南方某城市地表水体中粪源性污染指示微生物的分布特征研究

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,研究城市地表水体的粪源性微生物污染特征,开展人体健康风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的水质监测和风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市的5个典型地表水体为案例,监测总大肠菌（TC）、粪大肠菌（FC）、大肠埃希氏菌（EC）和肠球菌（ENT）这4种粪源性污染指示微生物以及常规理化水质指标,研究指示微生物在城市地表水体中的浓度水平、时间和空间分布特征以及不同水质指标之间的相关性.结果表明,案例水体中TC和FC通常在10^3～10^7个.L^-1,EC和ENT通常分别低于200个·L^-1和105个·L^-1;4种指示微生物的浓度分布呈现季节变化特征,并且能够指示水体受到周边环境的污染状况;4种指示微生物指标之间以及微生物指标与常规理化水质指标（如溶解氧等）之间具有一定的相关性.     

城市地表水中肠道病原微生物与粪便污染指示菌的关系研究

本研究选择肠道病毒、伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌作为城市水体中典型的肠道病原微生物,分别建立起相应的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法.对水源水、景观娱乐用水以及城市河流样品进行长期监测,考察典型肠道病原微生物的分布特征和变化规律.肠道病毒在各地表水体中都有检出,浓度大都在103copy·L-1以下.大肠埃希氏菌的含量在保护良好的水体和接纳城市污水的水体中有明显差别,而伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌通常出现在受粪便污染较重的水体中.统计学的分析结果显示各种水体中的肠道病原微生物检出浓度均符合对数正态分布规律.粪便污染指示菌与肠道病毒之间不存在显著的相关性,但却能在一定程度上反映典型肠道病原菌的存在情况.在大肠菌群或粪大肠菌群浓度为104CFU·L-1以上的样品中,伤寒沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌具有较高的阳性率.     

再生水补给型景观水体微生物健康风险评价——以圆明园为例

再生水作为景观水体的非常规补给水源被全球各个国家广泛使用,而其内病原微生物的存在可能会通过不同传输途径对人体健康产生一定的威胁.因此,本文以粪大肠菌群（Fecal Coliform,FC）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,EC）、肠球菌（Enterococcus,ENT）为研究对象,系统调查了圆明园景观水体中这3种指示微生物的污染特征,并运用定量微生物风险评价模型（Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment,QMRA）量化了其对人体健康造成的潜在风险.研究结果显示,沿着园区内水体的流动方向,3种指示菌的浓度与入水时相比均出现了明显的增长,其中ENT和FC浓度最高值分别达到了入水时的14.3倍和17.6倍,增长情况最为明显.采用不同剂量-A反应方程表征的FC、EC、ENT单次暴露的健康风险值皆低于1.7×10^-2,处于风险可接受的范围;在年健康风险方面,职业人群的年健康风险远高于非职业人群;经过人工湿地工程的生态修复区域能够显著削减指示微生物浓度,同时在一定程度上降低病原微生物带来的健康风险,因此扩大生态修复范围可以进一步降低风险.     

产气荚膜梭菌是河流水质检测可靠的指示菌

检验水体受人体排泄物污染常用的指示菌为粪大肠菌群和粪链球菌。但近来发现以粪大肠菌群来检测水体存在几个问题:①经粪大肠菌群测定是安全的水体往往会发现人肠道病毒等一类抗性较强的病原微生物。②粪大肠菌群在某些条件下可在某些水体中增殖。③该群中的某些菌,如肺炎克氏杆菌在粪便中并不存在。④粪大肠菌群对氯的抵抗力较差,在天然水体中不稳定。     

基于现代分子生物学法追溯水体中粪便污染源

研究表明不同生物体粪便中含有已知或未知的病原微生物,所以动物体粪便的排放会携带这些病原微生物到自然水体中,严重污染了水体环境甚至危害人体健康。如何快速、准确鉴定出水体受到的粪便污染来源对进一步研究水体中可能存在的病原微生物至关重要,这也成为目前科学研究的热点。传统的通过监测粪便指示菌的方法指示污染不仅耗时费力,最重要的是它并不能区别出粪便污染的来源。微生物溯源技术(microbial source tracking,MST)的逐渐发展弥补了传统方法的不足,尤其是利用宿主特异性DNA标记物来指示污染源的方法已经取得了突破性进展,并具有高效、快速的特点。该文主要是针对微生物溯源技术的介绍以及如何利用现代分子生物学技术快速追溯水体中粪便污染源的概述。     

中国地表水重金属污染的进展研究

为了解中国地表水重金属污染现状,并为水体重金属的治理提供一定依据,通过对地表水体重金属来源、中国各地区地表水重金属污染状况、水体重金属污染防治现状、风险及趋势分析和防治对策这五个方面进行综述.道路雨水径流的无处理排放易造成地表水体重金属的污染;中国许多地区的河流、湖泊等水体都存在重金属污染现象,不同地区污染来源不同,外源污染物输入是重要因素;致癌物镉、铬和砷对人体的健康风险要远远大于非致癌物.     

