Sorption of heavy metals on organic and inorganic soil constituents

Sorption of heavy metals to organic matter and mineral soil constituents can hardly be separated experimentally. Here we studied the retention capacity of organic matter and minerals from soils in a long-term field experiment in which the organic carbon content had been altered, but the mineral phase had remained constant over time. The sorption of Cu, Cd and Zn showed a non-additive contribution of soil organic matter and minerals to the sorption capacity of soil. Sorption on organic matter exceeded mineral sorption from 6 to 13 times. This is the first time that sorption to soil organic matter is quantified in bulk soils.     

添加小分子有机物对污泥重金属生物沥滤的抑制作用

采用向城市污泥添加小分子有机物后进行生物沥滤,探讨了不同小分子有机物(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乙醇、水杨酸、草酸、苯甲酸)对生物沥滤过程污泥中pH值、Eh、Cu含量和Zn含量的影响。结果表明,对于污泥中的pH和Eh,不同有机物对其影响程度在整个沥滤过程中大体上相似,即pH值都呈先升后降的趋势,Eh呈先降后升趋势。对不同类型的重金属来说,不同有机物对其影响程度Cu大于Zn,其中Cu的沥出效果从强到弱依次为:对照>苯甲酸>乙醇>草酸>水杨酸>丙酸>甲酸>丁酸>乙酸,而对Zn的沥出效果在整个沥滤过程中相似。总之,整体规律为:醇类化合物和二羧基酸对污泥中的硫细菌的生物沥滤影响不大,而对于结构相似的单羧基有机酸来说,碳链越短,对生物沥滤的影响越大,分子量较高的芳香族有机酸对于重金属的去除也有明显的抑制作用,影响程度随着羧基数目的增加而加剧,但其抑制作用不及小分子有机酸显著。此外,污泥中营养物质TN、TP和TK的释放也受到一定影响。     

不同改良剂对重金属污染农田水稻产量和重金属吸收的影响

探讨了石灰、过磷酸钙和有机物等改良剂的应用对水稻(oryzasativa)产量和重金属吸收的影响。实验共四种处理:T1,对照;T2,石灰(0.25kg·m-2);T3,石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2);T4,石灰 过磷酸钙 有机物(0.90kg·m-2)。叶面喷施的处理方法研究不多,因此结合在水稻的孕穗期喷施KH2PO4(0.3%)溶液研究喷施途径的处理效果。结果显示,T3处理即石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2),对于降低水稻体内的重金属含量效果最好,与对照相比,米中的Pb、Zn和Cd分别下降了61.8%、14.1%和45.1%,同时也使水稻茎叶中的Pb和Zn分别比对照下降8.1%和4.3%。另外,在水稻的叶面喷施KH2PO4溶液将水稻的产量从0.61kg·m-2提高到0.68kg·m-2,并且这种喷施措施也能有效地降低水稻中的重金属含量。     

Effects of organic matter on the specific adsorption of heavy metals by soil

The adsorption of heavy metals on soil from the Neihu Landfill Site in Taipei City was investigated in order to assess the groundwater pollution problems. The effects of soil organic matter and the behaviors of organic complexing ligands like EDTA and humic acid to the overall adsorption process were studied and discussed. For explaining the results, the pH value of soil system and the properties of the soil/aqueous interface were chosen as two significant and interacted factors for discussion. The concept of the specific adsorption mechanism was also demonstrated and discussed. The results showed that the complexing ligands existing in soil liquid phase have more influences than natural organic matter does. The competitive sequences of different organic matter contents indicated that organic functional sites preferentially bind with Cu and Cd. The presence of EDTA and humic acid which formed ligandlike complexes will reduce Cd adsorption efficiency. These effects will induce mobility and the fate of heavy metals in soils, such as bioavailability.     

表面活性剂对土壤中重金属清洗及有效态的影响

采用两种常用的表面活性剂-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(阴离子型)、Tween-80(非离子型),对锦州铁合金厂周边Zn、Cd及Pb重金属污染土壤进行化学修复试验,研究两种表面活性剂对重金属Zn、Cd及Pb的去除率及化学形态影响.结果表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的提高,两种表面活性剂对Pb、Cd及Zn的去除作用增强,Tween-80溶液的浓度越高,对重金属的萃取效果越好,对重金属的去除能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Pb,最大去除率分别为83.07%、56.78%及42.57%;十二烷基苯磺酸钠在低浓度时对Cd和Pb的去除效果不明显,而对金属Zn的去除效果较好,在0.09 mol.L-1时达到最大值83.86%;与淋溶前土壤中重金属有效态含量相比较,经不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠淋洗后土壤中Cd有效态含量随LAS浓度的升高而先增加后下降,而Pb的有效态含量随十二烷基苯磺酸钠升高而增加;经不同浓度Tween-80淋洗后土壤中Zn及Cd有效态含量都是随Tween-80浓度的升高而先增加后下降,Pb有效态含量随Tween-80升高而下降.     

