Treatability of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in on-site wastewater disposal systems.

The fate of nine-mole nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE9) discharged to an on-site wastewater disposal (septic) system was the focus of a 2-year investigation. Known amounts of NPE9-based detergent were metered daily into the plumbing at a single-family household. The ethoxylate-containing wastewater was discharged to the highly anoxic environment of a 4500-L septic tank before distribution to the oxic subsurface via 100 m of leach line. After 180 days of injecting detergent to the septic system, periodic soil pore water and/or groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), nonylphenol ether carboxylates, and nonylphenol. The NPE9 and degradation intermediates that were measured were reduced by 99.99% on a molar basis. An 18% reduction in molar concentration within the septic tank was observed. This was followed by a further 96.7% reduction of molar concentration within the leach lines. As the pore water migrated through the vadose zone, an additional 99.69% reduction in molar concentration was measured between the bottom of the leach lines (leach line effluent) and the lowest vadose zone monitoring location. The results obtained from these analyses indicate that degradation of the surfactant occurs within the anoxic portion of the disposal system with continued rapid biodegradation in the oxic unsaturated zone. Only trace amounts of degradation residuals were detected in soil pore water. The concentration and distribution of various degradation intermediates with respect to location, time, and ambient physical conditions were evaluated. Rapid and systematic degradation of NPE in on-site wastewater disposal systems was documented.     

味精废水处理技术综述

本文分类介绍了当前我国味精废水处理技术的现状 ,重点介绍了物化处理和生物处理方法对味精废水的处理效果 ,并对味精废水综合处理方案提出了自己的见解     

印染废水处理厂二级出水的硫自养反硝化脱氮工艺

采用硫/白云石自养反硝化脱氮工艺处理印染废水处理厂二级出水,考察不同污泥接种方式、水力停留时间（HRT）、温度及进水负荷对系统脱氮效果的影响。结果表明：反应器在3 d内即可完成快速启动,工程应用中可不接种污泥;反应器最佳HRT为20 min,TN去除率为40.2%,但反冲洗频率加快;温度、进水负荷对系统脱氮效果影响较大,当温度在25~30 ℃之间,TN平均去除率为43.8%;当进水负荷为（1.37±0.15）kg·（m3·d）-1,TN平均去除率为37.1%,反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

基于碳源条件的燃料乙醇生产废水脱氮工艺优化

某厂稻谷燃料乙醇DDG废水处理工艺因好氧进水碳氮比失调,导致出水TN难以达标。通过对反硝化系统碳源种类的筛选,寻找适宜的碳源并对废水处理系统工艺进行调整,以提升反硝化脱氮效率。碳源筛选实验在葡萄糖、乙醇和清液(原废水),3种碳源条件下进行。通过考察实验系统pH和TN浓度的变化,对反硝化系统投加不同碳源时TN去除速率,以及相应碳源条件下的运行成本进行对比。结果表明：乙醇作为碳源时系统的TN去除速率最大,为8.33 mg·(L·h)⁻¹,是清液为碳源时的1.1倍、葡萄糖为碳源时的1.18倍;而清液作为碳源的运行成本是乙醇为碳源的9%、葡萄糖为碳源的37%。综合对比反硝化投加不同碳源情况下的脱氮反应速率和运行成本,以清液作为碳源来调整脱氮工艺是最佳方案。经现场工艺验证,当A/O系统进水TN为300~600 mg·L⁻¹、投加清液量使废水中COD/TN达到12.1以上时,可确保该厂废水处理系统经处理外排废水TN稳定在50 mg·L⁻¹以下。上述研究结果可为DDG废水的处理提供经济合理的碳源补充方案,并能为可生化性较好的发酵行业废水处理提供参考。     

MBR工艺短硝化反硝化处理生活污水的研究

以模拟生活污水为对象,研究了中温(25～30℃)条件下,膜生物反应器-短硝化反硝化生物脱氮的效果,试验结果表明,在曝气量为0.15 m3/h,pH值为7～8的条件下,出水COD保持在100 mg/L以下(平均49 mg/L),出水氨氮在5.0 mg/L以下(平均3.1 mg/L),NO2-得到了富集,出水中基本监测不出NO3-,总氮去除率平均为86.2%,最高达94.0%,且系统的耐冲击负荷能力较好;曝气量和pH值是短硝化过程的重要影响因素.     

