甘肃省“两西”地区草地退化的成因

分析了甘肃省“两西”地区草地退化的现状,提出了两西地区草地的退化的成因：（1）草地生境的脆弱性,包括地质地貌的脆弱性,水土,热量匹配差及气候变化的影响,（2）自然外营力的驱动作用,包括干旱,风蚀,水蚀,冻融,盐渍化;（3）人为因素的影响,包括过度放牧,农垦撂荒,樵采挖药,水环境恶化 采矿及工业污染。     

浅谈二氧化氯杀菌剂在医院污水中的投放量

对于含有大量细菌和病原体的医院污水,国内大多数医院用液氯或次氯酸钠来处理,杀灭医院污水中的细菌和微生物后再排放,处理医院污水最早使用的是液氯,由于液氯处理医院污水的成本低,因而使用面广,但液氯的腐蚀性强,会导致液氯泄漏事故,存在安全隐患,次氯酸钠发生器是较后期的产品,以电解法为主,由于设备的故障率高,经常停机,不能保证对污水的处理时间,造成医院污水夹带着大量的有害细菌和病原体外排,形成“前门治病后门放毒”的状况,用液氯或电解法次氯酸钠发生器处理医院污水已很难满足淮河流域达标排放的要求,二氧化氯（ClO2)是一种无机强氧化剂,具有极强的杀菌灭藻功能,可用于处理医院污水,杀灭污水中的细菌和微生物,在纳污水体为Ⅲ类水质的淮河流域,更应积极推广。     

姬松茸中Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg累积特性的初步研究

对三种不同产地的姬松茸子实体,经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP- OES)、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定了其中Ag,Al,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,La,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,M,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Ti,V和Zn等32种元素的含量,并用高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了其中Hg元素的形态.另外,还探讨了Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg及一些相关元素在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征.研究表明:与一些常见种类的大型真菌相比,姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg具有较强的累积能力,累积的Hg主要以Hg~(2 )形态存在,CH_3Hg~ 占总Hg比例在15%以下.Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征为:从菌柄下部到上部、从菌盖中心到边缘元素含量逐渐增加;P有助于提高姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg的累积能力,而Ca似乎起拮抗作用.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

贵州省原煤中微量元素的组成特征

研究了贵州省各主要煤田中主要采煤层的Ａｓ,Ｂ,Ｂａ,Ｂｅ,Ｃｄ,Ｃｏ,Ｃｒ,Ｃ,Ｈｇ,Ｌｉ,Ｎｉ,Ｐｂ,Ｓｂ,Ｓｅ,Ｓｒ,Ｔｌ,Ｖ,Ｚｎ等微量元素的组成特征,贵州省原煤中微量元素的含量总体上的世界范围内的一致,但Ｓｂ,Ａｓ,Ｈｇ等有害元素则明显富集,由于煤炭成因上的特殊性,其微量元素的组成除受煤植物的影响外,后期在煤作用对其有决定性的影响。     

可持续建筑业的社会责任:国际劳工组织的观点

本文调查了可持续建筑业的社会形势,特别是发展中国家的可持续建筑业,一个有社会责任感的建筑产业,就是一个在保护劳工免受负面影响的同时努力加强正面影响作用的产业,这要求遵守劳动标准,正如"国际劳工组织(ILO)协定"和国家立法所表达的那样,志愿行动已经做出了积极的贡献,但是严格的计划将要求每一个人依照相同的游戏规则,要做到如此,全体利益相关者确定的统一行动是十分必要的,一个新的"社会责任感建设投资"行动,由国际劳工组织发起,它将把政府代表,雇主,工人和其他主要建筑利益相关者聚在一起,其目的是要制定战略和行动计划,以加强建筑作业中关键劳动标准的贯彻,以及推动建筑部门的生产性就业.     

胡萝卜中滴滴涕对人体生物有效性影响因素的体外研究

采用基于生理学的体外实验,通过模拟人体胃和小肠的环境,分析了胡萝卜中p,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDE在人体胃肠系统的生物有效性.结果表明,DDTs在小肠环境下的生物有效性大于胃环境,胆汁和胰液对生物有效性有正影响;当胡萝卜的质量恒定时,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDT在胃和小肠中的生物有效性不随其浓度的变化而变化,它们在胃和小肠中的生物有效性分别为12.72%,12.71%,11.99%和47.14%,41.16%,46.29%,然而,当p,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD和p,P'-DDE的量恒定时,其生物有效性随胡萝卜质量的增大而减小,且两者之间呈现对数关系.     

