新型高聚物煤自燃阻化剂的试验研究

煤堆自然发火是一个严重的经济和安全问题,是重大灾害之一.目前有许多采用阻化剂防止煤炭自燃的技术,但普遍存在阻化效果不稳定、寿命短等不足.本文选用合适的高聚物分子作为阻化剂,并以水玻璃、CaO、表面活性剂等为添加剂.进行双氧水氧化升温试验、程序升温氧化试验和阻化性试验,结果表明,这种新型阻化剂阻化效果良好,阻化率达90%以上.高聚物分子通过物理吸附、机械结合、化学吸附等作用使煤粒相互粘结,最后能在煤堆表面形成一定厚度和一定强度的固化层,覆盖在煤表面,阻缓氧气进入煤体,提高了对煤炭的阻化效果.这种阻化剂无毒无害、使用方便,具有良好的应用前景.     

新型高聚物阻化剂的阻化效果研究

煤炭自燃会造成资源的浪费和环境污染,是重大灾害之一.采用阻化剂防止煤炭自燃是目前应用最多的技术,但普遍存在阻化效果不稳定、寿命短等不足之处.结合选择阻化剂的基本理论,选择合适的高聚物分子作为阻化剂,并以水玻璃、表面活性剂等为添加剂.通过程序升温氧化实验、阻化性实验和堵漏风性能实验等多方面验证:在煤体表面喷洒这种新型的阻化剂能使煤粒相互粘结,最后能在煤层表面形成一定厚度和一定强度的固化层,覆盖在煤表面,阻缓氧气进入煤体,提高了对煤炭的阻化效果,并且在高温条件下性能稳定,不会发生氧化.     

氯盐阻化剂对煤自燃极限参数影响的试验研究

阻化技术是防治煤自燃的常用技术之一,研究阻化剂对煤自燃极限参数的影响是确定阻化效果的关键.采用程序升温试验,分析气煤和长焰煤的原煤样和经MgCl2、KCl、CaCl2、NaCl 4种阻化剂处理后的煤样耗氧速率和放热强度,并计算自燃极限参数和阻化率.结果表明:氯盐阻化剂可降低煤自燃低温阶段的煤耗氧速率和放热强度;4种阻化剂中对气煤煤样的平均阻化率最高是MgCl2 (63.6％),对长焰煤则是CaCl2 (45.9％),平均阻化率与自燃极限参数变化率呈正相关;气煤经MgCl2处理后自燃极限参数变化率最大,长焰煤经CaCl2阻化处理后的自燃极限参数变化率最大,对于气煤4种阻化剂阻化能力由大到小为MgCl2 KCl、CaCl2、NaCl,对长焰煤则为CaCl2、MgCl2、KCl、NaCl;氯盐阻化剂中MgCl2对气煤自燃极限参数影响最大,阻化效果好,而对长焰煤则为CaCl2.     

氧化煤阻化性能的FTIR研究

氧化煤低温自燃会威胁矿井生产和工人生命安全,因此必须对煤自燃的阻燃效果进行研究.在程序升温-气相色谱实验中得到煤自燃氧化过程的产出物,用CO浓度判断氧化煤自燃程度,再比较阻化剂的阻化能力并计算阻化率;利用FTIR绘制特征吸收峰,从微观结构研究阻化机理.实验结果表明:煤自燃的阻燃效果受阻化剂种类和浓度的影响,磷酸三钠阻化...     

聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液复合阻化剂阻燃煤的试验研究

为探究高分子材料复合阻化剂的阻化性能,制备聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液,分别与氯化镁(Mg Cl2)、抗坏血酸、镁铝层状双氢氧化物(Mg/Al-LDHs)复配,制成3种乳液复合阻化剂,并以清水和MgCl2水溶液作为对比阻化剂,分别处理煤样;采用程序升温氧化试验装置对煤样完成程序升温氧化试验,对比分析乳液复合阻化剂与对比阻化剂的阻化效果。结果表明:MgCl2乳液复合阻化剂的阻化效果优于Mg Cl2水溶液阻化剂;乳液复合阻化剂处理后的煤样,阻化率和活化能都有所提高;Mg/Al-LDHs乳液阻化效果最优。     

DDS系列煤炭自燃阻化剂实验研究

为寻找高效阻化剂以防止煤炭自热引燃，在控温炉中对ＤＤＳ系列煤自燃阻化剂的阻化效果进行了实验研究，并与经前的阻化剂做了比较。实验采用烟煤作为试样，借助于著名的Ｆｒａｎｋ－Ｋａｍｅｎｅｔｓｋｉｉ模型，利用４，６，８和１０厘米立方体阻化煤磁地６０－２２０℃温度范围估测其氧化反应的活化能。     

硫化矿石自燃阻化剂优选试验研究

为防治硫化矿自燃并改善矿区环境质量,得到高效硫化矿自燃阻化剂配方,通过优化组合试验筛选水玻璃(Na2SiO3·9H2O)和高倍吸水剂(聚丙烯酸钠)2种阻化剂基料.室内试验条件下,向冬瓜山铜矿的硫铁精矿矿样中分别添加不同配方的阻化剂,并采用氧化增重法测得各配方的阻化率.结果表明,硫铁精矿的适宜阻化剂为水玻璃.本文得到了对硫铁精矿具有良好阻化效果的阻化剂配方,其研究方法对硫化矿石自燃的防治具有指导意义.     

矸石山自燃阻化剂的阻化机理研究

为了防治矸石山的自燃和改善矿区环境质量,揭示和研究矸石山煤矸石自燃阻化剂的阻化作用机理,寻求高效的煤矸石山自燃阻化剂,通过在煤矸石中添加各类自燃阻化剂,在柱箱中进行空气氧化程序升温实验,并利用气相色谱仪对不同氧化温度下分离出的气体中O2,CO,CO2以及各种烃类组分的含量进行分析,研究其自燃发生、发展的规律,从而为研究矸石山煤矸石的自燃阻化提供理论依据。实验研究表明,带有吸附基团的高聚物和表面活性剂组成的聚合物乳液对煤矸石自燃具有较好的阻化作用。该研究成果对矸石山煤矸石自燃治理具有一定的指导意义。     

吸湿性新型煤堆抑尘阻化剂的实验研究

煤堆自燃和煤堆扬尘会带来很大的灾害,目前主要采用喷洒药剂防止煤堆自燃和扬尘.现有的抑尘阻化剂普遍存在抑尘阻化效果不稳定、寿命短等不足.通过阻化性实验、成膜性实验、抗风吹能力测定实验研制出一种抑尘阻化剂.该抑尘阻化剂具有很好的阻化效果,阻化率能达到90%以上,通过抗风吹能力测定实验可知,喷洒该抑尘阻化剂后,煤粒能抵御20 m/s的风吹,抑尘效果好.该抑尘阻化剂无毒、无害,成本低,材料来源广,具有良好的应用前景.     

正交实验法优选煤炭自燃凝胶阻化剂及其应用

煤炭自燃不仅造成巨大的能源损失，也是重大的灾害，为减少采空区煤炭自燃，研制了新型的凝胶阻化剂。本文选用了合适的阻化剂的基料，通过比较不同促凝剂和基料的成胶时间，最终选用碳酸氢铵作为该凝胶阻化剂的促凝剂。采用正交实验设计的方法，通过对实验结果的正交分析，确定了阻化剂的最终配方。实际应用表明该凝胶阻化剂能有效的防灭火，并且成本低廉。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。