电捕焦油器安全运行条件

为避免焦化企业化产回收工艺中焦炉煤气含焦油雾较高,可能影响后序工艺产品质量或操作,同时,造成安全隐患,目前,国内大型焦化企业普遍采用电捕焦油器,以有效清除焦油雾。但电捕焦油器在运行过程中,若控制不当极易发生火灾爆炸事故。通过介绍电捕焦油器的工作原理,分析电捕焦油器运行过程中所涉及的危险物质及运行中可能发生的火灾爆炸危险,结合火灾爆炸三要素及生产过程中遇到的实际问题,依据《焦化安全规程》（GB12710）,从激发能源、煤气中含氧量的控制入手,阐述电捕焦油器安全运行条件。     

电捕焦油器净化沥青烟

1974年上海炭素厂第一次采用电捕焦油器获得了成功,以后吉林炭素厂、抚顺铝厂等也相继搞了电捕焦油器,其基本型式都是采用同心圆(见图1)。各厂采用的规格及参数见下表: 同心圆电捕焦油器结构简单,空间利用较好。由于主要用于捕集不含粉尘的沥青烟,沥青粘附于沉淀极板后,可以自由淌入油斗中,而取消一般电除尘器中的振打机构,使结构大为简化。多年来,各厂在同心圆电捕焦油器的结构设计、加工工艺、防止高压瓷瓶碎裂、供电装置等方面作了大量工作,进行了不少改进,致使电捕焦油器能在高效率下长期运行。 鞍钢劳研所直接在焦油油的上采用超高压电…     

电捕焦油器的故障树分析

建立了以电捕焦油器火灾爆炸为顶上事件的故障树,分析了引发该事件的主要原因,并提出了相应的防范措施和改进措施。     

用电捕焦油法净化炭素焙烧炉烟气

论述了静电捕焦油器净化炭素厂焙烧炉烟气的工艺流程及技术参数 ,提出了确保系统正常运行的技术措施。使用静电捕焦油器后沥青烟排放浓度低于 5 0mg/m3 ,粉尘排放浓度降到 2 6mg/m3 。     

冶金系统沥青烟气净化技术经验交流会

冶金部安全技术情报网于7月22日至26日在吉林炭素厂召开了沥青烟气净化技术经验交流会。参加会议的有冶金工厂、设计及科研单位的代表65名。会议交流了冶金系统近年来在沥青烟气净化技术方面所取得的经验。上海炭素厂、吉林炭素厂等单位先后采用了同心圆电捕焦油器,捕烟效率达90％左右,同时在电捕焦油器的制作、安装、调试及维护等方面也积     

误将兆帕当千克 容器爆炸人伤亡

太钢福利金属结构厂在煤气厂电捕焦油器工地,对电捕焦油器进行严密性打压试验时,由于不懂兆帕和千克的关系(注:1 兆帕约为10千克力/厘米2,误将兆帕表当千克表,一再盲目打压,致使整个容器爆炸,造成一死四伤的重大事故。 1988年5月11日15时30分许,太钢煤气厂电捕焦油器工地,一声轰响,直径5.8米、面积26.6平方米的除尘器顶盖象一只巨大的飞碟冲上天空,飞越80多米落在煤气厂凉水池西边。其他构件在100米之内远近不同飞出数十块。正在分一个除尘器内工作的福利金属结构厂24岁的四级焊工白和平当即被炸倒,抢救无效死亡。这次事故还有一人重伤,三人…     

焦炉煤气含氧量的现状及影响因素的探讨

焦炉煤气中含有氢气、甲烷、一氧化碳和烃类等可燃成分,其在空气中的爆炸极限为5.5％～30％。焦炉煤气在生产、回收、净化过程中,如果空气进入煤气系统,一旦达到爆炸极限,即可形成爆炸性气体,在通过电捕焦油器等易产生火花的设备时,可能导致爆炸事故发生。为保证安全,通常将煤气含氧量作为严格控制的指标。我国现行的《工业企业煤气安全规程》和《焦化安全规程》均规定,焦炉煤气含氧量不得大于1％。如有电捕焦油器,含氧量为0.8％时报警;为1％时,电捕焦油器自动断电,停止运转。 实际生产中,高压氨水无烟装煤技术的应用,尾气引入煤气系统的推行,特别是全负压回收装置的投产,无疑增加了煤气的含氧量。如果严格按照规程操作,势必造成频繁停机。某厂曾因煤气含氧量超限,电捕焦油器一个月停机6次。化工生产中,开、停机时事故率最高;频繁停机,还会严重影响生产的正常进行。根据焦炉煤气在空气中爆炸极限5.5％～30％,和空气的含氧量为21％,简单换算可知,煤气含氧量为14.7～19.9时,遇火花才可能发生爆炸。从国外资料看,美国、西德等国将含氧量限值定为2％。有的单位为减少停机次数,将含氧量限值提高到2％或3％。目前,国内尚未发生因焦炉煤气含氧量超限而爆炸的事故。提高含氧量限值能否确保安全,已引起广泛     

废塑料催化裂解烟气中污染物分析与解决方案

以河南某公司研发的日处理2t废塑料的催化裂解中试装置以例,对催化裂解烟气中污染物进行了监测与分析,认为裂解烟气中主要污染物为氯化氢、氮氧化物、苯并芘、苯及颗粒物,并提出了采用碱吸收+电捕焦油器+活性炭吸附+脉冲袋式收尘的环保解决方案.     

新式电收尘器

日本新近研制了一种新式的高性能电收尘器。经试验鉴定确认,无论是从技术方面还是经济观点来看都是可行的。 一般电收尘都有放电极和集电极,两极间通以高压电。其工作的基本原理是,由于两极间静电力的作用,使通过此间的粉尘被分离而捕集下来。以科托拉尔为代表的电收尘器,都是把放电极相对于集电极静止不动地固定着。日本新研制的电收尘器,是使放电极成弧形回转,在回转的同时捕集粉尘。由于回转的作用,放电电流增加,有利于促进粉尘离子化,使微离子荷电捕集的作用增大,收尘效率提高。此外,静止型的电收尘器,经长期连续运行以后,放电极由于吸…     

几种捕集高比电阻粉尘的电收尘器的机理

详细论述了影响电收尘器收尘效率的主要因素,指出常规电收尘器在捕集高比电阻粉尘时产生反晕现象,从而使收尘效率大大降低,并且提出几种适用于捕集高比电阻粉尘的电除尘结构,对开发新型电收尘器有一定的指导作用。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。