关于我国报废汽车市场发展趋势的初步研究

随着汽车保有量的快速上升,我国报废汽车市场规模正在进入快速增长区间。根据发达国家的经验,报废汽车拆解与回收利用是循环经济产业的重要支柱。未来我国报废汽车市场规模的增长以及相关资源回收利用市场的发展,将会产生许多新的市场机会,也会对我国循环经济产业发展产生较大影响。     

商务部力促报废汽车回收拆解企业升级

为提升报废汽车回收拆解行业的环保、资源利用水平,商务部发文明确2011年将在10个城市开展报废汽车回收拆解企业升级改造示范工程试点,并对相关示范工程给予最高为项目总投资额50%     

日本《家电再生法》实施状况简介

一、前言家电中的电视机、空调器、电冰箱和洗衣机等大件均属材料密集型高附加值产品,但报废后再生利用较为困难.我国上述家电亦面临报废周期,为贯彻可持续发展方针以推动资源再生利用,国家经贸委在公布的"2002年资源节约综合利用工作要点"中明确提出将"研究建立再生资源回收利用管理体系,组织制定<再生资源回收利用管理条例>、<废旧家电、电脑回收利用管理办法>,研究促进再生资源回收利用的激励政策;开展再生资源回收利用处理一体化示范试点."这是十分及时而明智的决策.     

报废汽车拆解厂建设投资案例的经济效益分析

随着汽车保有量的增加,大量的报废汽车随之产生.为了保护环境和实现产品的再生利用,报废汽车回收产业的发展迫在眉睫.以我国南方某报废汽车拆解厂投资建设项目为案例,根据2万台/年生产纲领规划设计的相关信息,进行投资估算和经济效益分析,其分析结果为相关的报废汽车回收拆解企业投资建设提供参考.     

报废机动车回收管理政策有重大调整“五大总成”可出售给再制造企业

<正>修订后的《报废汽车回收管理办法》强调发挥市场配置资源的决定性作用,允许"五大总成"再制造利用,由市场决定报废机动车回收价格。同时,对报废机动车回收企业管理进行调整,取消报废机动车回收企业的数量控制,对新旧企业、内外资企业标准一致,一视同仁目前,我国汽车保有量达2.4亿辆,按照国际上4%～6%报废比例的平均水平,未来汽车报废规模很大。2019年2月22日,国务院新闻办公室举行国务院政策例行吹风会,     

报废汽车回收拆解行业存在的问题与对策探讨

随着汽车报废量的逐年快速增长,规范地回收拆解报废汽车,是促进资源循环利用和保护生态环境的基本要求,也是推进经济与社会绿色、低碳、循环发展的一项重要工作。面对影响行业持续健康发展的诸多问题,有针对性地提出解决问题的对策,以期引起政府主管部门、行业和社会的高度关注,共同采取有效措施,推动报废汽车回收拆解向着产业化经营、资源化利用和无害化处理的方向快速发展,具有重要的现实意义。     

发达国家汽车用废塑料的再生利用简介

1 各国竞相依法促进报废汽车的再生利用 目前全世界约有各种汽车7.5亿辆,每年约报废汽车5000万辆,除部分经检修后作为二手车廉价出售外,大部分经拆解后再生利用.由于汽车是材料密集型产品,通过再生利用,既可大量回收废钢铁、废有色金属、废橡胶和整修后可用的二手部件,同时又可减少废物填埋用地,故各发达国家对报废汽车的回收利用十分重视.美国主要通过市场机制鼓励汽车制造商兼营报废汽车的再生利用事业,并大力发展二手部件产业在为汽车检修业服务的同时取得较好效益.欧盟和日本则依法推行生产者责任制以充分发挥汽车制造商从设计生产源头上为汽车报废后易拆解回收利用创造条件,从而实现资源的循环利用.     

基于Fuzzy-DEMATEL-ISM的四川省报废汽车回收率影响因素分析

报废汽车回收率对汽车回收拆解利用产业发展至关重要。对四川省报废汽车回收率影响因素做了相关研究,结合四川省报废汽车回收产业发展现状,从经济层面、政策层面、技术层面、思想层面和其他层面5个维度提出了12个影响因素,并收集了专家问卷,借助Fuzzy-DEMATEL法定量分析了各因素的影响程度;结合ISM法分析了报废汽车回收率关键影响因素的层级关系,识别出收车成本、回收利润、车主收入水平、环保意识、法律意识5个直接影响因素,非法回收处罚力度、补贴政策、零部件再利用政策3个本质影响因素。针对影响因素分析结果,提出了相应建议措施,为四川省报废汽车回收率的提升提供参考。     

报废汽车拆解行业回收体系建设难点及对策

报废汽车回收拆解再利用是现代化国家可持续发展的必经之路,"十三五"期间,国家积极推出新政策、新举措支持报废汽车回收拆解行业发展,然而报废汽车拆解回收体系中仍存在较多问题与不足。对现期我国报废汽车拆解行业回收体系现状及其难点进行了探讨,并从政府立法监管强化、回收体系平台完善、生产者责任延伸等不同的角度,提出针对性的发展对策。     

关于《国务院关于修改〈报废汽车回收管理办法〉的决定（征求意见稿）》的说明

一、修改的必要性与主要思路
　　《报废汽车回收管理办法》（以下称现行办法）自2001年6月16日施行以来,对加强报废汽车回收管理、保障道路交通秩序和人民群众生命财产安全、保护环境发挥了积极作用。近年来,我国机动车快速进入家庭消费时代,保有量、报废量大幅增长,报废汽车回收领域面临的各方面环境发生了很大变化,出现一些新的情况和问题。一是报废汽车回收企业资格许可制度需进一步完善,有关许可条件已经不完全符合实际;二是回收拆解过程中,固体废物、废油液等污染环境的情况比较突出,需要进一步加强监管;三是现行办法有关拆解的“五大总成”（发动机、方向机、变速器、前后桥、车架）只能作为废金属强制回炉冶炼的规定,在当时有一定的合理性,但随着汽车保有量、报废量的大幅增长,资源浪费越来越明显,不利于资源循环利用和机动车零部件再制造行业的发展。此外,近年来随着道路交通安全法及实施细则相继出台,商事登记制度改革、价格改革等的进一步深化,现行办法中的部分规定也要相应进行调整。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment

Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV < 30% starch < 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.