遵义市董公寺镇无公害蔬菜基地环境质量评价

开展蔬菜生产基地环境质量评价是保证蔬菜生产无公害的基础。通过对遵义市董公寺镇无公害蔬菜基地大气、灌溉水及土壤各污染指标的监测,采用单项污染指数与综合污染指数相结合的评价方法,对各污染指标进行环境质量评价。评价结果为大气质量单项污染指数只均小于Ⅰ,综合污染指数Ⅰi为0．55,小于0．6,符合大气质量Ⅰ级标准;水质单项污染指数只均≤Ⅰ,综合污染指数P综为0．71,在0．5～1．0之间,符合水质量2级标准;土壤单项污染指数Pi≤Ⅰ,综合污染指数P综为0．75,在0．70-1．0之间,符合土壤质量2级标准。表明基地大气污染程度为清洁,污染水平为清洁;灌溉水污染程度为尚清洁,污染水平在标准限量内;土壤污染程度属警戒级,污染水平属尚清洁,各项指标均合格,符合目前国家所规定的无公害蔬菜生产基地环境质量的要求。     

水库大坝的社会与环境风险标准研究

对水库大坝进行风险评价时,涉及生命风险、经济风险及社会与环境风险标准.目前国际上关于社会与环境风险标准仍为空白.本文对社会与环境影响要素进行量化,再综合成社会与环境影响指数,并结合我国国情,借用F-N线法初步确定了我国的社会与环境风险标准.沙河集等6座水库的初步应用结果表明,该风险标准及其确定方法基本合理可行,可用于水库大坝风险评价.     

企业环境合规指数的构建与发展

随着我国对企业环保要求的逐渐严格化,企业对环境合规越来越重视。同时,可持续发展理念的深化、配套政策标准、环保法律法规的健全使得企业环境合规成为企业参与国际竞争的关键因素。基于此,本文旨在建立企业的环境合规评价指标体系,提出企业环境合规指数的概念,站在企业管理者、监管部门、利益相关方、金融机构、公众等多方使用者的角度,来反映企业的环境合规管理水平和环境合规风险的管控能力,并可通过它的目标程度,使其可成为评价企业环境合规能力的重要依据。     

飞机氮氧化物排放指数计算方法研究

飞机发动机的噪声和氮氧化物排放已成为日益严重的环境问题,对人类和生态环境的影响越来越严重。自国际民航组织颁布国际民航公约附件16《第Ⅰ卷航空器噪声》和《第Ⅱ卷航空发动机排放物》以来,为控制航空器发动机排放物污染,特别是氮氧化物污染,国际民航组织一直在研究更加严格的发动机排放物限制标准,以减少航空活动中飞机发动机对人类和环境的影响。以实例的形式列举了B787-800在4个阶段氮氧化物排放指数(EINOx)的计算过程,可为我国大飞机氮氧化物排放适航标准提供信息参考。     

高速公路交通流实时安全性评价

根据多条高速公路近3年的事故数据及实时交通流数据,分析了高速公路运营安全性的相关影响因素,在此基础上提出了车速变异系数指标及其分级标准,建立了考虑交通流量、平均车速、车速变异系数、天气条件等多因素的高速公路交通流运行风险预测多元模型,并提出了高速公路交通流实时行车风险指数TRI指标,制定了交通流状态实时安全性评价标准,最后给出了高速公路交通流混合交通状态下的实时安全风险评价流程。通过西攀高速公路的交通流实时数据,验证了模型的有效性。     

甘肃黄土塬典型地区窖水水质分析及健康风险评价

为明确甘肃黄土塬地区窖水水质现状及其潜在的健康风险,以甘肃陇东黄土塬地区某县的16口水窖的水质检测结果为基础,采用水质标识指数法对该县窖水水质进行评价,同时结合水环境健康风险评价模型首次对黄土塬地区窖水中重金属健康风险进行评估。结果表明：该县窖水水质满足地表水Ⅱ类标准,影响水质的主要限制性因子为总磷、总氮和溶解氧的含量;重金属年均致癌风险值在2.319 5×10^-5～3.760 16×10^-5,介于美国环保署和国际辐射防护委员会可接受标准之间,年均非致癌风险值在1.791 71×10^-10～2.54×10^-8,远低于上述标准,表明该地的健康风险主要来自于重金属致癌风险。2种评价方法均显示水窖集雨面优劣顺序依次为水泥地面、砖混地面、土路/打麦场面,窖体材质红胶泥优于混凝土,并对不同类型水窖的用途提出了建议。研究结论可为该县开展水窖集流面及其材质优选以及选择合适的水处理技术提供依据。     