Combined toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides and heavy metals: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Co-occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides and heavy metals in the environment may produce combined toxic effects that are higher or lower than toxic...     

Assessment of heavy metals in a soil contaminated by oil spill: a case study in Nigeria

Surface and subsurface soil samples contaminated with crude oils were collected from an impacted site at Bodo City in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, after a field reconnaissance survey. An uncontaminated soil sample collected 100 m from the impacted site, but within the same geographical area, was used as a control. Trace elements such as, As, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Ba, Ni, V, Hg and cation-exchange capacity constituents of the contaminated and uncontaminated soils were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Trace element concentrations were: Cu, 0.5–13.4 mg kg^{? 1}; Cr, 0.2–0.8 mg kg^{? 1}; Fe, 6.2–8.7 mg kg^{? 1}; Ba 80.0–108.0 mg kg^{? 1}; Ni, 0.6–4.8 mg kg^{? 1}; and V, 4.0–9.4 mg kg^{? 1}; cation-exchange capacity ranged from 43.6 to 57.2 mg kg^{? 1} in surface and subsurface soils. Results showed that eigenvalues for the two first principal components represent up to 49% of the total variance. A positive correlation of the first principal component with Cu, Cr and cation-exchange capacity shows pollution from oil spillage, while a positive correlation of the second principal component with Cr, Fe, V, and dissolved oxygen (DO) shows both oil pollution and allochthonous inputs.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species of Iran: a review

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in fish tissues is an important factor in monitoring the health and safety of aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, fish are...     

Uncommon heavy metals,metalloids and their plant toxicity: a review

Heavy metals still represent a group of dangerous pollutants, to which close attention is paid. Many heavy metals are essential as important constituents of pigments and enzymes, mainly zinc, nickel and copper. However, all metals, especially cadmium, lead, mercury and copper, are toxic at high concentration because of disrupting enzyme functions, replacing essential metals in pigments or producing reactive oxygen species. The toxicity of less common heavy metals and metalloids, such as thallium, arsenic, chromium, antimony, selenium and bismuth, has been investigated. Here, we review the phytotoxicity of thallium, chromium, antimony, selenium, bismuth, and other rare heavy metals and metalloids such as tellurium, germanium, gallium, scandium, gold, platinum group metals (palladium, platinum and rhodium), technetium, tungsten, uranium, thorium, and rare earth elements yttrium and lanthanum, and the 14 lanthanides cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lutetium, neodymium, promethium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, thulium and ytterbium.     

地统计学在土壤重金属研究中的应用及展望

从采矿学与地质学研究中发展起来的地统计学是应用数理统计学的一个分支。与传统的统计学相比，地统计学可应用于土壤重金属研究中，能探索土壤重金属的空间分布特征及其变异规律。地统计学的基础理论与方法主要包括：区域化变量、半方差函数、克立格空间插值技术。半方差函数可以用来描述研究土壤重金属分布的空间相关性；而克立格插值可以对未采样区土壤重金属的含量进行无偏最优估计。在对地统计学理论进行简要阐述的基础上，回顾了近些年在土壤重金属研究的采样设计、空间结构分析、空间插值等方面的应用，并就其应用前景作了展望。     

柠檬酸对生物炭钝化污染土壤中重金属稳定性的影响

为了研究生物炭(BC)对重金属复合污染土壤的钝化效果以及环境条件变化后钝化产物的稳定性.在受Cd、Pb和Zn污染的土壤中添加不同比例的生物炭进行土培实验,两个月后,添加不同浓度的柠檬酸模拟植物根际环境条件,分析土壤环境条件变化后重金属钝化产物的稳定性.结果表明,与对照组相比,添加生物炭(5%和8%)显著提高了土壤的pH值、阳离子交换容量(CEC)、土壤有机质(SOM),而有效态重金属和重金属毒性浸出浓度均显著降低,且后者低于其国际标准.添加柠檬酸后,土壤pH值随柠檬酸浓度的增加呈现下降趋势;生物炭的添加比例一定时,有效态Cd(DTPA-Cd)和Cd的毒性浸出浓度(TCLP-Cd)随柠檬酸浓度的增加呈现先降低(2 mmol·kg~(-1))后升高(10、20 mmol·kg~(-1))的趋势,而有效铅(DTPA-Pb)和有效态锌(DTPA-Zn)随柠檬酸浓度的增加而上升.柠檬酸浓度一定时,有效态重金属和重金属毒性浸出浓度随生物炭的添加比例的增加而降低,当生物炭的添加比例大于5%时,TCLP-Cd和TCLP-Zn虽有所上升(与无柠檬酸相比),但均低于其国际标准.可见,生物炭可对重金属污染土壤进行有效修复,但随着环境条件的变化,被钝化的重金属会发生解吸和溶解释放,从而增强其生物有效性和环境风险,但当生物炭的添加比例较高时,会一定程度抑制重金属的解吸和溶解释放,Cd和Zn的环境风险仍处于可接受的安全水平.     

