含硫油品储罐自燃影响因素的试验研究

为深入拓展研究含硫油品储罐自燃的影响因素,选择硫腐蚀产物混合物粒径、油污、含水率和硫化亚铁与硫化铁的质量比4个因素进行单因素试验,测定氧化增重率;基于正交试验验证4个因素相互作用的影响程度,采用极差分析和方差分析方法处理试验数据。结果表明:硫腐蚀产物混合物粒径、油污、含水率和硫铁化合物质量比等4个因素是影响其自燃的重要因素,且单因素影响的重要程度依次为硫铁化合物质量比、油污、粒径、含水率;交互作用中较为重要的是硫铁化合物质量比和油污的交互作用以及水分和油污的交互作用,其余交互作用可忽略。     

基于热重分析的硫化亚铁氧化倾向性研究

含硫油品储罐内壁腐蚀产物硫化亚铁在空气中有很高的氧化性,很容易引起储罐火灾爆炸事故.用美国TA公司生产的SDT-Q600同步热分析仪在30～1 000 ℃范围内对硫化亚铁进行热重分析,从物理吸附、化学吸附和化学反应的角度分析了硫化亚铁氧化过程,讨论了粒径和升温速率对硫化亚铁TG曲线的影响.结果表明,硫化亚铁经物理吸附和化学吸附,发生了剧烈的化学反应,并放出大量热;粒径和升温速率对TG曲线有明显的影响,粒径减小,TG曲线向低温方向移动,氧化起始温度和氧化终止温度降低;升温速率增大,TG曲线向高温方向移动,氧化速度减小.     

活性硫化亚铁自燃机理及事故防治研究进展

为进一步完善和深入对活性硫化亚铁自燃机理及事故防治技术的研究,在充分调研国内外相关文献的基础上,结合活性硫化亚铁自燃导致的几起典型事故案例,详细论述了活性硫化亚铁的产成机理、自燃机理和自燃危害防治的研究现状,提出了当前研究中存在的关键问题和不足,并对今后的研究方向做出展望。研究表明:传统的热分析技术对活性硫化亚铁样品的自燃实验研究具有较多局限性,在自燃反应热化学实验研究基础上,结合X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)表征和基于量子化学的分子模拟技术,对活性硫化亚铁在团簇和表面结构水平展开自燃机理和危害治理研究,才能从微观结构全面而准确地进行理论研究并指导实践应用研究。     

硫化亚铁引发储油罐火灾危险性的研究

笔者通过模拟储油罐中硫化亚铁的生成方式 ,分析和研究了硫化氢气体与氢氧化铁、三氧化二铁和四氧化三铁反应 ,生成的硫化亚铁的氧化倾向性 ,并采用自然氧化绝热装置 ,测定了硫化亚铁的温度变化曲线。实验研究结果表明 ,不同方式生成的硫化亚铁 ,其氧化性不同 ,自燃性也不同 ,均有较显著差异。硫化亚铁的温度变化曲线表明 ,氧化反应随着时间增加 ,其他应进行得越来越快 ,将会造成热量的聚集 ,使油品温度快速上升 ,导致油品自燃和储罐发生着火爆炸。实验研究证明 ,硫化亚铁氧化反应放出热量是构成油罐着火危险性的最大因素。     

含硫油品储罐自燃着火原因的研究

简述了储罐中硫化亚铁形成的过程和硫化亚铁引发储罐自燃的机理,并模拟储罐中硫化亚铁的形成过程,对其进行氧化实验,证明储罐腐蚀产物一硫化亚铁氧化放热是引发储罐着火的原因之一。     

含硫油品储罐腐蚀产物自燃性的热重分析

含硫油品储罐低温湿H2S腐蚀产物FeS的氧化自燃是引起储罐火灾爆炸事故的主要原因.运用SDT-Q600型同步热分析仪对FeS从室温到1 000 ℃的氧化过程进行了实验研究,用不同的动力学模型对热重实验数据进行了相关性分析处理,计算了不同粒径FeS的活化能.结果表明,FeS的氧化自燃过程符合一级反应动力学机制,活化能可以作为衡量FeS氧化自燃性能的一个指标.FeS样品粒径大小对其氧化自燃性有明显影响,随着FeS粒径的减小,TG曲线上氧化起始温度和氧化终止温度降低,其活化能减小.     

防爆起重机

在充有爆炸性混合物的 车间或厂区,必须使用防爆 起重机,绝对禁止使用一般 用途起重机。这是因为一般 用途的起重机没有防爆措 施,电气设备经常产生火花、电弧或危险温度,引起爆炸性混合物爆炸和自燃。 爆炸性混合物的传爆级别和自然温度组别 爆炸性混合物一般是指可燃性气体、蒸汽与空气形成的混合物、当其达到爆炸极限或自然温度,又恰遇出现的火花、电弧或自燃温度时,就会引起爆炸和燃烧。 爆炸性混合物举例见表l。 表1中的级别是根据爆炸性混合物在标准试验条件下,按传爆能力分为1、2、3、4四个级别。1级最不容易传爆,3级比l、2级容易传…     

煤氧化阻化过程中的热特性研究

化学阻燃剂通过化学作用破坏或降低煤分子中活化能较低易被氧化的活性基团,使煤自燃链式反应中断难以达到自燃。为研究煤氧化阻化过程中的热特性变化,通过煤的热重实验,从微观角度研究了次磷酸盐在煤自燃氧化过程中对其表面官能团的影响,分析了阻化剂添加前后的热特性曲线和特征温度,研究了不同升温速率及不同粒径下阻化煤样的热特性变化规律。结果显示:随升温速率的增大和煤样粒径的减小,热特性曲线及特征温度均出现向后推移,特征温度出现不同程度的升高。     

粒径对褐煤自燃阶段临界温度影响的试验研究

为研究褐煤在堆积状态下的自然发火特性,开展实验室试验,基于Frank-Kamenetskii理论,采用开放式恒温加热方法,将6种不同粒径的褐煤煤样分别放入5、10和15 cm等尺寸的立方体网篮,组成18个自然堆积状态的煤堆,并置于不同的恒温条件下,研究煤堆的升温过程,探讨粒径对煤氧化过程中自燃阶段临界温度的影响。结果表明:煤堆的升温过程可分为初始升温、缓慢升温、快速升温和自燃(或温度回落)4个阶段;在煤堆体积相同时,煤样粒径的减小会使自燃阶段临界温度降低,随着煤堆体积的增大,粒径影响逐渐减弱直至可被忽略。     

硫铁矿石热自燃机理研究及其探讨

硫铁矿石自燃是矿山开采中面临的重大灾害之一。矿石自燃不仅会造成巨大的资源浪费和经济损失,还将引发一系列的安全与环境问题。通过研究硫铁矿石自燃的化学热力学机理,掌握了导致硫铁矿自燃的主要原因。利用DSC曲线对硫铁矿自燃过程的氧化特性进行研究,通过对比不同粒径的热流曲线及特征温度点的变化趋势,分析硫铁矿自燃特性的变化规律。应用热分析动力学方法计算了硫铁矿的活化能,比较不同粒径下矿样的活化能大小,为判断其自燃可能性和自燃特性研究提供依据。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。