,大型潘和金鱼藻的增长率均下降,水质变差.大型溞和金鱼藻的联合控藻效果好于其单一的控制效果,该效果明显受到氮磷浓度的影响.     

三种大型海藻对对氯苯胺的去除行为及光合生理响应

以龙须菜、坛紫菜和石莼3种大型海藻为实验材料,通过模拟实验,研究并比较了它们对不同浓度对氯苯胺(PCA)的去除行为,以及石莼对PCA的光合生理响应.实验结果显示,7d实验结束时,3种藻类对海水中PCA的最终去除率排序分别为:6mg·L-1PCA处理组,龙须菜(58.7%)<坛紫菜(75.7%)<石莼(94.9%);60mg·L-1PCA处理组,龙须菜(50.2%)<石莼(61.3%)<坛紫菜(74.9%);海藻的培植密度越大,PCA的去除率越高,在受PCA污染的海域中大面积种植大型海藻来有效地处理修复此类污染在理论上是可行的.在不同浓度PCA处理过程中,石莼的生长受到抑制,有效光化学效率、光合作用和呼吸作用呈现出低浓度(<5mg·L-1)促进、高浓度(>10mg·L-1)抑制的现象.叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和可溶性蛋白含量在各处理组之间没有表现出确定趋势,表明PCA对石莼生长的影响可能是由于呼吸速率的增加而引起的.     

胶质芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd及土壤pH的影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究接种活菌量浓度分别为1×1010 cfu·kg-1 (T1)和2×1010 cfu·kg-1(T2)的胶质芽孢杆菌,对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd、土壤有效态Cd含量及土壤pH的影响.结果表明,以不接种菌液作为对照,处理T1、T2地上部分生物富集系数分别为13.58、16.83,与对照相比分别提高42.95％、77.16％;地下部分生物富集系数分别为4.35、4.83,分别比对照提高24.64％、38.40％;土壤的净化率分别是对照的1.73、2.20倍.对照组土壤有效态Cd含量随着时间的延长而降低,根际和非根际土壤分别降低32.93％和45.54％;但T1和T2处理中,根际、非根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别提高15.15％、31.73％和36.54％、45.28％.收获时,处理T1、T2根际土壤pH降低率分别是对照的1.08、1.10倍.不同浓度胶质芽孢杆菌处理下土壤pH与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负线性关系.综上,胶质芽孢杆菌主要是通过改变土壤pH来影响土壤Cd生物有效性,从而促进超富集植物的修复效果.本研究可为微生物辅助植物修复重金属污染土壤提供一定理论依据和实践指导.     

海洋细菌N3对几种赤潮藻的溶藻效应

从深圳大鹏湾南澳赤潮暴发海域的表层沉积物中分离得到1株海洋溶藻细菌(编号N3),以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylumtricornutum)和常见赤潮生物锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)为实验藻种,利用液体感染法研究了该株溶藻细菌的溶藻效应及溶藻方式.结果表明,菌株N3对中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻均无溶藻活性,而菌悬液的体积分数为2%和10%时分别对锥状斯氏藻和海洋原甲藻有较好的溶藻效果,但溶藻现象不同.菌株N3可使锥状斯氏藻的细胞变形,胞内物质分布不均匀并最终死亡;使海洋原甲藻的藻细胞膨胀变形,细胞膜内物质聚集于一端,最终藻细胞破裂死亡.菌株N3对锥状斯氏藻和海洋原甲藻的溶藻方式相同,均以直接溶藻为主.菌株N3的菌悬液以2%、1%和0.1%的体积分数接种到锥状斯氏藻藻液中时,细菌的密度整体上呈下降趋势,2%处理组中藻细胞在120 h内全部死亡,而1%和0.1%处理组藻细胞的增长率略低于对照组.菌株N3的菌悬液以10%、5%和1%的体积分数接种到海洋原甲藻藻液中时,细菌的密度呈下降趋势,10%和5%处理组中藻细胞至120 h时死亡率分别为78%和70%,而1%处理组的藻细胞与对照组无显著差异.电镜观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rRNA鉴定结果表明,菌株N3为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).     

土壤环境中肠道致病菌的多重PCR检测研究初探

建立同时检测大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、福氏志贺氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌等5种土壤常见肠道致病菌的多重PCR检测技术,为这些肠道致病菌感染的快速诊断提供实验依据.根据这些肠道病原菌的毒素基因、高度保守基因及特异性基因分别合成5对特异性引物,应用PCR扩增技术对目的菌株进行特异性检测.实验结果表明,5对寡核苷酸引物都具有较高的特异性和专一性,多重PCR检测限达到104cfu·g-1.多重PCR应用于土壤样品分析,极大的缩短了检测时间(仅需3～4h)、降低了检测成本,对控制病原菌的传播具有重要意义,可推广应用于环境监测、水源检测、食品卫生监督、商品检验检疫等领域.     