湖南省山洪灾害综合风险分析及安全减灾研究——以2006年衡阳市山洪灾害为例

利用衡阳市2006年山洪灾情数据,引入综合灾情指数对湖南省衡阳市山洪灾害进行综合灾情损失评估,得出耒阳市的综合灾情指数最大;灾情重的直接原因是暴雨大,水位短时间上升快。同时,暴雨-山体滑坡-泥石流灾害链放大了灾情;农村地区防灾减灾意识淡薄、防洪工程标准偏低以及减灾措施不当也加剧了山洪灾情。为此,要通过加强工程建设与山洪灾害危险性宣传来提高农村抗灾能力,达到安全减灾目的。     

城市生命线系统运行指数研究

城市生命线系统各行业之间相互影响显著,采用指数法反映其整体运行状态具有重要意义。将城市生命线系统内部及与外部环境之间的相互影响划分为四种类型:输入-输出关联、结构关联、依赖关联、需求性关联。将系统运行归纳为充足、安全、优质三个方面特征,提出“监测点-行业-系统”的指数计算过程。采用标准值、纵向比较、横向比较等方法确定监测点指标评判标准,并以燃气为例进行了监测点状态计算。依据监测点之间关联程度,分别采用加权平均法、极值法、累积法计算行业充足、安全、优质指数。根据行业之间的关联程度和专家经验确定各行业权重,并以某城市为例给出了各行业的权重系数,经加权计算得到城市生命线运行指数。     

主题公园安全风险指数评价模型构建

主题公园在政策支持、资本投入、消费增长、技术创新等有利因素推动下蓬勃发展,但主题公园等新型业态事故频发、各类事故隐患和安全风险交织叠加的情况下,主题公园运营单位面临着更为突出的安全法律风险和安全运营压力。随着《安全生产法》（修正案）等安全生产领域法律、系列法规、新政策的颁布实施,深圳市中瑞恒管理策划有限公司（以下简称“中瑞恒”）基于主题公园生产安全事故致因分析及法律法规、行业技术规范梳理,对主题公园安全风险评价体系进行指标设计、评价标准构建、权重设定及指数计算,提出了主题公园安全风险指数评价模型,为主题公园运营商系统构建安全管理评价体系,实现精准安全管理提供了借鉴与指导。     

基于ArcGIS的校园景观水体水质特征研究与评价

为了解校园景观水体的水质污染特征及规律,结合富营养化常规监测指标,运用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法、综合营养状态指数法及基于Arc GIS的空间叠加分析法对重庆某大学校园景观水体(静湖)冬季枯水期的水质状况进行了分析与评价。结果表明,叶绿素a和高锰酸钾指数超标点位为83%和17%;而总氮和总磷能满足地表水环境质量标准中的Ⅳ类与Ⅴ类;叶绿素a与总氮、总磷存在一定的线性关系,且各因子对富营养化的贡献大小为叶绿素a总磷透明度、高锰酸钾指数总氮;该人工湖冬季枯水期综合水质已呈现中度富营养化状态,水质有待改善。     

健康风险暴露评价研究进展

综述了国内外健康风险暴露评价的最新研究进展,重点讨论了对人体进行直接监测的生物监测技术和对环境中污染因子进行间接监测并利用数学模型进行暴露剂量计算的间接方法。生物监测方法通过测定人体生理介质(如血液、尿液)中的污染物质及其代谢产物含量确定人体对环境污染物的暴露情况,监测结果反映了风险因子通过所有暴露途径进入人体的总暴露剂量。为了利用生物监测结果评价人体暴露安全性,近几年建立了生物监测等效值的概念,推导确定化学物质的生物监测等效值发展迅速。环境监测和数学模型间接方法通过对不同暴露媒介中风险因子的浓度监测和特定暴露途径的量化研究,同时利用精确的暴露计算模型(如空气分散模型、地下水扩散模型)计算人体对污染物的暴露剂量。生物监测和环境监测技术及数学模型的发展使健康风险评价和管理的暴露参数更加精确,降低了风险评价的不确定性。还介绍了利用数学模拟和剂量重建等方法插补历史空白暴露数据的方法。     

