后《京都议定书》时期的中国环境外交

随着《京都议定书》谈判的关闭．中国将成为国际气候谈判首当其冲的关注重点。而国际环境治理制度所存在的问题,将给中国带来巨大压力。未来．中国需要主动积极的在全球治理框架下为国内发展创造更好的环境．而不是单纯把国际压力当做对中国发展的阻碍来防御和抵制。     

《京都议定书》2月18日正式生效共同抑制全球变暖

旨在遏制全球气候变暖的《京都议定书》于2月16日正式生效。目前。全球已有141个国家和地区签署议定书。其中包括30个工业化国家。     

后《京都议定书》时期的中国环境外交

随着《京都议定书》谈判的关闭,中国将成为国际气候谈判首当其冲的关注重点。而国际环境治理制度所存在的问题,将给中国带来巨大压力。未来,中国需要主动积极的在全球治理框架下为国内发展创造更好的环境,而不是单纯把国际压力当做对中国发展的阻碍来防御和抵制。     

环境小知识

碳汇：一般是指从空气中清除二氧化碳的过程、活动、机制。“碳汇”来源于《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约国签订的《京都议定书》,该议定书于2005年2月16日正式生效。     

中国为实施《蒙特利尔议定书》制定了行动纲领—《国家方案》和政策法规

中国是生产和消费ＯＤＳ物质的大国之一,其生产和消费的ＯＤＳ行业可分为：化工生产、泡沫、工商制冷、家用制冷、汽车空调、消防、气雾剂、清洗、循环回收、烟草、甲基溴等。中国生产和使用ＯＤＳ的企业经济成分复杂、技术水平和人员素质参差不齐,同时中国正处于经济高速增长时期,因此淘汰ＯＤＳ的生产和使用,不仅．面临着资金与技术方面的制约,同时也面临着管理方面的问题。 中国政府为了在保证经济发展的同时,有效履行对《议定书》的承诺,为ＯＤＳ淘汰工作提供指导,并及时获得多边基金执委会提供的资金和技术援助,１９９２年编…     

绿色和平呼吁通过《巴厘授权》

<正>在联合国首次针对气候变化问题的高级别会议上,绿色和平中国项目与传讯总监卢思骋呼吁出席会议的世界首脑,立即采取行动应对气候变化,进一步加强《京都议定书》框架下的全球合作。     

补天，为了我们和我们的后代！ 纪念第十三个“国际臭氧日”——《蒙特利尔议定书》第十九次缔约方大会暨二十周年纪念活动举行 中国国家环保总局获《蒙特利尔议定书》执行奖 中国将继续以积极务实的态度认真发行国际环境公约

1998年，南极上空的臭氧空洞已经有2720万平方公里。 这个空洞的面积超过欧洲面积的两倍，南半球已有一些地区的居民暴露在太阳紫外线的直射之下，生命受到威胁。     

走多元化的环境教育之路--从《垃圾分类回收》活动看幼儿环境教育的新走向

21世纪需要有环境意识和环境保护技能的人。环境教育从娃娃抓起已成为当今教育的必然趋势,而以此相适应的幼儿环境教育也应是全方位、多渠道、多元化、开放式的。本文旨在结合笔者在广州市第一幼儿园开展《垃圾分类回收》专题活动的实践,探讨环境教育的新走向——多元化的幼儿环境教育。 一、环境教育中的资源整合 在传统的环境教育活动中,幼儿对信息和知识的获得是通过“教师讲解,幼儿倾听”的     

2011年十大国际环境新闻

1.日本强震引发海啸与核泄漏,全球重新审视核能发展。2.非洲之角遭遇60年来最严重旱灾,极端气候及粮食危机等问题成为焦点。3.德班气候大会一揽子决议艰难降生,《京都议定书》几经起伏后峰回路转。4.硫丹等农药被列入国际公约,化学品安全防线进一步巩固。5.欧盟将航空业纳入碳排放交易系统,首开征收航空行业碳排放费之门。6.《巴塞尔公约》修正案有新进展,     

美国环境产业相关政策及启示

本文将美国的环境产业发展过程划分为三个阶段，并对后两个阶段的政策特点进行了分析。最后，借鉴美国环境产业相关的政篆并结合我国国情，提出了针对我国环境产业发展的建议。     

保护臭氧层谈判中的美欧博弈

臭氧层损耗是重要的全球环境问题之一。最早认识到臭氧层危害的美国率先在国内立法控制相关物质,然而另一大经济体——欧共体,在这一方面却行动迟缓。在保护臭氧层的国际谈判中,美欧之间相互妥协,最终达成了对氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)进行限控的《蒙特利尔议定书》。美欧之间的分歧来自国内化工业巨头的影响,国际经济变动影响外交决策。国际环境问题背后隐藏的经济关系与大国的领导作用是影响国际环境合作的主要因素。     

Global warming and environmental production efficiency ranking of the Kyoto Protocol nations

This paper analyzes the United Nations Organization's Kyoto Protocol nations to address two questions. First, what are the environmental production efficiency rankings of these nations? Second, is there a relationship between a nation's ratification status and its environmental production efficiency ranking? Our findings suggest that the nations that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol are more likely to be environmentally production efficient as compared to the nations that have not ratified the Protocol.     