Uptake of radioiodide by Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from a boreal nutrient-poor bog

Radionuclides, like radioiodine(~(129)I), may escape deep geological nuclear waste repositories and migrate to the surface ecosystems. In surface ecosystems, microorganisms can affect their movement. Iodide uptake of six bacterial strains belonging to the genera Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Rhodococcus isolated from an acidic boreal nutrient-poor bog was tested. The tests were run in four different growth media at three temperatures. All bacterial strains removed iodide from the solution with the highest efficiency shown by one of the Paenibacillus strains with 99% of iodide removed from the solution in one of the used growth media. Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and one of the two Paenibacillus strains showed highest iodide uptake in 1% yeast extract with maximum values for the distribution coefficient(K_d) ranging from 90 to 270 L/kg DW. The Burkholderia strain showed highest uptake in 1% Tryptone(maximum K_d170 L/kg DW). The Paenibacillus strain V0-1-LW showed exceptionally high uptake in 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth(maximum K_d 1,000,000 L/kg DW). Addition of 0.1% glucose to the 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth reduced iodide uptake at 4℃ and 20℃ and enhanced iodide uptake at 37℃ compared to the uptake without glucose. This indicates that the uptake of glucose and iodide may be competing processes in these bacteria. We estimated that in in situ conditions of the bog,the bacterial uptake of iodide accounts for approximately 0.1%–0.3% of the total sorption of iodide in the surface, subsurface peat, gyttja and clay layers.     

Role of post-dispersal seed and seedling predation in establishment of dandelion (Taraxacum agg.) plants

Dandelion Taraxacum agg. (formerly Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers) is a common weed species associated with pastures, grasslands and no-tillage cropping systems throughout its native range in Europe, and more recently introduced into North America, Australasia and elsewhere. Following wind-dispersal from the parent plant, its seeds are subject to predation from a host of invertebrate predators. Similarly, seedling predation may also significantly limit dandelion recruitment. Although such post-dispersal mortality is central to our understanding of dandelion population dynamics and therefore weed control, the precise spatio-temporal role played by different putative seed and seedling predators is poorly understood. Here we studied how seed viability, and seed and seedling predation influenced dandelion recruitment at two contrasting sites in central Europe. The abundance in the field and seed and seedling consumption in the laboratory were determined for the main groups of predators—ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabiade), terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) and molluscs (Gastopoda: Pulmonata). At particular sites, seed viability and seedling predation were negatively correlated while the percentage of seeds that succumbed to seed predation was similar. Combined factors accounted for the death of 98% and 87% of exposed seeds. Ground beetles (particularly Amara spp.) and terrestrial isopods (Armadillidium vulgare) were efficient and dominant seed predators, while slugs (Arion lusitanicus) and isopods were important predators of seedlings. While there was no seasonal trend in the intensity of seed predation it decreased towards autumn in parallel with the feeding activity of the declining population of A. lusitanicus. The mortality factors thus varied in their importance, largely between sites and less with the course of the season. Although seed inviability, seed and seedling predation did not stop the recruitment of dandelion seedlings they are crucial factors limiting dandelion populations. Methods of increasing the efficiency of predation of seed as a means of managing weeds are worthy of further study, particularly in areas where dandelion is an invasive species.     

异丙甲草胺与锌共存对斜生栅藻毒性手性差异影响

为评价重金属与手性农药共存的生物选择性毒性,采用毒性试验标准方法研究了Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺单独及与锌共存对斜生栅藻的手性毒性差异.结果表明,Zn2+存在条件下Rac-、S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的生长趋势影响与除草剂单独作用时的趋势基本相同,Zn2+的存在降低了高浓度除草剂对斜生栅藻的生长抑制作用,处理初期(24 h)0.30 mg·L-1Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺单独对斜生栅藻生长的抑制率分别为49.61%和59.73%,与Zn2+联合作用其抑制率分别为38.41%和42.52%.Zn2+的存在增加了Rac-和S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻的立体选择性毒性差异,使S-异丙甲草胺急性毒性增大的程度大于Rac-异丙甲草胺毒性的增加;与Zn2+的联合毒性作用类型表现为除草剂在低浓度下为部分相加作用,高浓度下为拮抗作用;除草剂单独及与Zn2+联合作用处理96 h后的斜生栅藻叶绿素含量变化与其生长趋势基本一致.     

