The investigation of cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater on root tip cells of Vicia faba L

The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater collected from different stations of the Kizilirmak river on Vicia faba L. root tip cells. For this aim, we used the germination percentage, root length, weight gain and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity. Additionally to the cytological analysis, DNA analyses were performed in root tips meristems of Vicia faba seeds treated with refinery wastewater. Heavy metal concentrations in the water samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of heavy metals in the water were in the order of Pb>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cd>Hg. The highest germination percantage was observed in the control group (in proportion as 96%). Heavy metals in the water samples collected from Station I, II and III caused a decrease in the germination percentage as 48, 18 and 30%, respectively. The highest root length and weight gain was observed in the control group at the end of the experimental period. The least root length and weight gain was observed in seeds treated with wastewater collected from Station I. In the control group, the weights of all the seeds increased about 4.08 g when compared with initial weight. The root lengths of the control seeds were determined as 6.38 cm at the end of the experimental period. The weights of the seeds exposed to wastewaters obtained from Station I, II and III increased about 1.08, 3.03 and 2.01 g according to initial weight, respectively. Microscopic examination of V. faba root tip meristem cells showed that any example of the MN formation was not seen in the control group. The highest frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station I and least frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station II. It was also observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds exposed to wastewater were lower than recorded in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to wastewater were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results clearly indicate that refinery wastewater had important cytotoxic effects on V. faba root tip cells. It was also observed that V. faba seeds are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for monitoring these effects in waters contaminated with heavy metals.     

Detection of lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity induced by aluminium (Al) and cobalt (Co) ions in barbunia root tip cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of Aluminium (Al) and Cobalt (Co) heavy metal ions on Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Barbunia (Fabaceae) root tips. We used the germination percentage (GP), root length (RL), weight gain (WG) and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity and correlated these data with statistical parameters. Additionally to the cytogenetic analysis, lipid peroxidation and DNA analyses were performed in root tips of barbunia seeds treated with Al and Co metals. The seeds were divided into five groups as control, Al and Co treatment groups. They were treated with 25 and 50 ppm doses of Al and Co during 7 days. The results indicated that there was an alteration in the GP, RL, WG and MN frequency depending on the treatment dose in the seeds exposed to Al and Co metal ions when compared with the controls. Al and Co metal ions at both the doses significantly reduced the GP, RL and WG in seeds of all the treatment groups. The highest GP was observed in seeds of the control group (in proportion as 96%). 25 and 50 ppm doses of Co and Al caused 30, 50 and 42, 64% decrease of seed germination, respectively. In the control group, the final weights of all the seeds increased about 1.31 g when compared to initial weight. The mean RL of control seeds were measured as 3.71 cm at the end of experimental period. In Co andAl groups, the final weights of seeds increased about 0.34 g and 0.19 g according to initial weight at 50 ppm dose, respectively But, Al and Co ions caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of MN. The highest frequency of MN was observed at 50 ppm dose of Al and least frequency of MN was observed at 25 ppm dose of Co. Besides, 25 and 50 ppm concentrations of Al and Co significantly enhanced the lipid peroxidation and caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at both the doses. In roots treated with 25 and 50 ppm doses of Al, the increase of MDA was about 62 and 136% according to control, respectively In Co-treated roots, the increase of MDA was about 31 and 91% according to the control at 25 and 50 ppm doses, respectively The investigated parameters (except MN and MDA) were higher in the seeds exposed to Co than the seeds treated with Al. Moreover, it was observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds treated with Al andCo metals were lower than recorded in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to Al and Co were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results of the present study indicate that Al and Co metal ions have toxic effects on barbunia root tip cells, and the selected parameters such as the GP, RL, WG, MN and MDA are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for biomonitoring these effects.     

盐胁迫下外源硅对硅突变体与野生型水稻种子萌发的影响(Effects of Silicon on the Germination of Si Mutant Rice and Wild Rice Seeds under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻种子萌发的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐胁迫下野生型和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)种子萌发各指标的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的提高(0～150mmol·L-1),两种水稻的芽长、发芽势、发芽率均不断降低.在150mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,野生型和硅突变体水稻的芽长分别为0.33cm和0.55cm,仅为对照的8.0%和11.1%;发芽率仅为对照的29.7%和53.7%;发芽势则分别降低至0%和2%.外源Si可以提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的发芽指标,且对硅突变体水稻的影响显著大于野生型水稻.2mmol·L-1Si浸种+2mmol·L-1Si处理可使野生型水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加127.27%、169.23%和55.17%,发芽势则由对照时的0%提高至23.33%;硅突变体水稻芽长、芽重和发芽率分别比对照增加307.27%、285.71%和80.29%,发芽势则由对照时的2%提高至82.22%.     