智能控制在污水生物处理系统中的应用

对智能控制的适用范围及污水生物处理工艺的特征进行了简单分析。对智能控制的3大主要分支模糊逻辑控制、神经网络控制及专家控制系统在污水生物处理中应用的最新动态进行了评论和分析。结果表明,在污水生物处理中引入智能控制是一种提高处理效率、降低运行成本的有效方法,国内在污水生物处理智能控制的应用研究与国外有较大的差距,国内的研究及应用还处在发展阶段,应当加强。最后对污水生物处理智能控制的发展方向作了简要分析。     

Ferric iron amendment increases Fe(III)-reducing microbial diversity and carbon oxidation in on-site wastewater systems

Onsite wastewater systems, or septic tanks, serve approximately 25% of the United States population; they are therefore a critical component of the total carbon balance for natural water bodies. Septic tanks operate under strictly anaerobic conditions, and fermentation is the dominant process driving carbon transformation. Nitrate, Fe(III), and sulfate reduction may be operating to a limited extent in any given septic tank. Electron acceptor amendments will increase carbon oxidation, but nitrate is toxic and sulfate generates corrosive sulfides, which may damage septic system infrastructure. Fe(III) reducing microorganisms transform all major classes of organic carbon that are dominant in septic wastewater: low molecular weight organic acids, carbohydrate monomers and polymers, and lipids. Fe(III) is not toxic, and the reduction product Fe(II) is minimally disruptive if the starting Fe(III) is added at 50–150 mg L^?1. We used ¹⁴C radiolabeled acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, starch, and oleic acid to demonstrate that short and long-term carbon oxidation is increased when different forms of Fe(III) are amended to septic wastewater. The rates of carbon mineralization to ¹⁴CO₂ increased 2–5 times (relative to unamended systems) in the presence of Fe(III). The extent of mineralization reached 90% for some carbon compounds when Fe(III) was present, compared to levels of 50–60% in the absence of Fe(III). ¹⁴CH₄ was not generated when Fe(III) was added, demonstrating that this strategy can limit methane emissions from septic systems. Amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis indicated that unique Fe(III)-reducing microbial communities increased significantly in Fe(III)-amended incubations, with Fe(III)-reducers becoming the dominant microbial community in several incubations. The form of Fe(III) added had a significant impact on the rate and extent of mineralization; ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite were favored as solid phase Fe(III) and chelated Fe(III) (with nitrilotriacetic acid or EDTA) as soluble Fe(III) forms.     

Cosmetic wastewater treatment technologies: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Over the past three decades, environmental concerns about the water pollution have been raised on societal and industrial levels. The presence of...     

人工湿地废水生态处理系统的作用机制

人工湿地废水生态处理新技术的高效去污能力基于独特而复杂的作用机制 ,其中最重要的是湿地基质、大型植物和微生物的高度协同作用。基质在为植物和微生物提供生长介质的同时 ,也能够通过沉淀、过滤和吸附等作用直接去除污染物。大型湿地植物既是微生物的“固定化载体” ,氧气的生产和运输“机器” ,同时还能够稳固湿地床表面 ,起到冬季保温和支撑冰面的作用。微生物是消除污染物的作用者 ,它能够在去除氮、磷等营养物的同时把有机质作为丰富的能源转化为营养物质和能量     

The ability of biologically based wastewater treatment systems to remove emerging organic contaminants—a review

Biologically based wastewater treatment systems are considered a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment systems. These systems have been used and studied for the treatment of urban sewage from small communities, and recently, it has been reported that they can also effectively remove emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). EOCs are a new group of unregulated contaminants which include pharmaceutical and personal care products, some pesticides, veterinary products, and industrial compounds among others that are thought to have long-term adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. This review is focused on reporting the ability of biologically based wastewater treatment systems to remove EOCs and the main elimination mechanisms and degradation processes (i.e., biodegradation, photodegradation, phytoremediation, and sorption) taking place in constructed wetlands, ponds, and Daphnia and fungal reactors.     

Anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater: a review

This article presents a review of anaerobic treatment technologies to treat slaughterhouse wastewater including its advantages and disadvantages. Physico-chemical characteristics and biochemical methane potential (BMP) of slaughterhouse wastewater are addressed. Various anaerobic treatment technologies are presented with the related operating parameters, viz., hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), upflow velocity (V_up), and biogas yield vis-a-vis treatment efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). In addition, various factors that affect the anaerobic treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater such as high oil & grease (O & G) concentration in influent, inhibitors, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the loading rate are also addressed. The literature review indicated that the slaughterhouse wastewater can be treated effectively by employing any anaerobic treatment technologies at OLRs up to 5 kg COD/m³.d with more than 80% COD removal efficiency without experiencing operational problems. Anaerobic hybrid reactors (AHRs) were found the most effective among various reviewed technologies because of their ability to operate at higher OLRs (8 to 20 kg COD/m³.d) and lower HRTs (8 to 12 hrs).

     

高浓度氨氮废水同步硝化反硝化性能研究

利用序批式反应器研究了溶解氧浓度和进水碳氮比对高浓度氨氮废水脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,溶解氧浓度降低实现了短程同步硝化反硝化,并提高了反应器脱氮效率.反应器运行经历了外部碳源的摄取、PHB储存、PHB有氧氧化和同步硝化反硝化作用,PHB作为同步硝化反硝化过程中反硝化的电子供体.     