杨树、落叶松对土壤重金属的吸收及修复研究

在沈阳生态实验站开展了木本植物对土壤重金属的吸收积累及修复效应的研究,实验结果表明,重金属污染物已影响了杨树(Populus canadensis)的正常生长,Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染处理杨树总生物量比对照下降了26%。Cd、Cu、Zn处理杨树和落叶松重金属吸收量多于对照,杨树叶Cd、根Cu重金属吸收量分别比对照增加了2.09倍、2.2倍。落叶松(Larix koreana)根Cd、Cu、Zn的吸收量比对照分别增加了2.17、1.95和1.42倍。树木体内重金属元素迁移能力的大小分别为Cd>Zn>Cu,重金属吸收系数大小依次为杨树>落叶松,重金属在杨树体内的迁移能力及地上部吸收能力要大于落叶松。土壤一旦遭受重金属污染(Cd、Cu、Zn),通过木本植物杨树、落叶松修复净化的时间相当漫长。     

大冶矿区土壤重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

大冶矿区位于湖北省的东南部,是我国的青铜之乡,长期的采矿和冶炼活动已使该矿区土地生产力和农产品品质严重下降。为了探明相关重金属的污染状况,应用野外调查与采样分析相结合的方法,研究了大冶矿区土壤酶活性和土壤中重金属的累积特性。结果表明:矿区土壤Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As全量的平均值分别是该区土壤背景值的35.1倍、16.0倍、3.0倍、29.8倍、1.1倍。不同样点土壤酶活性存在一定程度的差异。土壤重金属胁迫对土壤酶活性主要表现为抑制作用,其中对土壤重金属响应较敏感的酶为脲酶和过氧化氢酶,这两种酶与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As的全量分别呈显著或极显著的负相关。这些研究结果对于大冶矿区土壤环境质量评价及生态修复有一定的指导意义。     

Stimulation and inhibition of phytoplankton growth by low molecular weight hydrocarbons

Experiments on 4 phylogenetically different phytoplankton exposed in culture to a range of concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene showed a variety of growth responses for marine microalgae. The degree of influence of these aromatic hydrocarbons, all components of fuel oils and crude oils, varied with concentration, compound and species. Stimulation of growth in Dunaliella tertiolecta resulted from low μg/l concentrations of all three compounds, Skeletonema costatum showed no growth enhancement, while Cricosphaera carterae and Amphidinium carterae were intermediate in their reactions. Closed culture vessels were found to be necessary to retain these volatile hydrocarbons. Many of the previous laboratory studies on oil using standard methods — cotton plugs, screw caps or beakers — have overlooked the important influence of the volatile fraction. The species-specific stimulation of low concentrations was further shown in experiments with mixtures of No. 2 fuel oil. The volatile fraction was most biologically reactive, being the source of growth enhancement at low levels and a major growth inhibitor at high concentrations. Thus, a significant environmental effect of oil on marine primary production could be the growth stimulation of particular species by low molecular weight aromatic compounds resulting in an alteration of the natural phytoplankton community structure and its trophic relationships.     

Effects of salinity on the transformation of heavy metals in tropical estuary wetland soil

Tropical estuary wetlands are important for aquaculture and wildlife. However, many of them receive large amounts of anthropogenic heavy metals annually. Here, the transformation of spiked heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the effects of salinity on their transformation in wetland soils after an eight-month-long incubation under moisture-saturation conditions were studied in the Pearl River estuary in China. Cd exhibited high mobility and bioavailability, with 12.2% to 25% Cd existing in the exchangeable fraction. Other heavy metals primarily existed in the reducible and oxidisable forms, and less than 2% were bound to the exchangeable fraction. Compared with the controls, contents of none of the metals associated with residual forms were significantly altered. These results imply that most exchangeable metals, except for Cd, transformed into other stable fractions through an eight-month-long ageing process, but not into the residual fraction. Thus, transformation from non-residual to residual forms was very slow in the tropical estuary wetland environment. Addition of NaCl increased the exchangeable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn, suggesting that increased soil salinity induced by flood tides during the dry season may enhance their mobility.     