黄连根茎浸提物对绿藻的毒理作用

黄连根茎和制剂具有抗菌等作用,广泛用于水产养殖,所造成水生态风险需要评估.试验设置总生物碱为0(CK),0.088(T1)、0.44(T2)和1.76 mg·L-1(T3)的黄连根茎浸提液(CRE)4种处理,研究了对斜生栅藻和蛋白核小球藻的毒理作用.结果表明,T1抑制绿藻生长,T2和T3使绿藻生长和繁殖停止;它们均显著降低绿藻叶绿素和蛋白质含量,说明CRE抑制光合作用和蛋白质合成是绿藻生长繁殖速率降低和死亡的直接原因.CRE使氢离子和胞内物质外流,导致藻液p H值显著降低和电导率提高.在T1和T2处理中,绿藻细胞SOD活性先升后降;在T3处理中,SOD活性显著降低.说明在CRE暴露初期,低中浓度的CRE诱导绿藻细胞产生抗性,随暴露时间增长或直接暴露在高浓度的CRE下,抗氧化酶系统被破坏.同样,随着CRE浓度增大,丙二醛含量增加,意味着绿藻细胞膜结构破坏,透性增加.CRE总体上对蛋白核小球藻的危害作用大于斜生栅藻.在水产养殖中,滥用黄连根茎或制剂,以及大规模集约化种植黄连对水体初级生产力具有潜在的生态风险.     

白洋淀荷茎叶提取液对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻化感效应

本研究探讨了活体荷不同部位(茎和叶)提取出液对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻生长化感效应,为推广荷遏制水华暴发及制作抑藻制剂提供理论基础.实验设计了5个浓度梯度,结果表明,荷叶浸出液对藻类的抑制效果优于荷茎浸出液,当荷叶浸出质量浓度为25 g.L-1时,对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为71.33%、78.14%.浸出液成分的GC-MS分析表明,荷叶和茎浸出液都含有丙酰胺,质量浓度分别为1.1 mg.L-1、0.2 mg.L-1.并根据概率计算法,分别计算了两种藻类的半浓度效应.     

Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by a novel Alcaligenes faecalis strain ZWS11

A bacterial strain ZWS11 was isolated from sulfonylurea herbicide-contaminated farmland soil and identified as a potential nicosulfuron-degrading bacterium. Based on morphological and physicochemical characterization of the bacterium and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence, strain ZWS11 was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis. The effects of the initial concentration of nicosulfuron, inoculation volume, and medium pH on degradation of nicosulfuron were investigated. Strain ZWS11 could degrade 80.56% of the initial nicosulfuron supplemented at 500.0 mg/L under the conditions of pH 7.0, 180 r/min and 30°C after incubation for 6 days. Strain ZWS11 was also capable of degrading rimsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl and thifensulfuron-methyl. Four metabolites from biodegradation of nicosulfuron were identified, which were 2-aminosulfonyl-N, N-dimethylnicotinamide (M1), 4, 6-dihydroxypyrimidine (M2), 2-amino-4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidine (M3) and 2-(1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-ureido)-N,N-dimethyl-nicotinamide (M4). Among the metabolites detected, M2 was reported for the first time. Possible biodegradation pathways of nicosulfuron by strain ZWS11 were proposed. The degradation proceeded mainly via cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge, O-dealkylation, and contraction of the sulfonylurea bridge by elimination of a sulfur dioxide group. The results provide valuable information for degradation of nicosulfuron in contaminated environments.     

给水管网中耐氯性细菌的灭活特性研究

使用4种常见消毒剂对从实际管网中分离出来的7株耐氯性细菌进行消毒实验.结果表明,这7株细菌均具有较高的耐氯性,其中1株耐氯性最高的类龟分支杆菌自由氯99.9%灭活的CT值为120 mg.(L.min)-1,另外2株血红鞘氨醇单胞菌和甲基杆菌99.9%灭活的CT值分别为7 mg.(L.min)-1和4 mg.(L.min)-1.比较4种消毒剂的消毒效果发现,二氧化氯和单过硫酸氢钾的消毒效果较好,能够在30 min内使分支杆菌的灭活率达到5个数量级.自由氯由于衰减较快,消毒效果不佳.一氯胺能够维持一定的消毒剂浓度,但由于其氧化性较弱,因此需要提高浓度,才能满足消毒要求.能在1 h内灭活3个数量级以上分支杆菌的消毒剂投加量为:3.0 mg/L一氯胺、1.0 mg/L二氧化氯(以Cl2计)和1.0 mg/L单过硫酸氢钾(以Cl2计).考虑到我国水厂消毒的实际情况,建议采用间歇性提高一氯胺浓度或改换二氧化氯消毒的方法,提高对耐氯性细菌的灭活效果.     

扑草净降解菌的分离、筛选与鉴定及降解特性初步研究

从安徽农药厂废水处理系统的活性污泥中筛选扑草净(prometryne)降解菌.通过富集驯化和选择性培养筛选纯化细菌,分离到2株细菌,分别命名为P-1、P-2.根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析:P-1为G-,鉴定为苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum);P-2为G+,鉴定为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus).GenBank登录号分别为HM004554和HM004555.通过12 d液体降解实验,菌株P-1、P-2对40 mg.L-1扑草净降解率分别达到46.5%和65.4%.该研究为扑草净的生物降解与污染土壤的生物修复提供了依据.     

