大气汞的时空分布研究进展

大气汞是汞全球循环的组成部分,探索汞在大气中的时空分布对于研究其地球化学循环具有重要意义。本文综述了大气汞时空分布的研究现状,主要包括大气汞的来源,形态分布,空间分布度时间分布。研究表明,大气汞具有扩散范围广,空间变异大,时间变化规律性强的特点,同时还指出扩大时空分布研究范围和建立污染和预测模型是未来的研究重点。     

王水消解-冷原子荧光法测定土壤中的微量汞

建立了一种用王水水浴消解土壤样品一冷原子荧光测定土壤中的微量汞的分析方法。在优化实验条件下,方法的检出限为0.010 2ug／L;土壤中汞的回收率为95％-109％;测定下限为0.01ug／g。该方法具有操作简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点。     

MA-2000型测汞仪直接测定环境水体中的汞

介绍了MA-2000型测汞仪测定环境水体中的汞,以氯化亚锡为还原剂,0．001％半胱氨酸为汞固定剂,在一定浓度范围内被测汞蒸汽在波长253．7nm紫外光下的吸收值与汞蒸汽浓度成正比。方法检出限0．006ng,精密度和准确度均满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

两种土壤消解方法测定汞元素的验证

利用标准样品和某冶金小区土壤样品,对比了2种不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属汞元素的差异。将水浴消解、微波消解2种土壤消解预处理方法进行分析比较,分析2种消解方法的优点和缺点,并对消解样品测定重金属汞元素含量,验证了微波消解法预处理的实际样品值略高于水浴消解法预处理的实际样品值。     

土壤环境汞形态及吸附解吸研究进展

汞污染一直是全球备受关注的问题,由于土壤是环境汞的源和汇,因此已经开展了大量相关的研究工作。本论文系统总结了土壤环境汞形态及吸附解吸特征的研究现状,综述了不同类型土壤汞的背景含量,以及汞在土壤中的赋存形态,分析了土壤汞吸附特征及几种典型的土壤吸附剂（粘土矿物、铁锰氧化物、硫化物和土壤有机质）对汞吸附的作用机制。     

岷—沱江汞环境背景值研究

本文介绍了用冷原子荧光法测定岷—沱江原水(总汞)、过滤水(溶解性汞)、悬浮物(悬浮态汞)及沉积物中汞含量。方法检测限为0.004μg/l。经选用W检验、Vistelius置信带法和偏度、峰度法联合进行汞含量分布类型检验,综合判断、研究得出岷—沱江水系河水中汞背景值(总量)为0.25μg/l,汞主要以溶解态存在于水体中,沉积物中汞背景值为0.018mg/kg。岷—沱江水系汞背景值无论与国内各水系还是同世界河流水平相比,均处于相同和较低水平。     

夏冬两季胶州湾李村河口沉积物/大气汞的释放模拟研究

模拟研究了夏冬两季胶州湾李村河口沉积物中的汞向大气的释放,结果表明光照下沉积物样品中的汞快速向大气释放。光照8 h后,夏冬两季总汞的释放率分别为52%和27%;光照下,沉积物样品中的水溶态汞逐渐增加,酸溶态汞、有机质结合态汞和惰性汞逐渐减少,其中,有机质结合态汞释放率最大,酸溶态汞次之,惰性汞最小;一天之中,光照下沉积物样品总汞的释放通量先升高,再降低,夏季通量在12∶00~13∶00达到最大值1793μg/(m2.h),冬季通量在12∶00~13∶00达到最大值943μg/(m2.h),不同形态汞的日平均释放通量为有机质结合态汞>盐酸溶态汞>惰性汞。     

山地土壤—植物系统中汞污染问题的初步调查

调查研究表明：在山地大气、水体质量较好的环境中,柑橘（含汞量）有超标问题,其土壤汞有超背景值现象;而蔬菜土壤则无此问题,其原因可能是由于多年生植物从大气和土壤中富积微量汞的时间较一年生植物长,以及土壤中砂粒结合汞粘粒结合汞具有更高的生物活性     

绵竹市地表水环境质量现状及水环境容量分析

本文通过对绵竹市污染源现状调查及地表水环境现状评价,计算并分析了境内主要河流的水环境容量。绵竹市地表水环境污染较为严重,水环境容量短缺已成为绵竹市主要环境制约因素。为实现绵竹市水环境保护与经济社会的可持续发展,需及时采取污染物总量控制、工业污染防治、生活污水处理、控制农村面源污染等一系列措施。     

土壤环境质量研究的回顾和展望

土壤环境质量作为土壤质量的重要组成部分之一,是表征土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染物的能力。目前对土壤环境质量定义尚无统一的意见,陈怀满教授给出了土壤环境质量的参考定义,指出土壤环境质量是在一定的时间和空间范围内,土壤自身性状对其持续利用和其他环境要素,特别是对人类或其他生物的生存、繁衍以及社会经济发展的适宜性。本文从土壤污染、环境容量、污染物迁移转化、生态安全以及修复技术等角度回顾了国内外土壤环境质量的研究内容。对今后土壤环境质量的发展趋势进行了展望,指出土壤环境质量在我国的研究和应用还比较薄弱,在土壤持续污染物防治、土壤污染风险评价等方面急需加强。随着我国环境形势日益严峻,土壤环境污染机理及其防治也提上议事日程,土壤环境质量的研究和应用对于我国的农业安全、食品安全、生态安全都具有极为重要的理论和现实意义。     

