大气中SO2自动采样和连续采样对比实验

通过相同地点、相同条件下的自动监测和24h连续采样，实验室分析的结果进行了对比，并运用数理统计的方法进行了相关性分析，找出了2种监测结果间的回归方程，以保持监测数据的连续性。     

大气二氧化硫连续采样与分析中应注意的问题

提出了提高“大气二氧化硫２４ｈ连续采样及实验室分析”监测结果准确度几点注意事项。通过实验证明了样品的稳定性及不同的显色温度下相应的显色时间和稳定时间，探讨了用此监测测定大气中二氧化硫浓度时，测定值偏低的原因并提出了消除方法。     

银川市大气二氧化硫变化规律分析

以１９９７年连续十二个月的二氧化硫监测资料为基础，通过统计分析掌握了二氧化硫随时间的变化规律。     

大气采样中气象要素的测定

大气采样中气象要素的测定蒋泰国，陆友生（江苏省海门市环境监测站２２６１００）在大气现场采样过程中，必须进行气象要素的测定。实测中按下式将采样体积换算成标准体积（气温为零度，气压为一个标准大气压）。式中：Ｖ０──标准体积，升。Ｖｔ──采样点温度为ｔ℃时...     

硫酸盐化速率低空垂直分布与二氧化硫采样的最佳高度

研究了硫酸盐化速率低空垂直分布规律，根据Ｑ检验结果和二氧化硫的相关关系，提出了二氧化硫采样的最佳高度为８－１５米。     

大气连续自动采样中的质量保证

大气连续自动采样中的质量保证赵柳生（乌鲁木齐市环境科研监测中心站８３００００）在大气环境监测中的质量保证工作，由于监测手段，方法及气体的特性，决定了它较水质监测的质量保证有较大的难度。《环境监测技术规范》（简称规范）主要针对实验室内的操作提出了大气监...     

绵阳大气中二氧化硫浓度升高的原因探讨

针对1990年和1991年绵阳市SO_2浓度升高,尤其是1990年和1991年元月监测的SO_2浓度值更高。经研究发现监测采样时的气象条件对污染物测定值产生重要影响。     

大气二氧化硫测定废液中氯化汞的回收

盐酸付玫瑰苯胺比色法测定空气中的二氧化硫时,用四氯汞钾作吸收剂,每升废液中约有7.3克氯化汞排入环境,造成环境污染。因此,含汞废液中回收氯化汞,重新应用于空气中二氧化硫含量的测定,变废为利,可减少汞废液对环境的污染。S.aslam等人在废液中加入硫化亚铁,使硫化     

对大气采样误差的理论研究

环境监测数据是环境保护工作的基础,监测仪器设备的精良及监测方法的科学性则是获得优质数据的保障工具.本文运用数学方法对目前广泛使用的采样仪器进行了采样误差的分析研究,指出了改善仪器和改善监测方法去获取更精确数据的途径.     

大气SO2,NOx监测的一些体会

我国环境监测已于1988年1月1日起正式执行《环境监测技术规范》(以下简称《规范》),要求Ⅰ级测点的大气SO_2、NO_x监测按照《规范》进行,即连续采样实验室分析和自动监测系统两种方法.但一般的市(地区)级站、县级站在开展区域性的大气现状调查和评价工作中,野外布点受诸多客观因素的限制,因此,要按《规范》进行困难比较大,仍为每天分几个时刻短时间采集一定体积的监测方法.     

二氧化硫(高压)气体标准样品的研制

文章对高压气瓶中二氧化硫气体标准样品的制备方法进行了研究 ,对各种可能影响二氧化硫气体标准样品量值准确性的因素进行了分析。所制备的 2 0 .2 μmol/ mol二氧化硫气体标准样品的不确定度仅为 1 .4 % ,且具有良好的压力稳定性并能稳定保存 2 0个月     