NO、ROS对SO_2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡的调控

一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)均是非常重要的信号分子,然而其在二氧化硫(SO2)对观赏植物毒作用过程中可能的信号作用还不清楚.因此,本文以万寿菊叶片下表皮为材料,采用表皮条分析法研究了SO2胁迫引起的保卫细胞死亡和胞内NO、ROS水平变化情况.结果显示:SO2衍生物(终浓度0.4~4.0 mmol·L-1)处理能引起万寿菊叶片下表皮保卫细胞生理活性下降,死亡率增加,且存在剂量效应,细胞出现核固缩、核降解、核拉长等典型核凋亡特征.同时,保卫细胞内NO、ROS和Ca2+水平显著升高(p0.05).用不同浓度的NO干扰剂(NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME、硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na N3及NO清除剂c-PTIO)、ROS清除剂(CAT和As A)、钙离子干扰剂(Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和Ca2+通道抑制剂La Cl3)分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物同时处理后,保卫细胞死亡率及相对应的胞内NO、ROS、Ca2+水平显著低于同期SO2衍生物单独处理组(p0.05).在用As A、L-NAME分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,同时检测ROS、NO及Ca2+含量,发现三者均显著低于SO2衍生物单独处理组;同理,用EGTA和2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,尽管这时Ca2+水平显著下降,但ROS和NO含量却降低不显著.这一结果表明,NO和ROS在Ca2+的上游,且可能通过NO-Ca2+或者NO-ROS-Ca2+信号途径调节SO2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡.     

海洋细菌Marinobacter adhaerens HY-3分离鉴定及对中肋骨条藻的化感作用

菌藻化感作用是一种极其复杂的生理、生态学现象.从虾蟹混养池分离得到1株海洋细菌,经16S rRNA序列比对确定为Marinobacter adhaerens HY-3,选择我国常见赤潮优势种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)作为对象,研究海洋细菌与其种间化感效应,利用共培养和添加细菌胞外代谢物,以S.costatum生长量及叶绿素a含量为参数,研究细菌对S.costatum生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明,菌液浓度104以上对S.costatum生长产生抑制,培养至第10 d,104、106、108组藻生长量分别是对照组的70%、23%、22%;叶绿素合成量是对照组88%、62%、60%;抑制效应随菌浓度的增加有逐渐增加的趋势.添加细菌胞外代谢物,对S.costatum生长无影响;因此,M.adhaerens HY-3对S.costatum存在一定的化感作用,对其生长及光合作用均产生较大的影响;S.costatum与M.adhaerens HY-3的种间相互作用,是由菌藻细胞的直接接触进行,代谢物不存在化感作用因子.     

氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻种间竞争的影响

通过单独培养和共同培养的方法,以Na NO3和KH2PO3为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比(4、6、9、10、13、16、22、36和91)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长和种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨.结果表明:在单独培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻在N/P为4~22时生长适宜,N/P22时生长受抑制,而塔玛亚历山大藻在N/P为4和6时生长适宜,N/P6时生长受抑制;在共同培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻具有竞争优势,而塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受抑制,且N/P为13和16时蛋白核小球藻种群竞争优势最明显;蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的培养滤液对彼此生长均未产生抑制作用,由此推测,两种微藻的种间竞争主要以资源利用性竞争为主.结果可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一些理论依据.     

Enhanced methane production in an anaerobic digestion and microbial electrolysis cell coupled system with co-cultivation of Geobacter and Methanosarcina

The anaerobic digestion(AD)and microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)coupled system has been proved to be a promising process for biomethane production.In this paper,it was found that by co-cultivating Geobacter with Methanosarcina in an AD–MEC coupled system,methane yield was further increased by 24.1%,achieving to 360.2 m L/g-COD,which was comparable to the theoretical methane yield of an anaerobic digester.With the presence of Geobacter,the maximum chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate(216.8 mg COD/(L·hr))and current density(304.3 A/m_3)were both increased by 1.3 and 1.8 fold compared to the previous study without Geobacter,resulting in overall energy efficiency reaching up to 74.6%.Community analysis demonstrated that Geobacter and Methanosarcina could coexist together in the biofilm,and the electrochemical activities of both were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry.Our study observed that the carbon dioxide content in total gas generated from the AD reactor with Geobacter was only half of that generated from the same reactor without Geobacter,suggesting that Methanosarcina may obtain the electron transferred from Geobacter for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane.Taken together,Geobacter not only can improve the performance of the MEC system,but also can enhance methane production.