土壤胶体对重金属运移行为的影响

累积在表层土壤中的重金属,在一定条件下可以向地下迁移,进而影响地下水水质.由于现有污染物运移预测模型对重金属等污染物在土壤中运移的预测与实际监测结果偏差巨大,土壤胶体对土壤重金属运移的影响越来越受到人们的重视.土壤胶体组成丰富,在土壤环境中广泛存在.土壤胶体能够与重金属等污染物质相结合,对重金属等污染物质的运移产生重要影响.土壤胶体运移和土壤胶体与重金属的相互作用受到水动力、pH、离子强度、胶体粒径、土壤含水率等多种物理化学条件的影响.本文综述了土壤胶体对土壤重金属运移影响的诸多因素,介绍了胶体作用下重金属等污染物在多孔介质中的运移模型,提出了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后需要展开的工作提出了建议.     

A feasibility study on bioelectrokinetics for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil

The combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics, termed bioelectrokinetics, has been studied constantly to enhance the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from soil. The use of the bioleaching process originating from Fe- and/or S-oxidizing bacteria may be a feasible technology for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. In this study, the bioleaching process driven by injection of S-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, was evaluated as a pre-treatment step. The bioleaching process was sequentially integrated with the electrokinetic soil process, and the final removal efficiency of the combined process was compared with those of individual processes. Tailing soil, heavily contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, and As, was collected from an abandoned mine area in Korea. The results of geochemical studies supported that this tailing soil contains the reduced forms of sulfur that can be an energy source for A. thiooxidans. From the result of the combined process, we could conclude that the bioleaching process might be a good pre-treatment step to mobilize heavy metals in tailing soil. Additionally, the electrokinetic process can be an effective technology for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil. For the sake of generalizing the proposed bioelectrokinetic process, however, the site-specific differences in soil should be taken into account in future studies.     

重金属和油处理剂对水稻根系的影响

试验了Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｃｕ等６种重金属及油处理剂对水稻根系的影响，结果表明．水中含Ｎｉ０．００７ｍｇ／１、Ｃｕ０．００５ｍｇ／１时，能阻碍根系的伸长；含Ｚｎ０．５ｍｇ／１以上时。不利于根系的伸长；水中含Ｍｎ２０ｍｇ／１，Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ￣（６－）各５ｍｇ／１时，对根系有明显危害；水中含Ｃｒ￣（２＋）＋Ｃｒ￣（６＋）时，当１种离子浓度保持不变，根系的抑制程度随着另１种离子浓度的增加而增大。水中含油处理剂１０００ｍｇ／１时，能抑制水稻发根。     

有机酸与表面活性剂联合作用对土壤重金属的浸提效果研究

重金属污染土壤的原位淋洗修复既要实现对重金属的高效去除,还要尽量减少对土壤性质的破坏,这一点在农业污染土壤修复中尤为重要。以张士污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,利用振荡浸提技术筛选有机酸和表面活性剂组合,并确定了两者联合淋洗修复污染土壤的最佳配比。结果表明：有机酸（酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸）中的酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol.L-1和表面活性剂（SDBS、鼠李糖和皂素）中的皂素质量分数为0.7%时对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的浸提效果较好;在酒石酸与皂素体积配比为1∶1时,对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn浸提效果最好,浸提率分别为87.62%、36.30%、20.67%;单一有机酸、表面活性剂或者有机酸与表面活性剂的混合溶液,对土壤重金属的浸提效果均为Cd〉Pb〉Zn。虽然有机酸与表面活性剂联合浸提效果略低于酒石酸浸提,但其弱酸性对土壤性质影响较小,在原位淋洗修复工程中有较好的应用前景。     

有机酸与表面活性剂联合作用对土壤重金属的浸提效果研究

重金属污染土壤的原位淋洗修复既要实现对重金属的高效去除,还要尽量减少对土壤性质的破坏,这一点在农业污染土壤修复中尤为重要。以张士污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,利用振荡浸提技术筛选有机酸和表面活性剂组合,并确定了两者联合淋洗修复污染土壤的最佳配比。结果表明:有机酸(酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸)中的酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol.L-1和表面活性剂(SDBS、鼠李糖和皂素)中的皂素质量分数为0.7%时对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的浸提效果较好;在酒石酸与皂素体积配比为1∶1时,对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn浸提效果最好,浸提率分别为87.62%、36.30%、20.67%;单一有机酸、表面活性剂或者有机酸与表面活性剂的混合溶液,对土壤重金属的浸提效果均为Cd>Pb>Zn。虽然有机酸与表面活性剂联合浸提效果略低于酒石酸浸提,但其弱酸性对土壤性质影响较小,在原位淋洗修复工程中有较好的应用前景。