火电厂二氧化硫排放行为分析

火电厂是二氧化硫排放大户。从企业层面和国家层面上对火电厂二氧化硫排放行为和形势进行了分析和总结,以期为环境管理服务。     

南京市硫酸盐化速率地方标准的制定

研究ＳＯ＿２与硫酸盐化速率的相关关系,以ＧＢ３０９５－８２（大气环境质量标准）中的ＳＯ２标准为基础,并借鉴国外先进国家的标准和硫酸盐化速率植物试验的成果,结合南京市大气环境质量现状,制定适合于南京地区的大气硫酸盐化速率建议标准．     

全国火电厂二氧化硫污染现状及其控制对策

火电行业飞速发展的同时引发了二氧化硫的大量排放。文章在总结全国火电厂二氧化硫排放现状的基础上提出,火电厂二氧化硫是全国二氧化硫排放大户,其排放量占全国工业二氧化硫排放量的42%,且有逐年递增的趋势,而其去除率却一直保持一个较低的水平;大型火电厂又是电厂中二氧化硫的排放大户,且主要集中在广东、江苏、河北、山东、河南等几个省,这几个省应成为火电厂二氧化硫排放的重点监控对象。文章最后提出了电厂减排二氧化硫的几点对策和建议。     

Comparison of macroinvertebrate sampling methods for nonwadeable streams

Bioassessment of nonwadeable streams in the United States is increasing, but methods for these systems are not as well-developed as for wadeable streams. In this study, we compared six macroinvertebrate field sampling methods for nonwadeable streams adapted from those used by three major programs: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters, the U.S. Geological Surveys National Water Quality Assessment Program, and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water Biocriteria Program. We performed all six methods at 60 sites across four rivers and measured water chemistry and physical habitat at each site to assess abiotic conditon. Sites were divided into two groups: those influenced by navigational lock and dam structures (restricted flow, or RF) and those free-flowing or with lowhead dams (run-of-the-river, or ROR). Metrics based on passive Hester-Dendy artificial substrate samplers differed greatly from active sampling methods (i.e., using nets) but represented abiotic conditions well in both ROR and RF sites. Although metric values were similar across certain sampling methods, the metrics significantly correlated with abiotic variables varied among methods and between ROR and RF sites. These results emphasize that methods are not interchangeable, and the ability to detect certain stressors depends on sampling method.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Performances and application of a passive sampling method for the simultaneous determination of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in ambient air

The performances and applicability of a diffusion tubesampler for the simultaneous measurements of NO₂ andSO₂ in ambient air were evaluated. SO₂ andNO₂are collected by the passive sampler using triethanolamine astrapping agent and are determined as sulphate and nitrite withion chromatography. The detection limit (2.3 g m^-3 ofNO₂ and 4.2 g m^-3 of SO₂ for two weekssampling) is adequate for the determination of concentrationsin urban and industrial areas. Precision of the method as RSDis in mean 5% for NO₂ and 12% for SO₂ at theconcentration levels in urban areas. Calibration of the methodwas performed in the field conditions by comparison between theresponses of sampler and the concentrations measured by thecontinuous monitors. High degree of linearity (correlationcoefficients > 0.8) is found between the passive sampler tubeand the continuous monitor data for both NO₂ and SO₂.To reduce the wind velocity influence on passive sampling ofdiffusion tubes, a protective shelter was tested in this study.The overall uncertainty of one measure for the optimised methodis estimated at 5 g m^-3 for NO₂ and 6g m^-3 for SO₂. Suitability of this passivesampling method for air pollution monitoring in urban areas wasdemonstrated by the results shown in this paper on a campaigncarried out in the French agglomeration.     

Development of a personal monitoring method for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide with Sep-Pak C18 cartridge sampling and ion chromatographic determination

Personal monitoring methods for the determination of hourly integrated concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in ambient air have been developed. Triethanolamine (TEA)-impregnated C18 Sep-Pak cartridges were used to collect NO2 and SO2 simultaneously. After sampling, NO2 and SO2 as their nitrite, nitrate, sulfite and sulfate analogues were stripped from the cartridges with a solution of 5% methanol in distilled, deionized water (DDW) and then determined by ion chromatography. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the sampling rate, collection and recovery efficiencies, breakthrough volumes, absorption capacity, interference and sample stability on the cartridge during storage. NO2 and SO2 detection limits of 0.3 and 0.4 ppb respectively for 1 h samples were obtained. Recoveries for both NO2 and SO2 exceeded 85%.     

