Extensive cross-disciplinary analysis of biological and chemical control of Calanus finmarchicus reproduction during an aldehyde forming diatom bloom in mesocosms

Egg and faecal pellet production and egg hatching success of the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus were monitored over a period of 14?days (14?C28 April, 2008) while fed water from 4 differently treated mesocosms and ambient water. Two of the mesocosms used were inoculated with the polyunsaturated aldehyde (PUA)-producing diatom Skeletonema marinoi, while 2 received only nutrient additions with or without silica. The mesocosms developed blooms of S. marinoi, mixed diatoms or the haptophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii, respectively. Faecal pellet production of C. finmarchicus increased with increasing food availability. Egg production increased with time in all mesocosms to a maximum single female production of 232 eggs female^?1?day^?1 (average of 90 eggs female^?1?day^?1) and followed the development of ciliates and P. pouchetii, but was not affected by the observed high (up to 15?nmol?L^?1) PUA production potential of the phytoplankton. The hatching success of the eggs produced on the mesocosm diets was high (78?C96%) and was not affected by either aldehydes in the maternal diet or exposure to the dissolved aldehydes in the water.     

An environment-friendly synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones

4(3H)-Quinazolinones, a class of important heterocycles, are used extensively in various fields. Although there are a number of synthetic approaches, all of them use catalysts, solvents, chemical oxidants, and/or reagents harmful to the environment when released in large quantities. An environment-friendly, catalyst-free, solventless, one-step synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones is presented. The process involves heating of aldehydes and anthranilamides under air as cheap oxidant and as key promoter of reaction. The protocol is suitable for both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. This novel synthetic method may be applied to a wide range of educts, offering high yields at low cost while characterized by minimum environmental impact.     

Comparison of the flower scent of the sexually deceptive orchid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophrys iricolor</Emphasis> and the female sex pheromone of its pollinator <Emphasis Type="Italic">Andrena morio</Emphasis>

Summary. Ophrys flowers mimic the female produced sex pheromone of their pollinator species to attract males for pollination. The males try to copulate with the putative female and thereby pollinate the flower. Using electrophysiological and chemical analyses, floral volatiles released by O. iricolor as well as the female sex pheromone of its pollinator species, Andrena morio are investigated. Overall, 38 peaks comprising 41 chemical compounds, were found to release reactions in the antennae of male A. morio bees. Analyses using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of alkanes and alkenes with 20 to 29 carbon atoms, aldehydes (C9 to C24) and two esters. Almost all of those compounds were found in similar proportions in both, the floral extracts of O. iricolor and cuticle surface extracts of A. morio females. The pattern of biologically active volatiles described here is very similar to that used by other Ophrys species pollinated by Andrena males.     

Metal-free oxidation of aldehydes to acids using the 4Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>·2H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>·NaCl adduct

Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids is a major reaction. Conventionally, this reaction is carried out with oxidants and metal catalysts, thus producing unwanted metal waste. Recently, aqueous media have been used as an alternative for toxic organic solvents. Here, we tested the clathrate-structured, neutral hydrogen peroxide adduct 4Na₂SO₄·2H₂O₂·NaCl for the oxidation of aldehydes to acids in aqueous solution. We found that various aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were selectively oxidized to corresponding acids in 70–98% yields. This simple acid–base treatment allows to separate easily the acid product in high purity without any organic solvent. Moreover, the adduct is produced using 25% H₂O₂, with inexpensive sodium sulphate, Na₂SO₄, and sodium chloride, NaCl. The adduct is a non-toxic white crystalline solid, readily soluble in water, and easy to handle.     

Microbes to clean indoor pollutants

Formaldehyde is a dangerous indoor pollutant which is introduced in house by common objects such as furniture. Effective microorganisms have the very interesting ability to degrade some pollutants. Here, we tested the removal of formaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes using effective microorganisms including yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria. Formaldehyde was quantified by GC–MS of formaldehyde dinitrophenylhydrazone. Other aldehydes were analyzed by GC–MS. Results show that effective microorganisms remove 70–100 % of formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and 4-methylbenzaldehyde in about a week. Experiments on chipboard panels indicate the possibility to decrease the amount of formaldehyde emission by furniture. This is the first report on the removal of formaldehyde by effective microorganisms, to our best knowledge.     

空气和废气中醛酮污染物的气相色谱测定

以２,４－二硝基肼酸性饱和溶液吸收空气和废气中的醛和酮所形成的腙衍生物用毛细管气相色谱分析。本法预处理回收率在９４％以上,最低检测限为０．０５－０．１ｎｇ,可测定空气和车间空气中挥发性和半挥发性醛和酮类污染物。     

茶刺蛾危害后茶树挥发性有机化合物释放变化

为筛选引诱天敌昆虫的化学信息素,以应用其防控茶刺蛾(Iragoides fasciata Moore),研究了茶树[Camelliasinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]被茶刺蛾危害后释放出的挥发性有机物的变化.应用同时萃取蒸馏法收集被茶刺蛾危害和未危害的茶叶的挥发性有机化合物,气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析结果发现,未受害枝叶挥发性有机化合物共有63种组分,主要由酯类、醇类、烃类、酮类、杂环化合物、醛类、有机酸和醚类组成,烃类物质的相对含量占19.05%,而受害枝叶释放出的挥发物中烃类物质的相对含量增加到26.79%,反式-橙花叔醇、雪松醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯甲酸二异丁酯相对含量显著增加,此外,产生了32种新的组分,包括10种酯类、5种醇类、5种烯烃类、4种杂环类、3种芳香烃类、3种烷烃类、1种醛和1种酮.     

