华北地区冬小麦干旱评估指标研究

干旱作为一种气象灾害,系以降水缺少并造成减产为特征。用三次多项式对历史产量序列进行处理,求出趋势产量和气象产量,然后对气象产量和降水距平的关系进行了相关分析。结果发现,气象产量与冬小麦全生育期和拔节期的降水距平有着十分密切的关系,尤其是前者。通过统计分析,建立了它们之间的回归方程,并与农业干旱划分标准相结合,确定了两套与轻旱、中旱、重旱和极端干旱相对应的干旱指标,即冬小麦全生育期降水负距平分别为小于15％,15％～35％,35％～55％和大于55％时,出现轻旱、中旱、重旱和极端干旱,产量分别减少小于10％,10％～20％,20％～30％和大于30％;拔节期降水负距平为小于30％,30％～65％和65％～100％时,分别出现轻旱、中旱和重旱,分别减产小于10％．10％～20％和20％～30％。可以看出,拔节期降水缺少对产量的影响,远远不如全生育期的降水影响大,因此评估中应以前者为主,后者为辅,相互配合使用。     

干旱对辽宁省玉米产量影响及风险区划

以辽宁省14个市1967-2006年降水量逐月数据和玉米产量数据为基础,应用滑动直线平均法、相关分析等数理统计方法,结合GIS技术对各地区玉米因旱减产程度及风险大小进行分析。结果表明,不同地区干旱对产量的制约程度不同,据此划分为两类地区:A类地区干旱是玉米产量的主要制约因素,B类地区干旱对玉米产量影响不明显。根据A类地区确定因旱减产指标:当降水负距平分别为20%、20%～40%、40%～60%时对应的玉米减产率分别为5%、5%～11%、11%～17%。综合产量波动、减产强度、抗旱能力三要素进行干旱灾害风险区划,结果显示辽宁省因旱减产风险由西向东逐渐减弱。     

基于可变模糊算法的塔里木河流域干旱风险评价

采用级差加权法确定了4种干旱指标的权重系数,分析了不同干旱指标对干旱的贡献,同时运用可变模糊法评价了塔河流域各县市的干旱等级并分析了塔河流域的干旱时空演变特征。研究结果表明:(1)级差加权法确定的干旱指标权重系数中综合减产成数的权重系数最大,秋季降水距平权重最小。巴州地区的农业生产受春旱影响最大,和田地区夏旱对农业生产影响最大,塔河流域西南部克州地区、阿克苏地区秋旱对农业生产影响大。(2)天山南坡地区各县市轻度干旱、中度干旱发生频率高,巴州地区特大干旱发生频率高,但阿克苏地区重度干旱和特大干旱发生频率低;昆仑山北坡县市干旱程度变化恰好与天山南坡各县市变化相反。     

基于SPEI的豫东地区近50年干旱演变特征

干旱是我国发生最频繁、持续时间最长、波及面积最大的一种自然灾害。基于1961-2010年逐月平均气温和降水数据,应用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量分析了商丘地区月尺度、季尺度和年尺度上的干旱发生频率和发生强度,揭示了该地区干旱发生的时空演变特征及干旱发生的原因。结果表明,SPEI值能够较好地反映商丘地区干旱的时空特征;随着时间尺度的增大,SPEI值波动幅度减小,干旱发生频率降低。近50年商丘地区历年、各季及月尺度均有干旱发生,干旱发生频率总体呈上升趋势,且各地区之间分布不均匀;四季中以冬、春两季干旱发生最为严重,其次为秋季。在干旱发生的年际变化方面,商丘地区在1966年、1968年和2008年发生了大范围的持续干旱。干旱发生强度分布呈现东部较高,中西部较低的特点。欧亚大气环流异常稳定、厄尔尼诺现象和气温的升高对干旱发生的贡献不可忽视。     

基于降水量距平百分率的中国西南和华南地区的冬旱特征

利用我国西南和华南地区131个测站近50a的降水资料和NECP资料,采用线性趋势分析、合成分析、小波分析、功率谱分析等方法,通过季尺度降水距平百分率将冬旱分为无旱、轻旱、中旱、重旱和特重旱5个级别,分析了近50 a我国西南和华南地区各级别干旱的空间分布及时间变化特征。结果表明:在这一区域中,每一个级别的干旱都有从东向西增多的分布趋势;重旱、特重旱集中出现在川西南—云南、广东南部;各级别干旱都无明显的气候趋势,1963年是干旱最重的年份,主要在云南、广东等地,其次是1969年、2009年、1974年,但2010年末期干旱面积增大,强度增强。各级别的干旱具有2~3 a的周期,特重旱年有显著的6 a周期;干旱频率高的地方连旱频率也高,连旱年数增多,分布范围减小。     