The impact of economic activity in Asturias on greenhouse gas emissions: consequences for environmental policy within the Kyoto Protocol framework

Climate change is one of the major worldwide environmental concerns. It is especially the case in many developed countries, where the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for this change are mainly concentrated. For the first time, the Kyoto Protocol includes an international agreement for the reduction of the net emissions of these gases. To fulfil this agreement measures designed to reduce or limit current emissions have to be brought into force. Consequently, fears have arisen about possible consequences on competitiveness and future development of manufacturing activities and the need for support mechanisms for the affected sectors is obvious. In this paper, we carry out a study of the emissions of gases responsible for climate change in Asturias (Spain), a region with an important economic presence of sectors with intensive emissions of CO(2), the chief greenhouse gas. To be precise, in the first place, the volumes of direct emissions of the said gases in 1995 were calculated, showing that the sectors most affected by the Kyoto Protocol in Asturias are iron and steel and electricity production. Secondly, input-output analysis was applied to determine the direct and indirect emissions and the direct, indirect and induced emissions of the different production sectors, respectively. The results derived from the direct and indirect emissions analysis and their comparison with the results of the former allow us to reach some conclusions and environmental policy implications.     

GIS在美国源水评估中的应用

本文主要研究GIS在美国源水评估中的应用，介绍了地理信息系统在国内外源水评估中的重要性，详细的论述了美国源水评估地理信息系统(Water Source Appraise GIS-WSA-GIS)的开发过程，主要包括设计数据库、建造数据库、分析数据以及显示结果四个方面，从而为我国建立水源评估的GIS提供参考。     

美国环保产业发展政策对我国的启示

当今环保产业作为新兴战略产业在世界范围内迅速成长。美国作为全球环保产业的领头羊,其环保产业的发展离不开政府行之有效的发展政策。美国政府主要通过法律法规、税收、贷款、债券、基金、放宽出口管制、以外交促贸易等政策措施,促进了美国环保产业的技术创新、投融资及国际贸易。借鉴美国政策经验,我国应在环保产业管制政策、技术创新政策、财税政策、国际贸易政策上做出相应改进,以促进我国环保产业积极健康发展。     

Tiny Stowaways: Analyzing the Economic Benefits of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Regulating Ballast Water Discharges

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges—a benefit of which would be to reduce the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome. Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied, despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico, to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships’ ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality. We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

美国环境保护与环境技术产业发展的主要经验和启示

随着经济和社会的发展，保护人类赖以生存的环境，走可持续发展之路，已成为世界范围内人们的共识，环境污染问题已日益成为人们关注的焦点。美国环境保护发展的历史与现状，揭示出一些促进环境保护和环境技术产业发展的经验，值得我们借鉴。     

NEW METHODS OF MODELING WATER AVAILABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: THE U.S. CORNBELT1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on new methods of linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural an water planning models to study future water availability for agriculture, an essential element of sustainability. The study is based on the integration of models of water supply and demand, and of crop growth and irrigation management. Consistent modeling assumptions, available databases, and scenario simulations are used to capture a range of possible future conditions. The linked models include WATBAL for water supply; CERES, SOYGRO, and CROPWAT for crop and irrigation modeling; and WEAP for water demand forecasting, planning and evaluation. These models are applied to the U.S. Cornbelt using forecasts of climate change, agricultural production, population and GDP growth. Results suggest that, at least in the near term, the relative abundance of water for agriculture can be maintained under climate change conditions. However, increased water demands from urban growth, increases in reservoir evaporation and increases in crop consumptive use must be accommodated by timely improvements in crop, irrigation and drainage technology, water management, and institutions. These improvements are likely to require substantial resources and expertise. In the highly irrigated basins of the region, irrigation demand greatly exceeds industrial and municipal demands. When improvements in irrigation efficiency are tested, these basins respond by reducing demand and lessening environmental stress with an improvement in system reliability, effects particularly evident under a high technology scenario. Rain-fed lands in the Cornbelt are not forced to invest in irrigation, but there is some concern about increased water-logging during the spring and consequent required increased investment in agricultural drainage. One major water region in the Cornbelt also provides a useful caveat: change will not necessarily be continuous and monotonic. Under one GCM scenario for the 2010s, the region shows a significant decrease in system reliability, while the scenario for the 2020s shows an increase.     

The Relationship Between Environmental Concern and Acceptability of Environmental Impacts among Visitors to Two U.S. National Park Settings

This study examined the relationship between environmental concern and ratings of acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors at two national park settings. Based on the concept of a social ecological paradigm shift, it was hypothesized that individuals with greater levels of environmental concern are less accepting of environmental impacts in national parks than individuals with lesser degrees of concern. Sample data came from Cape Lookout National Seashore (N=392) and Moores Creek National Battlefield (N=236), two national park units in the south-eastern U.S.A. Environmental concern was measured by the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Acceptability was measured by visitor responses to 25 items covering different types of environmental park impacts. Analysis of variance and Tukey's means comparison procedure were used to test for differences between groups defined by levels of environmental concern on impact acceptability. Significant relationships were found between environmental concern and 15 of the 25 specific impacts in the Cape Lookout sample and 13 significant relationships were found in the Moores Creek sample. However, the relationships between environmental concern and acceptability varied somewhat across the two samples. These findings suggested that individuals with greater environmental concern were less accepting (or tolerant) of certain types of park impacts, while individuals with lesser degrees of environmental concern were more accepting of certain park impacts. Differences across the study settings were attributed to the different orientations of park visitors between the two national park units and recency effects. While the data reported are preliminary, they should be informative for park management purposes, particularly in the determination of standards for park impacts.