大气硫酸酯研究进展

硫酸酯是一类含有-OSO_3H基团的有机化合物。它在大气中普遍存在。异戊二烯、单萜、倍半萜、芳烃、醛等均可通过大气自由基反应或非均相反应生成硫酸酯。本文在充分研读已有文献的基础上,总结探讨硫酸酯的分子结构、形成机制、分析方法以及硫酸酯对气溶胶有机物的贡献。最后,对未来研究的热点方向加以展望。     

Efficient synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones with trans-selective Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction in water

Organic reactions in aqueous media are being developed because water is environmentally benign. The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction is a modified Wittig reaction for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones and other conjugated compounds. Here we prepared high molecular weight ketones by the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction of dimethyl-2-oxopropylphosphonate and various aldehydes in water at room temperature. The product was precipitated during the reaction process and was separated readily by a simple filtration in 90–99 % yield.     

“Good” and “bad” diatoms: development,growth and juvenile mortality of the copepod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Temora longicornis</Emphasis> on diatom diets

We measured development, growth and juvenile mortality of the common copepod Temora longicornis on 11 different monospecific diatom diets in order to estimate (1) how common the negative effects of diatoms are on the development of this copepod and (2) whether the arrested development is connected to deleterious polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) or food nutritional quality. Four diatom species (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira rotula CCMP1647, Leptocylindricus danicus CCPM469 and Skeletonema costatum CCMP1281) supported complete development, whereas development failed in or before metamorphosis on seven diatom species/strains (Chaetoceros affinis CCMP158, C. decipiens CCMP173, C. socialis, T. rotula CCMP1018, Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1010 and CCMP1335). However, four out of these seven species were not ingested by nauplii, either due to morphology (Chaetoceros spp.) or large size (T. pseudonana CCMP1010). The growth rate did not correlate with the ingestion rate of PUA, neither with ingestion of food mineral (nitrogen) nor with biochemical (polyunsaturated fatty acids, sterols) components. We show that, although some diatoms are of inferior food quality, this is unlikely to be connected to toxicity or due to a direct limitation by a single food nutritional compound.     

高炉洗气含氰废水除氰方法研究—气化分离与富集

本文用ＣＯ２气体气体化分离含氰废水中的氰，用乙醛等醛类吸收富集挥发出来的氰化氢而使氰以回收利用。气化分离除氰后，水中残余氰的浓度小于０．５ｐｐｍ。对醛类与ＨＣＮ反应的动力学和热力学性质的研究和吸收试验表明，乙醛等低分子醛能快速和完全地吸收气化分离出的ＨＣＮ，并得到α－羟基腈、羟基酸及其盐等系列产品。     

空气清新剂中挥发性有机物的组成及其对室内空气质量的潜在影响

研究调查了广州市各大型超市销售的14个品牌,15种不同香型,共26个盒装空气清新剂中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的成分.通过顶空GC-MS分析获得的结果可以看出各个空气清新剂的成分组成差别较大,即使是相同香型的产品,其中的化合物种类和百分比浓度都不尽相同.定性出94种化合物,包括烯烃18种,醇类15种,醛类14种,酮类4种,醚类5种,酚类1种,酯类25种及其它化合物12种,其中萜类化合物约占总化合物数量的40%.β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、苧烯、苯乙醇、乙酸苄酯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、伞花烃、1-甲基-4-（1-甲基乙烯基）苯、里拉醇等化合物在各种清新剂中出现频率为100%.空气清新剂中萜类化合物与臭氧反应,可生成二次有机气溶胶,对室内空气质量造成影响.     

鹫峰国家森林公园大气中VOCs的组成与特点

采用TCT-GC/MS方法对鹫峰国家森林公园大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成进行分析,共检测到175种挥发性有机化合物,主要成分包括烷烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、酸类、醛类、酮类和萜烯类等七类,平均相对含量分别为48.11%,15.67%,17.28%,3.13%,3.17%,1.36%和1.45%;活动区中检测到的挥发性有机化合物种类最多,缓冲区次之,非活动区最少,这与每个区中人类活动的频率相一致.同时分析了大气中的VOCs的时空分布特点.     

Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant activities of some indole-2,3-dione derivatives and analogs

In the present study, a series of novel Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized by condensation of imesatin with different aromatic aldehydes. The imesatins were synthesized by reaction of isatin with p-phenylenediamine. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for antioxidant activity by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. In all the methods, the compound 3-(4-(3,4,5-trimethoxy benzylideneamino)phenylimino) indoline-2-one (5d) showed highest antioxidant activity because of the presence of electron donating groups and the compound 3-(4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino)phenylimino) indoline-2-one (5f) showed the least activity because of the presence of an electron withdrawing group.     