2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区干旱及与历史场次干旱对比分析

2009年10月至2010年4月,我国西南地区由于受厄尔尼诺影响,气温偏高、降雨偏少,发生了秋冬春三季连旱,耕地受旱面积占全国同期耕地受旱面积的78%,受灾人口和大牲畜饮水困难头数都达到了近十年来该地区的最高水平.通过对比本次和历史场次干旱发现,西南干旱并非稀遇现象,195l～1990年的40年间该地区曾发生干旱12次...     

基于作物水分亏缺指数的吉林省玉米不同生育时段干旱特征分析

利用吉林省1961-2015年46个气象站的逐日气象数据,结合Penman-Monteith方程,计算玉米生育期逐旬需水量(Et_c)、降水量以及作物水分亏缺指数(CWDI),根据干旱等级指标计算逐旬不同等级干旱频率、平均干旱强度以及干旱风险指数,并分析其空间分布和时间变化特征。结果表明:从玉米生长季水分供需状况看,西部地区整个玉米生长季水分亏缺最严重,玉米易遭受干旱威胁,中部发生干旱的威胁次于西部地区,东部发生干旱的威胁最小。西部地区干旱发生频率最高,其次是中部,东部地区干旱发生频率最低,平均干旱强度和干旱风险指数与此有相同的分布特征。各等级干旱基本上是在玉米生长的前期和后期发生频率较高,而在玉米生长的关键期,发生频率相对较小。除个别情况,各时段基本是轻旱发生频率最高,其次是中旱,而重旱发生频率较低,特旱发生频率最低。代表站各时段水分亏缺指数年际变化基本是中前期呈减少趋势,中后期呈增加趋势。不同时段各等级风险区空间分布也存在差异。     

基于水分盈亏指数的四川省小麦生育期干旱风险评估

利用四川省135个气象台站1961~2014年逐日气象资料和29个农业气象观测站的小麦观测资料,选取水分盈亏指数作为干旱评估指标,分析了54年来四川小麦7大种植区不同生育期的各级干旱时空变化特征及其风险分布情况。结果表明:小麦各生育期发生干旱站均次数以川西南山地最多,其多年平均值达0.9以上,可谓十年九旱。各区干旱站均次数的时间变化趋势不明显。生育阶段以孕穗-抽穗期发生干旱频率较高,其次是拔节-孕穗期,最低的是抽穗-乳熟期。从干旱频率空间分布特征来看,川西南山地是发生轻旱频率最高的地区,川西高原中旱和重旱的发生频率要高于其它各区,盆地各区域中只有盆中和盆西部分区域发生干旱频率相对较高。小麦干旱风险分布情况为川西南山地以及川西高原的南部区域是干旱高风险区,大部分区域可达极重风险,盆地以盆中为干旱风险高发区。     

干旱半干旱地区的干旱指数分析

利用降水距平百分率建立了干旱指数方程，可用于于旱半干旱地区的干旱监测，并对１９８９年北疆的干旱和乌鲁木齐历年的干湿期进行了计算和分析，取得了较好的结果。     

辽西北玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险阈值的确定

以辽宁省西北6个市为研究区,选取玉米为研究对象,将其划分为播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期几个重要的生长阶段,综合气象与气候学、自然地理学、灾害科学、作物生态学和自然灾害风险科学等多学科的理论和方法,在充分考虑影响玉米干旱灾害动态风险的自然因素和人为因素的基础上,利用AHP、加权综合评价法、自然灾害指数法建立了玉米干旱灾害动态风险评价指标体系及模型;通过选取典型干旱案例年,运用最优分割理论在综合考虑玉米产量损失的基础上确定了玉米不同生长阶段的干旱灾害风险阈值,并用于玉米不同生长阶段干旱灾害风险值与玉米因旱减产损失的相关分析中。结果表明:辽西北地区玉米因旱减产损失与苗期干旱灾害风险值相关系数最大,玉米受苗期干旱灾害影响最严重;在灌浆成熟期相关性也较显著,受其影响也较大,这与辽西北地区春旱发生频率最高,伏旱时常发生的事实相符合。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。