Key airborne concentrations of chemicals for emergency response planning in HAZMAT road transportation- margin of safety or survival

The release of chemicals due to road transportation accidents could have adverse consequences such as fatality, physical and financial loss and environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitable margin of safety/survival of individuals in HAZMAT road transportation accidents for use in Emergency Response Planning (ERP). In this study, at first, the safety margin and survival margin were defined and proposed. Then, as a case study, the chemical tanker trucks in Iran's road transport fleet were investigated and the full bore rupture of the tanker trucks was considered as the selective scenario. Eventually, safety margin and survival margin were determined using ALOHA and PHAST software and the Chemical Exposure Index (CEI). The results showed that using the CEI, among the selected chemicals, ammonia, chlorine and 1,3-butadiene had the highest chemical release potential with the exposure indices of 597, 548 and 284, respectively, and need further investigation. The possible safety margin obtained in this study was distances over 5100 m (using ALOHA software for ammonia) and 10,983 m (using PHAST software for chlorine). On the other hand, the survival margin was distances over 980 m away from the accident area (using ALOHA software for ammonia) and 620 m away from the accident area (using the PHAST software for chlorine). The results of this study indicate that determining the safety and survival margins surrounding the tanker trucks and containers of chemicals is a critical issue for the emergency response planning and determining the standards of road's safety and survival margins. On the other hand, due to the obtainment of different results by various methods and software, in road accidents, the highest hazard distance is suggested to be considered to determine the safety margin (distances longer than 10,983 m) and survival margin (distances longer than 980 m) for ERP, regardless of the type of used material and software.     

Occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during tasks at ground or floor level at 110 kV substations in Finland

The aim was to investigate occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields during tasks at ground or floor level at 110?kV substations in Finland and to compare the measured values to Directive 2013/35/EU. Altogether, 347 electric field measurements and 100 magnetic field measurements were performed. The average value of all electric fields was 2.3?kV/m (maximum 6.4?kV/m) and that of magnetic fields was 5.8?µT (maximum 51.0?µT). It can be concluded that the electric and magnetic field exposure at ground or floor level is typically below the low action levels of Directive 2013/35/EU. The transposition of the directive will not create new needs to modify the work practice of the evaluated tasks, which can continue to be performed as before. However, for workers with medical implants, the exposure may be high enough to cause interference.     

Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to a Magnetic Field From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices

Health care staff who operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices are exposed to a static magnetic field of significant spatial heterogenity always produced by MRI magnets during the whole shift. They can also be exposed to pulses of a time-varying magnetic field (gradient field) present only during patients’ examinations. The level of the workers’ exposure depends both on the type of the magnet and on the ergonomic design of each MRI device.

The paper presents methods used for measuring and assessing workers’ exposure. It also discusses the results of inspection measurements carried out next to approximately 20 MRI devices of approximately 0.2–2.0 T. The presented characteristic and overview of the variability of workers’ exposure to a variety of MRI devices supports the need for data on monitoring occupational exposure to MRI. International exposure assessment standards and guidelines (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection [ICNIRP], Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE], American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists [ACGIH], European Commission directive), and those established in Poland are also compared.     