Evaluation of ogawa passive sampling devices as an alternative measurement method for the nitrogen dioxide annual standard in El Paso, Texas

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) is a common urban air pollutant that results from the combustion of fossil fuels. It causes serious human health effects, is a precursor to the formation of ground level ozone, another serious air pollutant, and is one of the six criteria air pollutants established by the United States (U.S.) Clean Air Act (CAA). Ogawa Passive Sampling Devices (PSDs) for NO₂ were collocated and operated at six NO₂ Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitor locations in the El Paso, Texas area for the 2004 calendar year. Passive samples were taken at 2-week, 3-week, and 4-week intervals and compared against the continuously operating FRM monitors. Results showed that the collective NO₂ annual arithmetic mean for all passive monitors was identical to the NO₂ mean for all FRM monitors. Of the individual locations, three passive annual NO₂ means were identical to their corresponding FRM means, and three passive annual NO₂ means differed from their corresponding FRM means by only one part per billion (ppb). Linear correlation analysis between all readings of the individual NO₂ PSDs and FRM values showed an average absolute difference of 1.2 ppb with an r ² of 0.95. Paired comparison between high and low concentration annual NO₂ sites, seasonal considerations, and interlab quality control comparisons all showed excellent results. The ease of deployment, reliability, and the cost-savings that can be realized with NO₂ PSDs could make them an attractive alternative to FRM monitors for screening purposes, and even possibly an equivalent method for annual NO₂ monitoring. More tests of the Ogawa NO₂ PSD are recommended for different ecosystem and climate regimes.     

Spatial concentration distributions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Patras, Greece, in a winter period

An economic and quick methodology for performing a preliminary spatial assessment of a city air quality with the purpose to identify locations and zones susceptible to high pollution levels is proposed. A Patras case-study is selected, regarding the air pollutants of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x). A total number of 451 samples of short duration, of which 225 were randomly picked in morning rush hours and 226 within evening rush hours, were collected from 50 locations of the major Patras area during a year period, when peaks of primary air pollutants usually occur. Concentration measurements at prescribed locations used to statistically calculate spatial average concentrations approximating 1-h mean values with mean probable errors less than 25.9% for SO₂, NO and NO_x and less than 15.5% for NO₂. Then iso-concentration contour diagrams plotted indicate high pollution zones and possibly appropriate locations for continuous or random monitoring according to the European Community (EC) Directives. The 1-h mean concentrations were in good correlation to the corresponding traffic rates and useful relationships are given (0.54 ≤ r ≤ 0.63). In addition, comparisons with data available for other cities, as well as with the limit and guide values provided by the EC and the World Health Organization (WHO) were given. The present data could be useful for the design and optimization of a city network of stations for monitoring air quality, for environmental impact assessments, future reference and comparisons due to city development needs, as well as for validating dispersion models.     

Feasibility study of preparation and certification of reference materials for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in diffusive samplers

This paper presents the results of a feasability study for the preparation and certification of reference materials (RMs) for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) in diffusive samplers. RMs for NO(2) were prepared by exposure to gas mixtures in a chamber while the RMs for SO(2) were prepared by liquid spiking. Certification of RMs for NO(2) was found feasible with a certified uncertainty of 5.8% and a proposed shelf life of 5 years. The uncertainty was calculated with contribution from the homogeneity of preparation, stability and transport of the CRMs and from an external verification of the certified value. To reach 5.8% of uncertainty, the contribution of the differences between the results of analysis by ion chromatography and colorimetry must be eliminated. It is proposed to solve this by pre-extracting the samplers with water before analysis. The results of this study indicate that the samplers are stable for at least two years before and after exposure when stored in a refrigerator. By contrast, the certification of RMs for SO(2) was found to not be feasible due to instability problems. This instability was attributed to reaction of sulfate on the walls of the samplers. Alternatively, the preparation of RMs by simultaneous exposure to SO(2) and NO(2) has been tested. Satisfying homogeneities has been reached both for NO(2) and SO(2).