天津市创建国家环境保护模范城市的战略思考

根据天津市“十五”计划纲要提出的“实施可持续发展战略,建设生态城市”的要求,在大量调查研究的基础上,从天津的实际出发,本着与时俱进的精神,创造性地提出天津市生态城市建设两步走,把创建国家环境保护模范城市作为生态城市建设的基础和初级阶段的战略构想,文章深入地阐述了天津市“创模”的必要性,迫切性和得大意义。根据国家的标准,客观地,实事求是地分析了天津“创模”的基本条件,存在的突出问题,努力方向。提出了天津“创模”的目标任务,措施和建议。     

试论低碳生活方式

认为提倡和践行低碳生活方式是建立低碳经济模式的重要方面。这是因为：第一,生活消费是生产的目的和终点,最终消费而不是生产才是导致温室气体大量排放的根本原因;第二,生产虽然为生活消费提供物质条件,但是生活消费反作用于生产,并具有决定意义;第三,全球已有70亿人口,生活消费碳排放量巨大,在发达国家已占碳排放总量的70%以上,成为节能减排的主要领域;第四,从世界产业的发展趋势来看,随着世界产业结构的高级化,工业碳排放的比重将不断下降,而生活消费的碳排放比重将呈上升的趋势。可见,低碳生活方式已成为低碳发展的重点和热点。为此,首先要科学地界定低碳生活方式。目前,国内外对于低碳生活方式尚无公允的定义,研究的角度不同,强调的重点也不一样,具有一定的片面性。作者认为低碳生活方式是一个复合系统,为此,突破单一角度的研究方法,探索性地运用系统论整体的综合分析方法,指出低碳生活方式与低碳生产方式紧密关联,同属于低碳经济大系统,并以生态环境为载体具有开放性。其本质属性是低碳排放。其内部结构具有价值层面、目标层面、操作层面。在价值层面,它体现为人与生态环境和谐共处的价值观;在目标层面,它将环境质量纳入生活质量之中,以可持续性为终极目标;在操作层面,它具有很强的应用性强调知与行的统一。这种多属性的内涵,使其具有较宽的外延域。正确认识低碳生活方式的本质,有利于把握宣传和推行的正确方向;有利于树立生态价值观,建立生态文明;有利于促进低碳经济的发展,控制气候升温。这些见解具有创新性。     

长江水系沉积物中重金属的赋存形态

分析了长江干流和主要支流的沉积物样品中重金属(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg)的含量和赋存形态.结果表明:除Zn外,长江流域水系沉积物中重金属的污染程度总体呈上升趋势,其中,Cd的污染较为严重,Cd主要以可交换态的形式存在,长江水系沉积物中Zn,Pb以及Cu具有相似的同源性,而Cd,As,Hg以及Cr则另为一类.     

Neutron-activation analysis of the elementary composition of the marine phanerogamPosidonia oceanica from a reference area in Port Cros National Park (French Mediterranean)

The marine phanerogamPosidonia oceanica (L.) Delile was collected from a presumably unpolluted reference area in Port Cros National Park, Mediterranean Sea, in November 1985, and its elemental composition was studied by gamma spectrometry after neutron activation and by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Neutron-activation analysis revealed 23 elements and atomic-absorption spectrophotometry 4 others. Including all known records by other investigators, this brings the total of elementary components identified inP. oceanica up to 42: antimony, arsenic, barium, bromine, cadmium, cesium, calcium, carbon, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, europium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, iodine, iron, lanthanum, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, samarium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thorium, uranium, ytterbium, zinc, zirconium. These elements display significant differences in their distribution in the various parts of the plant (roots, rhizomes, and growing and freshly budded leaves).     

Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from a valley-city in northwestern China

Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Mo) in smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining, a typical valley-city in northwestern China, were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and their potential risks to local ecosystem and human health were assessed using potential ecological risk index and health risk model. The results indicate that the concentration of As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Mo in the smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining ranges from 0.8 to 11.1, 339.4 to 767.7, 27.2 to 110.2, 185.7 to 5134.5, 15.1 to 115.2, 150.1 to 623.5, 16.8 to 74.1, 24.4 to 233.0, 169.9 to 475.7, 47.4 to 96.8, 33.1 to 231.1 and 0.2 to 4.3 mg kg^?1, with an arithmetic mean of 3.6, 415.6, 50.1, 573.0, 40.6, 409.1, 22.6, 52.7, 257.8, 57.1, 108.6 and 2.5 mg kg^?1, respectively. Compared to the background value of local soil, the smaller than 100-μm street dust particles from Xining have elevated concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sr and Mo. The contamination levels of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sr and Mo are higher than As, Mn, Ni and V. The comprehensive potential ecological risk levels of PTEs were moderate to considerable. The non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs studied on children and adults due to dust exposure are limited except for Cr to children. Cr in the dust may pose a potential health risk to children; this should draw more attention.     