长江三峡库区蓄水后水质状况分析

2003年5—6月和10月对三峡库区蓄水后的水污染状况进行了监测分析.结果显示,蓄水后库区以Ⅲ类水质为主.若考虑粪大肠菌群指标,总体水质以Ⅳ类和劣Ⅴ类为主.三峡库区重金属含量符合《渔业水质标准》(GB11607-89)与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求.但各监测断面Pb含量较高,两期采样Hg含量均超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准.三峡库区共检出19种挥发性有机污染物,其中国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)控制的特定化学物质5种,分别为1,2-二氯乙烷,1,1,2-三氯乙烷,1,4-二氯苯,1,2-二氯苯,六氯丁二烯,但均不超标.挥发性有机污染物以卤代烃为主,苯系物较少.与国内其他水体相比,三峡库区水体受到挥发性有机物的污染较轻.      

浅谈我国海洋环境中人类肠病毒的污染监管

介水传染病是当今世界主要环境问题之一,其中人类肠病毒通过污染水体导致人类感染的胃肠道等疾病是主要传染病之一。本文以人类肠病毒经过污水处理厂排放为起点,分析其进入海洋环境后通过海水或海产品等途径给人体健康带来的风险;综述了国内外关于海洋环境中病原微生物的监测与评价技术体系的最新进展,指出目前我国海洋环境微生物监测指标和评价方法还不能满足指示人类肠病毒污染的问题。基于此,本文提出为更好地保护公众健康,我国迫切需要制定切实可行的海洋环境中人类肠病毒的风险监管措施,包括构建科学的海洋环境中人类肠病毒监测技术体系,构建全国相关的监测网络体系,构建海洋环境中人类肠病毒风险评价和预警体系,制定加强我国海洋环境中人类肠病毒的污染监管办法等。     

再生水补给型城市景观水体中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征——以圆明园为例

由于抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)对环境和人类健康存在潜在威胁而逐渐受到人们的重视,高人口密度城市中典型景观水体是ARGs储存库和传播媒介.本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了圆明园不同点位的ARGs污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:园区中ARGs的绝对丰度范围在n.d.(未检出)～1.08×10~9copies·L~(-1)之间;园区进水口目标ARGs的丰度低于末端,表明封闭的水体可能为ARGs的积累提供了理想培养基.在所检测基因中,磺胺类ARGs占主导,ARGs的绝对丰度依次为:sulIIsulImefAtetQtetMermB.磺胺类ARGs与指示微生物粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌间存在显著相关性,表明指示微生物在ARGs的传播中可能起着关键作用.     

污水再生利用微生物控制标准及其制定方法探讨

污水再生利用的关键是水质安全保障和风险控制.微生物风险是再生水安全利用过程中需要优先控制的重要问题.本文系统探讨了我国现行污水再生利用标准中的病原微生物控制要求,分析了基于病原微生物指示指标浓度控制的必要性与不足,提出了引入微生物去除能力保障控制的必要性,并详细介绍了其制定方法与保障措施.今后,需进一步深入探讨基于浓度控制与保障能力控制相结合的污水再生利用微生物控制方法,以期为我国再生水安全利用提供技术支撑.     

Mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from point and non-point sources in an urban area

This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area.Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer,a combined sewer overflow,the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant,and an urban river.Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in sediment of an urban river were also measured.Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewage,estimated by assuming first order kinetics at 20°C were 0.197 day -1 ,0.234 day -1 ,0.258 day -1 and 0.276 day -1 for total coliform,fecal coliform,Escherichia coli,and fecal streptococci,respectively.Effects of temperature,sunlight irradiation and settlement on the mortality rate were measured.Results of this research can be used as input data for water quality modeling or can be used as design factors for treatment facilities.     

Occurrence of Viruses and Protozoa in Drinking Water Sources of Japan and Their Relationship to Indicator Microorganisms

A nationwide survey of viruses, protozoa, and indicator microorganisms in drinking water sources of Japan was conducted. Among 64 surface water samples collected from 16 drinking water treatment plants, 51 (80?%) samples were positive for at least one of the 11 pathogen types tested, including noroviruses of genogroups I (positive rate, 13?%) and II (2?%), human sapoviruses (5?%), human adenoviruses of serotypes 40 and 41 (39?%), Cryptosporidium oocysts (41?%), and Giardia cysts (36?%). Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and F-specific coliphages were detected in 63 (98?%), 33 (52?%), and 17 (27?%) samples, respectively, and E. coli was judged to be the most suitable indicator of pathogen contamination of drinking water sources. Genogroup-specific real-time PCR for F-specific coliphages revealed the presence of F-specific RNA coliphages of animal genogroup I and human genogroups II and III in 13 (41?%), 12 (39?%), and 1 (3?%), respectively, of 31 plaques isolated.     