油菜根系分泌物对不同作物幼苗生长的化感效应

在实验室采用发芽试验的方法研究了油菜Brassicacampestris根系分泌物对小麦、油菜、蚕豆和玉米种子活力、幼苗生长发育及生理生化特性造成的化感效应。结果表明,油菜根系分泌物的化感累加作用对不同作物种子发芽率、幼苗芽长、芽质量、根长、根质量、根系活力以及幼芽过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均具有显著影响,其化感效应对小麦的影响程度最弱,其中对小麦的种子发芽率、幼苗根长、芽干物质量、POD活性和根系活力以及各作物幼芽细胞膜的毒害程度均表现出促进作用,而对小麦幼苗其它生长特性以及油菜、蚕豆和玉米幼苗的所有生长特性均表现为抑制作用,表明油菜根系分泌物对不同作物及不同生长特性的化感效应具有不同的选择性。因此,合理搭配油菜作物的间、套、轮作是其夺取优质、高产栽培的关键技术。     

铬胁迫下不同品种小麦萌发和内源激素的变化

采用K2(CrO4)3溶液,设5个浓度,对3种不同抗性的小麦品种(新麦19、矮抗58和豫麦18)进行萌发期胁迫处理,研究了幼苗的发芽势、发芽率、根长、芽长及内源激素含量的变化.结果表明:(1)随着铬浓度的增加,发芽势、发芽率和芽长均基本呈"先升后降"趋势;(2)同一浓度铬处理下,发芽率、发芽势和芽长从大到小的顺序依次为:新麦19、矮抗58、豫麦18,根长从大到小的顺序为:豫麦18、新麦19、矮抗58;(3)150 mg L-1的铬胁迫下,IAA与ABA在小麦幼苗、幼根中含量降低,在籽粒中含量升高,其中新麦19籽粒和根芽中ABA含量均高于其他品种的;(4)不同浓度铬胁迫下,IAA/ABA值在新麦19中最低,变化幅度最小,新麦19表现出较强的抵抗铬胁迫能力.图3表1参20     

3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的生态毒性效应

为探明四环素、环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,为评价抗生素污染的生态影响提供科学依据,采用保湿培养法研究了它们对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,比较分析了抗生素的生态毒性差异和相对敏感的指标。结果表明,在种子萌发期,一定浓度范围的抗生素胁迫会引发植物种子抵抗逆境的应激反应,因此,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下均能促进种子发芽。超过该浓度,四环素对黑麦草种子发芽仍有一定的促进作用,而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶则表现为抑制作用。四环素对种子发芽率的最大无作用浓度(NOEC)为5 mg·L~(-1),而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶对种子发芽率的NOEC为1 mg·L~(-1)。实验结束时,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下的种子发芽率最高。3种抗生素浓度超过0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,种子根长和芽长即受到抑制,因此,它们对种子根长和芽长的NOEC均为0～0.1 mg·L~(-1)。其中,磺胺嘧啶的抑制作用最为显著。根长受到抑制的程度强于芽长。黑麦草种子萌发受3种抗生素影响程度依次为磺胺嘧啶环丙沙星四环素。     

PBS降解过程对植物发芽和生理特性的影响研究

采用青菜（Green vegetables）和生菜（Romaine lettuce）的种子发芽和室外盆栽实验,通过考察植物的种子发芽、生物量以及叶绿素质量浓度等指标,研究了可生物降解材料聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）对青菜和生菜发芽和生长过程中生理特性（植株地上鲜、干质量,地下鲜、干质量,株高,根长,叶片数,叶绿素质量浓度）的影响。研究结果表明：（1）土壤中加入PBS有利于青菜种子的发芽,较大幅度的提高了其发芽率、苗长、根长等,并且随着PBS质量分数的增加这种促进作用越发明显,PBS×100处理组的苗长和根长较空白对照组分别增长了12.9%和26.1%;（2）低质量分数的PBS对青菜和生菜的发芽、生长以及叶绿素的合成具有一定的促进作用,但是高质量分数的PBS则会产生轻微的抑制作用。     

Studies on seed germination and growth in weed species of rice field under salinity stress

An investigation was made to see the salt tolerance of 10 weed species of rice. Properly dried and treated seeds of weed species were placed on 9 cm diameter petridishes lined with Whatman No. 1 filter paper under 6 salinity regimes, viz. 0 (control), 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS m(-1). The petri dishes were then kept in germinator at 25 +/- 1.0 degrees C and 12 hr light. The number of germinated seeds were recorded daily. The final germination percentage, germination index (GI), seedling vigour index, mean germination time and time for 50% germination were estimated. Root and shoot lengths of the weed seedlings were measured at 20 days after salt application and relative growth values were calculated. Results revealed that salinity decreased final germination percentage, seed of germination as measured by GI, and shoot and root length in all the species. Germination of most of the weed seeds was completely arrested (0) at 32 dS m(-1) salinity except in E. colona (12%) and C. iria (13.9%). The species C. iria, E. colona, J. linifolia and E. crusgalli showed better germination (above 30%) upto 24 dS m(-1) salinity level and were regarded as salt-tolerant weed species. J. linifolia, F. miliacea, L. chinensis and O. sativa L. (weedy rice) were graded as moderately tolerant and S. zeylanica, S. grosus and C. difformis were regarded as least tolerant weed species.     