污水处理厂微生物气溶胶的暴露风险评价

为了给污水处理厂微生物气溶胶的健康风险评价提供定量依据,于2011年6—7月利用Andersen 6级撞击式空气微生物采样仪对西安市第三污水处理厂氧化沟单元内不同距离处的细菌气溶胶进行现场采样,利用平皿培养和菌落计数对细菌进行分析。选用适于我国国情的暴露因子参数,建立暴露风险评价模型,对污水处理厂的工人及周围居民的健康风险进行评价。评价点的细菌气溶胶浓度采用修正的高斯模型计算。结果表明,呼吸吸入是人体(儿童和成人)摄入微生物气溶胶的主要途径,暴露非致癌风险商随距离的增加而逐渐降低。同种途径在同样位置,儿童的风险商是成年男性或成年女性的2~3倍。经呼吸途径的风险商从大到小为儿童、成年男性、成年女性,经皮肤接触途径的风险商从大到小为儿童、成年女性、成年男性。     

制定粉尘卫生标准的新趋势——介绍欧洲的经验并提出几点建议

介绍了近年来欧洲国家新的粉尘卫生标准及其监测、管理方法,分析其制定粉尘卫生标准的经验,并与我国的粉尘卫生标准情况做了初步的比较,提出了建立我国新分级分类粉尘卫生标准体系的建议。     

Dustiness in workplace safety and explosion protection – Review and outlook

Behavior of dust/air mixtures is very complex and difficult to predict since it depends on material properties as well as boundary conditions. Without other influences airborne particles deposit due to gravity but the time it takes for total deposition as well as easiness of resurrection depends very much on the specific dust sample and the boundary conditions. It still lacks a complete understanding of all interacting reasons and one approach is using experimentally determined characteristics, one is named dustiness.Dustiness is the tendency of dust to form clouds and to stay airborne. Dustiness is determined with two basic principles, which are light attenuation and ratio of filled-in and measured mass. Assessment of dustiness of industrial powders has been done for a long time regarding work place safety. Dustiness is used there to determine inhalable fraction and to evaluate health risks. Lately it became interesting in dust explosion protection as well. Dustiness could be used to optimize determination of zones, adaption of venting area and/or for positioning of suppression systems.Dustiness can be useful in many ways but is not a physical property of dusts, therefore it depends on material properties such as density, particle size distribution, shape and water content as well as boundary conditions or determination method. This makes it very difficult to compare dustiness for different techniques and apparatuses and determination method as well as results should be considered carefully. This work gives an overview of existing standards, recent research and suggests improvements to the new dustiness as proposed for dust explosion protection.     

The BG Measurement System for Hazardous Substances (BGMG) and the Exposure Database of Hazardous Substances (MEGA)

German employers ‘ liability insurance associations or Berufsgenossenschaften (BGs)—institutions for statutoryaccident insurance—maintain a measurement system for hazardous substances, the so-called BGMG. The aimof the BGMG is to determine and document valid results of measurements of exposure primarily for preventionpurposes. The data are collected systematically, in parallel to the sampling in a company. Parameters which aresupposed to have a visible effect on exposure levels are documented. The MEGA database (documentation ofmeasurement data relating to workplace exposure to hazardous substances) holds 1,629 million measurementvalues, which have been compiled in since 1972. The database offers a host of selection possibilities forassessments depending on the evaluation strategy.     

Determining eyeball surface area directly exposed to the effects of external factors

This article discusses determining the surface area of eyeballs of men and women exposed to the direct effects of external factors in the working environment. For one eye, the mean surface is 172–182?mm². The determined surface area can be used in formulas for calculating the exposure of eyeballs to harmful chemical substances in workplace air.     

基于神经网络的安全评价指标重要度判定方法及应用

安全评价指标重要度判定对合理进行安全管理和有效采取安全对策具有重要意义,它是一个多指标非线性分类问题,很难用数学公式进行描述。以往的判定方法由于受人为因素及模糊随机性影响,准确性较低。神经网络作为一种新技术,具有非线性分类、人工智能的特点。基于此,提出了一种基于人工神经网络的安全评价指标重要度判定方法。该方法最大特点是直接从学习后的网络连接权重中提取评价指标重要度信息。讨论了网络的拓扑结构,以及如何从学习后的网络权重中提取评价指标重要度信息的方法。应用数理统计方法消除了网络学习初始权重对评价结果的影响。用一实例对提出的方法进行了验证,分析了网络隐含层节点数对判定结果的影响。实验表明,该方法具有很强的操作性和较高的准确性。