Potentially toxic elements in some fresh water bodies in Ethiopia

A total of thirty three water samples were collected from Tinishu Akaki River, Lake Awassa, and Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. Multi-element determination of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in water samples was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after acidification with 1% HNO₃. The concentration (in µg?L^?1) of the elements were in the range of 1.0–19, <0.42–83, 1.1–1580, <45–1760, <0.11–2.0, 0.43–13, 0.77–13, 6–300, <0.94–2.0, <0.3–1.5, <0.012–0.63, 0.13–4.8, <0.29, and 0.2–7.2 for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb, respectively. The concentrations of all the quantified elements, with the exception of Mn, were in the range of the permissible limits of the Ethiopian, European Community, and World Health Organization for both drinking water quality guidelines and irrigation water guidelines. The accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing trace elements in water standard reference material (SRM 1643e). The measured values of trace elements in the SRM agreed well with the certified values at the 95% confidence level.     

Book reviews

PROGRESS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS, PROGRESS IN MUTATION RESEARCH, VOLUME 2, by A. Kappas, Biology Department, Nuclear Research Center Democritus, Athens (Greece), 205 pages (including 49 tables, 69 figures, concluding remarks of 3 pages, and a subject index of 3 pages), linen, format 246×171 mm, ISBN 0–444–80334–3, Elsevier/North‐Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1981, USS 76.50, hfl. 180.00

CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS, HUMAN POPULATION MONITORING, AND GENETIC RISK ASSESSMENT, PROGRESS IN MUTATION RESEARCH, VOLUME 3, by K, C. Bora, G. R. Douglas and E. R. Nestmann, Environmental Health Directorate, Ottawa (Canada), 364 pages (including 103 tables, 45 figures, an appendix of seven pages with the Report of the WHO Consultation on Genetic Monitoring for Environmental Effects, and a subject index of 20 pages), linen, format 246 ×171 mm, ISBN 0–444–80352–1, Elsevier/North‐Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 1982 USS 80.75, hfl. 190.00.

AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, Volume 1 of a Series, by Lavern J. Weber, Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, 238 pages (including 35 tables, 18 figures, and a subject index of 13 pages), linen, format 243 × 163 mm, ISBN 0–89004–439–2, Raven Press, New York 1982, US$ 36.72.

CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICOLOGY, TARGET ORGAN TOXICOLOGY SERIES, by Ethard W. van Stee, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, 400 pages (including 17 tables, 58 figures, and a subject index of 12 pages), linen, format 243 × 163 mm, ISBN 0–89004–576–3, Raven Press, New York 1982, USS 61.20.     

Elemental concentrations in Jamaican peat

The peat of the Negril Morass in Western Jamaica was sampled at depths down to 7 m in directions parallel and perpendicular to the seashore, and the samples were analysed for Al, As, B, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, I, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ti, U and V by instrumental neutron activation analysis and by spectrophotometry. The peat is high in ash content, but the concentrations of most elements are below crustal abundances and therefore provide no evidence of nearby mineralisation. The elemental concentrations indicate that no particular environmental hazards are to expected from the use of this peat in electricity generation.     

Geochemistry of the barkinite liptobiolith (Late Permian) from the Jinshan Mine,Anhui Province,China

This paper discusses the geochemistry and mineralogy of the barkinite liptobiolith of the Late Permian age from the Jinshan Mine, Guangde County, Anhui Province, China. Samples were examined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, ion-selective electrode, sequential chemical extraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray, and optical microscopy. The coal is a medium-ash and high-sulfur resource. Minerals in the coal are composed of kaolinite, pyrite, calcite, and quartz. Pyrite and calcite are derived from seawater during peat accumulation. Quartz in the coal is of authigenic origin. Part of the kaolinite is from a land-source region, and part occurs as cell-fillings and is of authigenic origin. The results also indicate that the barkinite liptobiolith contains some toxic elements in high concentrations. Elements including Li, Be, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ga, Se, Y, Zr, Mo, the rare earth elements (REEs), W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Th, and U in the coals are enriched in the barkinite liptobiolith. Results of sequential chemical extraction showed that Li, Sc, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, REEs, and Th in the coal mainly occur as silicates, while Be and W are related to organic matter. Pyrite is the dominant source of S, Mo, Hg, Tl, and Pb. Gallium only occurs in silicate, and U and V occur both in organic and silicate associations.     