Effects of gamma rays irradiation on seed germination and growth of hard wheat

The effects of irradiation with low doses (0, 10, 20 and 30 Gy) of radioactive cobalt (⁶⁰Co) γ rays on seed germination, shoot and epicotyl growth of hard wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were investigated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Irradiated wheat seeds kept their germination speed and capacity levels compared to the control. However, improvements of +18 and +32% were, respectively obtained in root number and root length at the 20-Gy dose. Moreover, the 20-Gy-irradiation dose generated an increase of +33% in epicotyl length. The 20-Gy-irradiation dose improved the root length by +32% and root number by +75% in plants grown on liquid medium. A lower root length increase of +23% was obtained with the same treatment under glasshouse growing conditions. These results show that the in depth development stimulation of hard wheat roots following gamma ray treatment may be used for drought control.     

Studies on phytotoxic effect of aluminium on growth and some morphological parameters of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek

Aluminium toxicity is a major deterrent for plant growth in acid soils below pH 5.0. This study deals with effect of aluminium toxicity on growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) seedlings. Seed germination (in %) declined with increased content of Al2(SO4)3, while promotive effect was observed at very low dosage. Different concentrations of aluminum sulphate salt were applied to mungbean seeds. Measurement of aluminium content in mungbean leaves was done through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Root length (root and hypocotyl length) and shoot length (shoot and epicotyl length) was measured at seven days old seedling stage. Different concentrations of Al2(SO4)3 were found to have significant effect both on shoot and root length. Leaf area, fresh and dry weight was significantly reduced. Increased stomatal frequency and trichome density with an increase in concentrations of Al2(S04)3 was observed through scanning electron microscope.     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。     

硅促进水稻种子萌发及缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应研究

通过As~(Ⅲ)胁迫下水稻种子的发芽试验和幼苗毒性试验,研究了外源硅对水稻种子发芽率、幼苗生长的影响及其缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应。外源硅的2种处理方式为种子萌发时添加外源硅(Si1)和采用硅处理液浸种(Si2)。结果表明,发芽时介质中As浓度达到10 mg·L~(-1)时显著抑制水稻种子萌发(P0.05),发芽率仅为80%,但是Si1和Si2处理下发芽率则提高到97%和100%,这说明外源硅可促进砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发;砷浓度≥5 mg·L~(-1)时,Si1和Si2处理均可提高水稻的相对幼苗高度和根耐性指数,提高幅度分别为6.00%~16.8%和57.9%~77.0%、7.10%~23.5%和54.2%~61.2%,并且降低了水稻幼苗砷含量,降低幅度分别为17.8%~21.4%和31.0%~49.1%。这说明外源硅处理可促进砷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长;不同砷浓度处理与水稻芽长、根长及幼苗干重之间存在"S"型的剂量-效应关系,且外源硅显著提高了相应的EC50,缓解了砷对水稻幼苗生长的毒性。综上所述,砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发时添加外源硅或采用硅处理液浸种均可促进水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长,并降低了幼苗砷累积和缓解砷对水稻幼苗的毒性。     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

3种硝化抑制剂对小麦幼苗生长毒性的比较

在土壤(山西土)中加入不同种类、不同浓度的硝化抑制剂(氢醌、硫脲、双氰胺),研究了其对小麦发芽势、发芽率和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:双氰胺对小麦发芽势和发芽率的抑制作用不明显,硫脲对小麦发芽势和发芽率有一定的抑制作用,而氢醌对小麦发芽势和发芽率抑制明显;双氰胺和氢醌对小麦幼苗生长的影响不大,而硫脲能显著降低小麦幼苗的根长、茎长、根重和茎重;双氰胺对小麦种子和幼苗毒性相对较小,硫脲毒性相对较大,小麦的根重、茎重和根伸长可以作为硫脲对小麦危害的敏感指标.     

