在役钢筋混凝土梁斜截面抗剪可靠度评估方法

在役钢筋混凝土梁斜截面抗剪可靠性是迫切需要研究的问题。本文在分析锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁力学性能研究成果的基础上,建立了在役钢筋混凝土梁抗剪承载力的计算公式;针对在役构件具备实测资料的情况,将抗力和荷载进行随机变量处理,提出了评估在役钢筋混凝土梁斜截面抗剪可靠度的方法,并进行了实例分析和计算。     

考虑爆裂影响的钢筋混凝土梁火灾温度场数值分析

为了描述混凝土高温爆裂对构件热传导过程的影响,结合钢筋混凝土梁火灾试验,考虑爆裂时间和区域的不确定性,建立了火灾下钢筋混凝土梁数值分析模型,分析爆裂深度、爆裂面积比、爆裂位置等爆裂参数对梁跨中截面温度场的影响规律。研究结果表明:当钢筋混凝土梁发生受火爆裂,梁截面的温度显著升高,并随爆裂深度的增大而进一步增强;爆裂面积比对截面温度场影响不显著,当爆裂深度、爆裂位置一定,爆裂面积比增加达到13%左右时,截面温度场基本上不再变化;爆裂深度、爆裂面积比一定,梁跨中爆裂对截面温度场影响最大,但是底部纵筋处温度较顶部纵筋处温度升高较快。     

火灾下钢筋混凝土梁热力学性能数值模拟分析

为了研究火灾下钢筋混凝土(RC)简支梁的热力学性能,建立火灾高温下RC梁的数值分析模型,与火灾试验对比验证模型的有效性;分别对4根完全相同的RC梁进行不同受火试验,研究受火时间、混凝土高温爆裂及钢筋-混凝土黏结高温退化对RC梁截面温度场分布、钢筋应力与滑移量分布、残余抗弯承载力的影响规律。研究结果表明：截面温度梯度随受火时间增长而扩大,底部角筋比其他纵筋升温均快;混凝土爆裂对直接受火面10 mm厚度范围内温度影响较为显著,角筋升温速率随受火时间增长而增大;底部纵筋应力随受火时间增长而下降,中筋的应力高于角筋;钢混界面滑移量随受火时间增长而增大,底部中筋的滑移量小于角筋;残余抗弯承载力随受火时间增长而线性减小;爆裂深度对残余抗弯承载力的影响程度要高于爆裂面积,跨中1/5跨长位置爆裂对残余抗弯承载力影响最大。     

非饱和尾矿砂抗剪强度参数分布与安全影响

为探究非饱和尾矿砂对尾矿库安全状态的影响,首先通过二维非饱和渗流试验和常规直剪试验相结合的方法研究非饱和尾矿砂黏聚力、内摩擦角的空间分布特征;然后利用参数优化方法确定解析模型中的未知参数,并用优化后的模型拟合非饱和渗流试验结果;最后采用数值计算分析非饱和尾矿砂对尾矿坝安全系数的影响。结果表明:非饱和尾矿砂含水率在水平和竖直方向呈指数分布规律;黏聚力随含水率的增加先增后减,内摩擦角随含水率的增加单调递减,抗剪强度参数具有空间分布;引入非饱和尾矿砂后尾矿坝安全系数明显减小,随着非饱和尾矿砂厚度的增加,安全系数缓慢减小。     

SRHSC梁主要设计参数损伤敏感度分析

以型钢高强混凝土(SRHSC)梁为研究对象,结合SRHSC梁受力机理及承载能力的试验研究成果,提出了极限状态下的承载能力是评价梁力学性能的关键指标,将损伤前后梁正截面抗弯承载力之比和斜截面抗剪承载力之比的均值作为自变量,给出了SRHSC梁损伤表征函数,并借助"预定损伤法",揭示了主要设计参数对SRHSC梁损伤演化的影响规律。研究成果将为建立地震激励下SRHSC框架结构楼层损伤模型提供理论和数据支持。     

基于荷载试验的悬挑构件性能鉴定评价

本文以某大型会展中心悬臂混凝土梁构件的荷载试验为例,从试验方案的布设和数据采集系统两方面进行探讨,说明以荷载实验评价悬挑构件的性能具有可行性,同时为大跨悬挑构件的结构性能分析提供参考。     

预应力混凝土桥梁腐蚀后的受力性能分析

结合某铁路大桥预应力钢丝锈断后梁体的受力性能分析,对预应力混凝土桥梁腐蚀后的耐久性评估方法进行了探讨。首先,用静载试验加载方法对腐蚀梁体进行了实桥试验,分别对每孔2片T型梁的跨中挠度、支座压缩量、跨中及L/4截面混凝土应力、内梁预应力钢丝锈断截面处的混凝土应力进行了测试;然后,对受腐蚀预应力混凝土桥梁进行了有限元分析。介绍了正常梁体和腐蚀梁体的有限元模型、有限元网格剖分建立。在预应力梁体的耐久性分析中,应重点考虑预应力筋锈蚀的影响,并给出了预应力筋的简化分析模型。通过对梁体有限元计算结果和试验值的比较,验证了计算模型基本上能准确地反映梁体的受力情况,说明可以采用有限元方法对预应力混凝土桥梁腐蚀后的耐久性进行评估。     

钢筋混凝土叠合梁斜截面承载力数值模拟与影响因素分析

钢筋混凝土叠合梁的斜截面承载力,从理论上定量分析存在着较多困难,但数值模拟分析是一种直接有效的途径。笔者对33根尺寸、配筋相同,叠合参数及混凝土强度不同的无腹筋叠合梁和1根整浇对比梁用ABAQUS进行了非线性有限元数值模拟,并且分析了叠合参数以及混凝土强度对叠合梁斜截面承载力的影响,给出了斜截面承载力的计算公式。该分析结果表明,叠合梁的斜截面承载力是整浇梁的1.00~1.14倍。所获分析结果对于促进叠合梁斜截面理论的深入研究、指导叠合梁在工程中的合理设计以及类似的数值模拟分析均有一定的参考价值。     

集中侧向约束对H型简支钢梁稳定性的研究

通过能量法,运用编制的有限元程序对在跨中设置集中侧向约束,约束分别设置在工字梁上翼缘(受压翼缘)、剪心和上翼缘以下h/4处的H型简支钢梁进行计算分析,计算截面选用德国热轧中翼缘H型钢梁IPE300、IPE400和IPE500,在计算中分别对H型简支钢梁作用上均布荷载和等弯矩,将这两种荷载情况下的H型梁的弹性稳定系数φ_(b1)通过编制的有限元程序计算出来,根据各情况下计算结果对梁稳定情况的影响不同进行研究分析。根据分析得出集中侧向约束设置在截面的剪心上,在等端弯矩荷载作用时,与约束设置在上翼缘(受压翼缘)对梁整体稳定承载力的效果一样,而对于均布荷载情况下则通过取用不同的弯矩等效系数β_b加以考虑。     

预应力RC梁抗火性能试验研究与有限元分析

为了考察预应力钢绞线张拉控制应力和梁的持荷水平两个因素对无粘结预应力混凝土梁抗火性能的影响,基于 ISO834标准升温曲线,对4根无粘结预应力混凝土梁进行恒载升温试验,同时应用ANSYS有限元软件建立无粘结预应力混 凝土梁有限元模型,进行恒载升温过程的有限元数值模拟。结果表明:有限元计算结果与试验结果符合较好;预应力钢 绞线张拉控制应力越大,预应力损失速度越快,梁变形速率越快,耐火性能越差;梁上作用荷载水平越高,跨中挠度越 大,变形速率越快,耐火极限越小。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。