Efficient removal of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater using polymer ligands

Poly(hydroxamic acid)-poly(amidoxime) chelating ligands were synthesized from poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylonitrile) grafted acacia cellulose for removing toxic metal ions from industrial wastewaters. These ligands showed higher adsorption capacity to copper (2.80 mmol?g⁻¹) at pH 6. In addition, sorption capacities to other metal ions such as iron, zinc, chromium, and nickel were also found high at pH 6. The metal ions sorption rate (t_1/2) was very fast. The rate of adsorption of copper, iron, zinc, chromium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and lead were 4, 5, 7, 5, 5, 8, 9 and 11 min, respectively. Therefore, these ligands have an advantage to the metal ions removal using the column technique. We have successfully investigated the known concentration of metal ions using various parameters, which is essential for designing a fixed bed column with ligands. The wastewater from electroplating plants used in this study, having chromium, zinc, nickel, copper and iron, etc. For chromium wastewater, ICP analysis showed that the Cr removal was 99.8% and other metal ions such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co and Mn removal were 94.7%, 99.2%, 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 95.6% and 97.6%, respectively. In case of cyanide wastewater, the metal removal, especially Ni and Zn removal were 96.5 and 95.2% at higher initial concentration. For acid/alkali wastewater, metal ions removing for Cd, Cr and Fe were 99.2%, 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively. Overall, these ligands are useful for metal removal by column method from industrial wastewater especially plating wastewater.     

Geochemical baselines of heavy metals in the sediments of two large freshwater lakes in China: implications for contamination character and history

The aim of this study was to estimate the geochemical baseline concentrations of various heavy metals in the surface sediments of two large freshwater lakes in Taihu and Dianchi, China, and to assess the character and history of heavy metal contamination around the two lakes. Heavy metal concentrations in the sediments were obtained by field surveys and were supplemented with published data. The statistical methods of cumulative frequency and normalization were employed to obtain the baselines. The respective baseline concentrations for As, Sb, Hg, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 9.92, 1.67, 0.14, 22.62, 100.56, 31.63, 31.97, 33.05 and 97.01?mg/kg, respectively, in Taihu, and 24.60, 4.29, 0.25, 36.78, 135.68, 90.05, 50.76, 73.56 and 208.76?mg/kg, respectively, in Dianchi. The baseline concentrations of these heavy metals in Lake Taihu were equivalent to the pre-industrial concentrations determined from lakes in Sweden and Europe. Conversely, those in Lake Dianchi were much higher than the pre-industrial values. Li, Fe, Sc, Ti, V and Al were found to be the suitable reference elements for normalization, and one of these elements could be used to predict the baseline concentrations of heavy metals except Hg. Most of the heavy metals had one inflexion, and only Cu and Pb in Taihu, Sb, Pb and Zn in Dianchi, were found to have two inflexions in the cumulative curves, suggesting remarkable anthropogenic inputs of Cu and Pb in Taihu, Sb, Pb and Zn in Dianchi, which are generally consistent with the respective industrial structure around Taihu and Dianchi.     

野生及养殖背角无齿蚌中元素的生物积累特征

作为建立渔业生态环境“淡水贝类观察”体系的基础研究之一,以宜兴养殖水域（N=7）和太湖三山岛自然水域（N=7）采集的背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana）为对象,运用电感耦合等离子质谱仪测定了背角无齿蚌软组织中元素Na、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Se、Cu、Cr、Cd的质量分数范围,并对各种元素积累水平的差异进行比较研究。结果表明,两水域中背角无齿蚌对元素的积累高低顺序具有相似的趋势。其中Ca质量分数最高,Co、Cr的质量分数最低,其它元素界于其间。养殖蚌样中的常量元素Na、K、Ca、Mg和微量元素Mn、Co的积累质量分数高于或接近自然水域蚌样中的相应元素,但后者中的重金属元素Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni质量分数显著地高于前者。养殖水域蚌样中的Mg-K、Mg-Ca、Mg-Ni、Mg-Mn、K-Ca、K—Co、K．Mn、Ca—Co、Ca—Ni、Ca．Mn、Ni—Mn、Cr-Co、Cu-Cd以及自然水域蚌样中的Mg—K、Ca-Cr、Ca—Mn、Ca-Ni、Ca-Cd、Cr—Mn、Cr-Ni、Cr-Cd质量分数之间呈现显著的相关性。