Cost optimization of integrated wastewater drainage and treatment systems

This paper presents the cost optimization of an urban drainage and wastewater treatment system. The mixed sewer urban drainage (including combined sewer overflows and retention basins), the activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and the permissible loading of the receiving water were optimized simultaneously by the nonlinear programming approach. For this purpose, the integrated optimization model OPTIMALWWT was developed. The economic objective function of the defined investment and operational costs is subjected to rigorous design and ecological constraints. A practical example of the cost optimization of an existing urban drainage and WWTP, located in Slovenia, is presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. For each of the two different design approaches, three different optimization cases were carried out for three different technological alternatives. As a result, the optimal technological process was finally selected for the reconstruction of the system, as a result of its suitable costs and operational safety.     

好氧颗粒污泥的研究现状及应用前景

简述了好氧颗粒污泥的国内外研究现状,介绍了好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、特性及影响好氧颗粒污泥形成的关键因素,如微生物表面疏水性、水流剪切力、进水底物、有机负荷、DO、pH、沉降时间、进水中Ca2 的添加及温度等.并对好氧颗粒污泥的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望.     

高效脱氮菌增强膜曝气生物反应器处理市政污水

利用自行筛选的好氧反硝化菌（Pseudomonas sp.）添加到膜曝气生物反应器构建高效脱氮菌群增强膜曝气生物反应器来处理市政污水。研究表明,对于高效脱氮菌的附着下形成的增强型膜曝气生物反应器,在COD负荷为7.6 g COD·（m2·d）-1,水力停留时间为5 h下,可使污染物的COD、氨氮及总氮的去除率分别保持在87%、98%和85%以上。总氮去除率比平行对比的传统型膜曝气生物反应器高出10%。DGGE分析显示,筛选菌种在增强型膜曝气生物反应器中比平行膜曝气生物反应器明显增多,从微观上证明了菌种发挥了重要作用。本工艺在生活污水脱氮处理方面有良好的应用前景。     

不同厌氧发酵系统在造纸废水处理中的应用

在“碳达峰和碳中和”目标下寻求高效处理造纸废水的方法尤为迫切。以某造纸厂的废水为研究对象,利用不同的厌氧发酵系统对其进行微生物降解,分别对厌氧发酵过程中的生物甲烷组分、液体组分、液体DOM、微生物群落结构进行了测定和分析,优化了处理系统。结果表明：不同厌氧发酵系统对废水中各组分降解去除能力依次为MEC-AD>MFC-AD>AD+磁铁矿>AD;MEC-AD处理造纸废水具有高效性,可促使生物甲烷高峰期相对AD提前8 d,SCOD、TP和NH₄⁺-N去除率分别达到了77.79%、86.73%和75.98%,废水DOM中酪氨酸类蛋白质、色氨酸类蛋白质和溶解性微生物的含量显著降低,生物甲烷高峰期菌群的优势菌属为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes。     

The development and application of centrifugal flotation systems in wastewater treatment

Flotation as a wastewater treatment technique is designed to remove all particles generally encountered as very fine emulsions, suspended solids, and colloids from wastewater. Historically, Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) has been used to achieve this removal. More recently, other flotation techniques such as induced air, electro, cavitational, and Centrifugal Flotation Systems (CFS) have been applied in wastewater treatment. CFS use centrifugal force to enhance mixing of particles and bubbles with treatment chemicals and accelerate solid/liquid separation. In the most recent design, centrifugal hydrocyclone mixing was combined with small dissolved-air flotation bubbles leading to the development of the hybrid, dissolved-air centrifugal flotation.     

农药生产废水处理方法与资源化技术

综述了农药生产废水的常用处理方法和资源化技术 ,认为在处理废水的同时 ,应尽可能地回收和利用废水中有用物质 ;同时 ,要合理采用综合处理技术 ,以期达到最佳的处理效果     

Micro-electrolysis/retinervus luffae-based simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification for low C/N wastewater treatment

Nitrogen bioremediation in organic insufficient wastewater generally requires an extra carbon source. In this study, nitrate-contaminated wastewater was treated effectively through simultaneous autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification based on micro-electrolysis carriers (MECs) and retinervus luffae fructus (RLF), respectively. The average nitrate and total nitrogen removal rates reached 96.3 and 94.0% in the MECs/RLF-based autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification (MRAHD) system without ammonia and nitrite accumulation. The performance of MRAHD was better than that of MEC-based autotrophic denitrification for the wastewater treatment with low carbon nitrogen (COD/N) ratio. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that the relative abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers attached to MECs (4.9%) and RLF (5.0%) was similar. Illumina sequencing suggested that the dominant genera were Thiobacillus (7.0%) and Denitratisoma (5.7%), which attached to MECs and RLF, respectively. Sulfuritalea was discovered as the dominant genus in the middle of the reactor. The synergistic interaction between autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrifiers played a vital role in the mixotrophic substrate environment.