11家再生资源行业协会获“全国供销合作社优秀行业协会”称号

在2009年4月2日召开的全国供销合作社行业协会工作会议上,隆重表彰了54家荣获“全国供销合作社优秀行业协会”称号的单位,其中再生资源行业有11家协会获得此荣誉称号,分别是天津市再生资源行业协会、上海废旧物资回收行业协会、江苏省再生资源回收利用协会、江西省再生资源回收利用协会、河南省再生资源行业协会、广西再生资源回收利用协会、海南省再生资源行业协会、重庆市再生资源行业协会、沈阳市再生资源协会、宁波市再生资源行业协会和广州再生资源行业协会。     

石家庄市农村再生资源回收体系建设的现状、存在问题及对策

石家庄市是再生资源回收体系建设试点城市,再生资源回收利用事业扎实推进,成绩显著,但石家庄市广大农村地区再生资源回收利用网络建设事业发展缓滞。分析了石家庄市农村再生资源回收体系建设的现状和存在的问题,对如何有效地推进农村再生资源回收利用事业发展,更好地促进农村生态文明和社会主义新农村建设提出建议和对策。     

浅议宣传培训在推动农村再生资源回收利用中的作用

介绍我国开展农村再生资源回收利用的背景,以及宣传培训在推动农村再生资源回收利用中的重要作用。阐述农村再生资源回收利用宣传培训的内容和方式,以及培养再生资源回收利用意识的途径。提出应加大宣传培训工作力度,丰富宣传培训内容并采取多样化的形式,推动相关理念和知识的传播,逐渐形成农村再生资源回收利用的长效机制。     

再生资源回收体系建设巡礼——走进南宁

《商务部办公厅关于组织开展再生资源回收体系建设试点工作的通知》（商改字[2006]22号）将南宁市列入全国首批26个再生资源回收体系建设试点城市之一。经南宁市政府批准,由南宁市万拓再生资源有限责任公司承担南宁市再生资源回收体系建设的再生资源集散交易市场和社区回收网点项目,由南宁市西乡塘区政府通过招商引资组建项目公司承担南宁市再生资源回收体系产业园区的建设。     

以超市为依托的再生资源回收模式可行性分析

资源回收体系的建立是再生资源综合利用产业链形成的关键环节,基于我国再生资源回收利用发展现状,提出建立以超市为再生资源回收中心的回收体系的构想,并对这种再生资源回收模式进行可行性分析,为促进中国再生资源回收综合利用的规模化发展提供可参考建议。     

建设有中国特色的再生资源回收利用体系

分析了我国再生资源回收利用工作的现状,借鉴发达国家的先进经验,提出建设我国再生资源回收利用体系的基本框架,以及发展我国再生资源产业的政策建议。指出建设具有中国特色的再生资源回收利用体系是推动再生资源产业成为新的经济增长点的前提和保障。     

欢迎订阅2014年度《再生资源与循环经济》

《再生资源与循环经济》由中华全国供销合作总社主管,中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所、中国再生资源回收利用协会主办。主要宣传再生资源回收利用和循环经济发展相关的方针、政策,介绍国内外再生资源回收、加工利用的先进技术、工艺及设备,以及循环经济、清洁生产、再制造等领域的研究成果和进展。     

成都市再生资源回收体系建设完成验收

近日,根据《市商务局、市财政局关于印发〈成都市2011年度再生资源回收体系建设及运营项目支持资金实施意见〉的通知》精神,成都市商务局组织有关部门和专家成立验收组,完成了对成都市一、二圈层区（县）再生资源回收体系运营综合考评、三圈层县（市）再生资源市场投运、再生资源回收利用基地建设、中心城区再生资源回收企业与网络服务平台协作运营试点共4个再生资源回收体系建设及运营项目的验收工作。项目验收全部合格。这些项目的开展促进了成都市再生资源回收体系建设和运营工作向标准化、连锁化、信息化、规模化发展,推动了再生资源回收电子商务化发展。     

立足资源属性 构建再生资源回收利用标准体系框架

通过对再生资源及其回收利用范围、再生资源回收利用标准体系范围的界定,提出了再生资源回收利用标准体系的基本原则,对再生资源回收利用标准体系的分类方法进行了分析研究并提出建议,在此基础上,提出再生资源回收利用标准体系的总体框架,绘制了总体框架图,为再生资源回收利用标准体系建设奠定了基础。     

再生资源回收体系建设巡礼——走进福州

2006年2月25日,商务部在石家庄召开了再生资源回收体系建设工作会议,制定了再生资源回收体系建设试点工作方案,确定了再生资源回收体系建设第一批试点单位。此后,各地积极推进再生资源回收体系建设工作,取得了很大的进展,积累了一些经验。本刊特开设“再生资源回收体系建设巡礼”专栏,旨在宣传各地回收体系建设取得的成绩,介绍各地的经验以及存在的问题,促进交流和相互学习,争取全社会对回收体系建设工作的理解和支持。     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

Effect of Degree of Substitution of Octenyl Succinate Starch on Enzymatic Degradation

Octenyl succinate starch of degree of substitution (ds) 0.03, 0.07, and 0.11 was synthesized in an aqueous medium. These compounds were then tested for the susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. The multiple-enzyme regime of -amylase, amyloglucosidase, and pullulanase was chosen for the evaluation. This combination of enzymes had been proven to degrade 99.5% of unmodified starch to glucose and hence was chosen for this study. It was found that even small amounts of subsituent caused a considerable decrease in the extent of degradation. The net extent of degradation decreased with increasing ds. Surprisingly, the amount of glucose from all three substituted substrates was quite similar, suggesting the effect small amounts of subtituent had on the enzymatic activity.     

Structure-biodegradation relationships of polymeric materials. 1. Effect of degree of oxidation on biodegradability of carbohydrate polymers

The biodegradability of oxidized starch and inulin has been studied in relation to the degree of periodate oxidation to dialdehyde derivatives, by measuring oxygen consumption and mineralization to carbon dioxide. A higher degree of oxidation of dialdehyde starch and dialdchyde inulin results in a lower rate at which the polymers are biodegraded. It is demonstrated that the biodegradation rate of dialdehyde inulin derivatives decreases more than that of equivalent starch derivatives. The differences in biodegradation behavior between dialdehyde starch and dialdehyde inulin, resulting from comparable modifications, are discussed in terms of conformational structure.     

鼓泡式反应器高径比对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响

以N2和CO2混合气模拟燃烧烟气,研究了鼓泡反应器的高径比以及反应条件对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同高径比的条件下,CO2吸收率随氨水质量分数的增加、反应温度的升高而逐渐增大,随进气CO2体积分数和模拟烟气流量的增加而逐渐减小;CO2吸收率随高径比的增加而增大,在高径比为3.98、氨水质量分数为28%、进气CO2体积分数为10%、模拟烟气流量为1.0L/min、反应温度为40℃的条件下,CO2吸收率最高可达100%。