再生水回用的标准比较与技术经济分析

近年来随着全球性水资源危机的加剧,再生水作为一种潜在的水资源得到了越来越广泛的关注,再生水回用的研究与应用也不断深入.因此,本文通过文献调研,系统总结了我国与美国、欧盟、日本和澳大利亚的再生水标准体系与处理工艺,重点比较和分析了我国再生水标准体系中存在的问题与不足,并提出相关建议,以期对我国再生水回用提供借鉴.     

厄立特里亚科卡矿区水质量评价及水污染特征研究

在2008年-2010年分别对厄立特里亚Zara矿区11个地下水和6个地表水(雨季采样)采样点进行抽样检测,运用世界卫生组织饮用水标准对26个水质指标进行单因子评价.结果表明,该地区水质因受地层矿物溶滤成分的影响不适合直接饮用.地下水中重金属超标严重,硫酸盐、溴酸盐和总磷也高于饮用水的最大允许水平(MPL).各指标在空间分布上差异较大,距矿区较远的监测点水质相对较好.地表水中仅总Fe和总Al含量超标,优于地下水水质,最大超标倍数分别为12.9倍和18.8倍.     

Bioassay: A useful tool for evaluating reclaimed water safety

Wastewater reclamation and reuse has been proved to be an effective way to relieve the fresh water crisis. However, toxic contaminants remaining in reclaimed water could lead to potential risk for reuse, and the conventional water quality standards have difficulty guaranteeing the safety of reclaimed water. Bioassays can vividly reflect the integrated biological effects of multiple toxic substances in water as a whole, and could be a powerful tool for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water. Therefore, in this study, the advantages and disadvantages of using bioassays for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water were compared with those of conventional water quality standards. Although bioassays have been widely used to describe the toxic effects of reclaimed water and treatment efficiency of reclamation techniques, a single bioassay cannot reflect the complex toxicity of reclaimed water, and a battery of bioassays involving multiple biological effects or in vitro tests with specific toxicity mechanisms would be recommended. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the safety of reclaimed water based on bioassay results, various methods including potential toxicology, the toxicity unit classification system, and a potential eco-toxic effects probe are summarized as well. Especially, some integrated ranking methods based on a bioassay battery involving multiple toxicity effects are recommended as useful tools for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water, which will benefit the promotion and guarantee the rapid development of the reclamation and reuse of wastewater.     

应用生物完整性指数评价我国河流的生态健康

河流生态健康评价是开展流域水生态健康评估和管理的重要技术基础,生物完整性是评估流域生态完整性的重要构成指标.基于生物群落特征参数的多参数指数（MMI）和预测模型的样点物种组成观测值与期望值比值的O/E指数（O,观测值;E,期望值）,是应用最广泛的评价生物完整性的两个重要指数;美国和欧盟等都已建立完善的基于生物完整性指数评价水生态健康的国家和地方规范.本文综述了MMI和O/E指数的基本概念和构建方法,比较了两者的共同点和优缺点;回顾了两者的发展简史和国内外的应用现状,分析了目前我国对MMI和O/E指数研究与应用的现状和不足,并提出了国内未来研究和应用MMI与O/E指数的建议.     

The impact of UV treatment on microbial control and DBPs formation in full-scale drinking water systems in northern China

To manage potential microbial risks and meet increasingly strict drinking water health standards, UV treatment has attracted increasing attention for use in drinking water systems in China. However, the effects of UV treatment on microbial control and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in real municipal drinking water systems are poorly understood. Here, we collected water samples from three real drinking water systems in Beijing and Tianjin to investigate the impacts of UV treatment on microbial control and DBP formation. We employed heterotrophic plate count (HPC), flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative PCR analysis, and high-throughput sequencing to measure microorganisms in the samples. Different trends were observed between HPC and total cell count (measured by FCM), indicating that a single indicator could not reflect the real degree of biological re-growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). A significant increase in the 16S rRNA gene concentration was observed when the UV system was stopped. Besides, the bacterial community composition was similar at the phylum level but differed markedly at the genera level among the three DWDSs. Some chlorine-resistant bacteria, including potential pathogens (e.g., Acinetobacter) showed a high relative abundance when the UV system was turned off. It can be concluded that UV treatment can mitigate microbial re-growth to some extent. Finally, UV treatment had a limited influence on the formation of DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and nitrogenated DBPs. The findings of this study may help to understand the performance of UV treatment in real drinking water systems.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.