Relationships between volatile organic compounds with an emphasis on terpene compounds and genetic matrix in inoculated and non-inoculated winter wheat cultivars

In the present study, we focus on the analysis of the volatile organic compound (VOC) contents in the grain of a representative set of winter wheat cultivars grown in Central Europe. The cultivars were grown in control conditions or were inoculated with the fungus Fusarium culmorum. In the analysed samples, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, aromatics, terpenes and others were found. Among them, results for terpenes seem particularly important. The discriminant analysis allowed complete separation of the quality groups of wheat based on VOCs. Simultaneously, a genetic matrix was created based on the genetic distance between the wheat cultivars and the Mantel test was used to compare it with the VOC matrix. The analysis revealed relationships between the genetic matrix and the overall VOCs, as well as terpenes. The obtained results indicate a significant relationship between microorganisms that exist in the environment, genetic features of plants and VOCs formed in the grain.     

Catalyst-free synthesis of imidazo [1,2-a] pyridines via Groebke multicomponent reaction

Deep eutectic solvents are becoming more popular nowadays since they are green, safe and often save raw materials and energy compared to organic solvent. Due to the importance of environmentally compatible solvent in multicomponent reactions, herein we report an efficient and sustainable catalyst-free synthesis of imidazo [1,2-a] pyridines via Groebke multicomponent reaction in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent. One-pot, three-component reaction of 2-amino pyridine, aromatic aldehydes and cyclohexyl isocyanide in six different choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents in the absence of catalyst were examined. Urea–choline chloride was selected as an efficient solvent for this isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction and afforded the imidazo [1,2-a] pyridines in good yields of 57–87 % and reaction times of 2–6 h. The method has several advantages such as environmentally benign and biodegradable solvent, easy purification processes by a simple filtration and methodological simplicity.     

Role of heavy polar organic compounds for water repellency of sandy soils

Separation and chemical characterisation of specific compounds responsible for soil water repellency has not previously been achieved. Here we describe the extraction, separation and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of organic compounds found in wettable and water repellent sandy soils from the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Fatty acids (C₁₆–C₂₄), amides (C₁₄–C₂₄), alkanes (C₂₅–C₃₃), aldehydes/ketones (C₂₃–C₃₁) and complex ring-containing structures were detected in all samples. We found a greater abundance of high molecular mass polar compounds in the water repellent samples.     

Efficient synthesis of pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives using microwave or solar energy

Pyranopyridine derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds due to their biological activities such as antitumor and antibacterial. However, conventional procedures for their synthesis produce large amounts of toxic by-products. Therefore, there is a need to develop simple, efficient and environmentally benign procedures. Here, a one-pot multicomponent protocol is designed for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-b]pyridone derivatives by reaction of equimolar amounts of 6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-1,2-dihydropyridines, aryl aldehydes and malononitrile, using both microwave heating and solar thermal energy in aqueous EtOH (50%) in the presence of a catalytic amount of K₂CO₃. The products were obtained in 84–90% yields in 10–20 min by microwave heating, and in 90–96% yields in 2–3 h using solar energy.     

Efficient oxidation and epoxidation using a chromium(VI)-based magnetic nanocomposite

The oxidation of alcohols and alkenes to aldehydes, ketones and epoxides is a major reaction in organic synthesis, but is usually hard to perform due to the lack of efficient methods. The use of ultrasounds may improve yield because ultrasonic-assisted reactions are often more efficient than traditional methods. Here, we prepared a hybrid chromium(VI)-based magnetic nanocomposite catalyst by co-precipitation. This catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, solid-state ultraviolet–visible, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer analyses. The catalytic activity was tested by the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, and epoxidation of cyclohexene, using hydrogen peroxide at room temperature under ultrasonic irradiation. Results show conversions ranging from 27 to 100 % according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This is the first report of using magnetic nanocomposites with ultrasonic irradiation for oxidation reactions.     

Semi-closed synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen Co-doped mesoporous carbon for selective aqueous oxidation

Heteroatom-doped meso/micro-porous carbon materials are conventionally produced by harsh carbonization under an inert atmosphere involving specific precursors, hard/soft templates, and heteroatom-containing agents. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of N and O co-doped meso/micro-porous carbon (NOMC) by template-free carbonization of a small-molecule precursor in a semi-closed system. The semi-closed carbonizaiton process yields hydrophilic NOMCs with large surface area in a high yield. The porous structure as well as the elemental composition of NOMCs can be modulated by changing the holding time at a particular temperature. NOMCs as metal-free heterogeneous catalysts can selectively oxidize benzyl alcohol and its derivatives into aldehydes/ketones with>85％conversion in aqueous solution, which is much higher than that of the control sample obtained in tube furnace (21％conversion), mainly due to their high N content, high percentage of pyridinic N, and large surface area. The presence of O-containing moieties also helps to improve the hydrophilicity and dispersion ability of catalysts and thus facilitates the mass transfer process during aqueous oxidation. The NOMC catalysts also dispayed excellent activity for a wide range of substrates with a selectivity of>99％.