湛江市大气环境容量与工业布局探讨

本文以湛江市为例，利用改进的箱模式计算区域不同我的大气环境容量，对充分利用大气环境容量进行工业的合理布局进行了探讨。     

崂山风景区土壤重金属元素环境容量的计算

崂山在青岛土壤重金属的综合污染指数排序中位于第2位,重金属污染问题比较突出。通过计算崂山风景区土壤重金属元素的静态容量和动态容量,对二者进行了比较。重金属元素环境容量的计算,可以为了解土壤承载力,实现污染物容量总量控制等提供科学依据。     

地震对城乡地表水水质长期影响分析——以四川省宝兴县为例

为研究地震前后地表水水质变化规律,以2013年4月20日雅安地震重灾区—宝兴县地表水水质变化为例,对2012 ～2019年宝兴县赵家坝断面地表水水质监测数据收集整理,单因子评价法、污染指数法(单项污染指数、综合污染指数和有机污染综合指数)和水质指数模式优化法对地震前后地表水质进行分析.结果 表明,此次地震引起水体中污染...     

PREDICTING MEASUREMENT ERROR OF AREAL MEAN PRECIPITATION DURING EXTREME EVENTS1

ABSTRACT: The areal mean precipitation (AMP) over a catchment is normally calculated using point measurements at rainfall gages. Error in AMP estimates occurs when an insufficient number of gages are used to sample precipitation which is highly variable in space. AMP error is investigated using historic, severe rainfalls with a set of hypothetical catchments and raingage networks. The potential magnitude of error is estimated for typical gage network densities and arrangements. Possible sources of error are evaluated, and a method is proposed for predicting the magnitude of error using data that are commonly available for severe, historic rainfall.     

Does the Temporal Resolution of Precipitation Input Influence the Simulated Hydrological Components Employing the SWAT Model?

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sub‐daily precipitation time steps on model performance and hydrological components by applying the Green and Ampt infiltration method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Precipitation was measured at a resolution of 0.1 mm and aggregated to 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐min time steps. Daily discharge data over a 10‐year period were used to calibrate and validate the model. Following a global sensitivity analysis, relevant parameters were optimized through an automatic calibration procedure using SWAT‐CUP for each time step. Daily performance statistics were almost equal among all four time steps (NSE ≈ 0.47). Discharge mainly consisted of groundwater flow (55%) and tile flow (42%), in reasonable proportions for the investigated catchment. In conclusion, model outputs were almost identical, showing simulations responded nearly independently of the chosen precipitation time step. This held true for (1) the selection of sensitive parameters, (2) performance statistics, (3) the shape of the hydrographs, and (4) flow components. However, a scenario analysis revealed that the precipitation time step becomes important when saturated hydraulic conductivities are low and curve numbers are high. The study suggests that there is no need in using precipitation time steps <1 h for lowland catchments dominated by soils with a low surface runoff potential if daily flow values are being considered. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Hydrologic Modeling of an Extreme Flood in the Guadalupe River in Texas1

Sharif, Hatim O., Almoutaz A. Hassan, Sazzad Bin-Shafique, Hongjie Xie, and Jon Zeitler, 2010. Hydrologic Modeling of an Extreme Flood in the Guadalupe River in Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00459.x Abstract: Many of the storms creating the greatest rainfall depths in Texas, measured over durations ranging from one minute to 48 hours, have occurred in the Texas Hill Country area. The upstream portion of the Guadalupe River Basin, located in the Texas Hill Country, is susceptible to flooding and rapid runoff due to thin soils, exposed bedrock, and sparse vegetation, in addition to the Balcones Escarpment uplift contributing to precipitation enhancement. In November 2004, a moist air mass from the Gulf of Mexico combined with moist air from the Pacific Ocean resulted in the wettest November in Texas since 1895. Although the peak discharges were not the highest on record, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge on the Guadalupe River at Gonzales, Texas reported a daily mean discharge of 2,304 m³/s on November 23, 2004 (average discharge is 53 m³/s). In this paper, we examine the meteorological conditions that led to this event and apply a two-dimensional, physically based, distributed-parameter hydrologic model to simulate the response of a portion of the basin during this event. The study results clearly demonstrate the ability of physically based, distributed-parameter simulations, driven by operational radar rainfall products, to adequately model the cumulative effect of two rainfall events and route inflows from three upstream watersheds without the need for significant calibration.     

微生物传感器技术原理及其在水环境监测中的应用

微生物传感器技术产生于７０年代，并且，已在水环境监测中得到应用，例如，ＢＯＤ、ＮＨ３、ＮＨ４＾＋、ＮＯ２＾－、ＮＯ３＾－等项目分析；毒物测定和毒性评价；致突变物的筛选等。实践证明，该项技术具有快速、灵敏、易于自动控制、成本低廉等优点；可以相信，它必定会越来越多的应用于环境监测。