生物炭对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的植物毒理效应

为明确生物炭对植物的毒性效应,以石英砂+生物炭水浸提液培养方法研究不同剂量生物炭对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在不同剂量(0.0、10.0、20.0、40.0、80.0、160.0 g·kg~(-1))生物炭水浸提液处理下,虽然小麦发芽率较对照组无显著性变化(P0.05),但根、芽生长表现出低剂量促进高剂量抑制,且在160.0 g·kg~(-1)时抑制率最大,分别为18.11%和22.22%。在幼苗的生长期(11 d),高剂量生物炭对幼苗根生长的抑制作用增强,160.0 g·kg~(-1)处理下抑制率显著增加至55.59%(P0.05)。此外,当生物炭剂量较低时,小麦幼苗根、叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活力增加;随生物炭剂量的增加,3种抗氧化酶活力降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,幼苗生长出现生理损伤,表现出明显植物毒性效应。     

Antagonistic potential of fluorescent pseudomonads and control of charcoal rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

The effectiveness of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria especially Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were tested against charcoal rot of chickpea both in green house as well as in field conditions. Most of the isolates reduced charcoal rot disease and promoted plant growth in green house. A marked increase in shoot and root length was observed in P. fluorescens treated plants. Among all the P. fluorescens isolates Pf4-99, was found most effective in the improvement of chickpea crop in green house as well as in field. Pf4-99 effectively promoted plant growth and produced indole acetic acid in culture medium. This isolate also inhibited the mycelial growth of the M. phaseolina under in vitro conditions and reduced the disease severity Potential isolate (Pf4-99) also significantly increased the biomass of the chickpea plants, shoot length, root length and protein content of the chickpea seeds. A part from these, the total number of seeds per plant and their weight were also enhanced. The colonization of Pf4-99 reduced the incidence of seed mycoflora by which indirectly enhanced the seed germination and vigour index of seedlings. The observations revealed that isolate Pf4-99 is quite effective to reduce the charcoal rot disease both in field and greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly Therefore, this isolate appears to be an efficient biocontrol agent against charcoal rot disease as well as yield increasing rhizobacterium.     

极低频电磁场对萌发期大豆的生物学效应

观察了50Hz.0.2mT或6.0mT的电磁场暴露对大豆的萌发过程，丙二醛（MDA）含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD），蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量以及幼苗根茎的组织形态学影响。结果表明：电磁场暴露下，大豆的开始萌发时间由32h提前到8h，萌发率到达50％的时间由72h分别提前到48h(0.2mT组）和40h(6.0mT组）；MDA含量随磁场强度的增大而下降；SOD，POD活性随磁场强度的增大而升高，而CAT活性在0.2mT暴露组下降，在6.0mT暴露组升高；蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别随磁场强度的增大升高或降低。幼苗根茎细胞的大小和形态没有明显变化。结果提示，极低频电磁场可以改变抗氧化酶的活性，减缓脂质过氧化，增强蛋白酶的活性，促进大豆的萌发过程。图4参6。     

Effects of cold stratification on germination rate and percentage of caper (Capparis ovata Desf.) seeds

Caper is an important plant because of its high adaptability to marginal agriculture fields that are not suitable for agricultural crops. Different parts of caper such as roots, fruits, flowers and buds can be used to increase the inhabitant's income. The goal of this research is to determine germination rate and percentage of caper according to different duration of cold stratification (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days) treatments. Cold stratification procedures under greenhouse condition were applied for eliminating seed dormancy to find the most suitable germination conditions because the presence of seed dormancy causes difficulties in seedling production. The seed germination started and stopped 21 and 57 days after sowing, respectively. While the highest germination percentage (46.6%) was obtained in seeds that were cold stratified for 60 days, the lowest germination percentage (3.6 7%) was determined in control seeds.     

Protective efficacy of Mucuna pruriens extract on Epichlorohydrin induced toxicity in epididymis of albino rats

The protective effects of seeds of Mucuna pruriens on epichlorohydrin (ECH)-induced toxicity in epididymis and epididymal sperms of rats were studied. Different doses of ECH and M. pruriens (75 and 100 mg kg^?1, respectively) were administered daily, orally for 70 days. Group I animals served as control. Group II and III rats received ECH (75 or 100 mg kg^?1 body weight, respectively) alone. The group IV and V rats received a combination of both ECH and the seed extract of M. pruriens at 75 or 100 mg kg^?1 body weight. Group VI rats was administered only the extract of M. pruriens 100 mg kg^?1 body weight. At the end of the experiment (71st day), rats were sacrificed and sperm collected from epididymis were used for the assessment of sperm count, sperm viability, and sperm motility. Administration of ECH produced a reduction in epididymal sperm count, sperm viability, and sperm motility. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased, while lipid peroxidation was increased. ECH produced a decrease in the levels of protein, acid phosphatase, sialic acids, and increased the level of alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol. The administration of M. pruriens to ECH-treated rats resulted in a protective effect.