电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定土壤中金属元素含量的不确定度评定

为提高土壤金属元素分析数据质量,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES法)测定土壤中12种金属元素含量,对整个分析过程进行了不确定度评定.结果表明,土壤中金属元素的不确定度主要来源于样品消解、曲线拟合、重复测量及定容稀释过程,结论提出了有效降低不确定度的措施,为提高实验室数据质量及建立相关国家标准提供...     

微波消解/石墨消解-ICP-OES法测定土壤中6种重金属元素含量的研究

采用微波消解、全自动石墨消解两种方法对土壤标准样品进行前处理,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、V 6种金属元素含量进行测定。结果表明:两种消解方法检出限均能满足日常样品分析要求,而微波消解测值稍低。微波消解和全自动石墨消解均能准确测定土壤标准样品中6种金属元素含量,加标回收率分别在90.4%～105.4%和86.9%～104.7%范围内,无明显差异;精密度试验中,微波消解和全自动石墨消解RSD%范围分别为0.1%～4.0%、0.2%～6.6%,前者略优。两种方法各具优势,日常工作中应根据样品量选择适当的消解方法。     

混合酸消解变化对土壤和沉积物中痕量硒分析影响

基于各3种采集环境样本、国家标准物质的土壤和沉积物,以当前环境监测行业常用的3种消解方法,探讨20种混合酸系统条件在消解条件变化中对复杂样本硒元素测定的影响.确定了最佳土壤和沉积物消解的组合为王水系统(盐酸∶硝酸∶氢氟酸∶过氧化氢∶高氯酸=3∶1∶1∶1∶1),各消解法的处理结果部分(n=5):水浴法消解时间仅需0.5...     

石墨炉原子吸收分光法测定土壤和沉积物中镉的方法验证研究

采用盐酸—硝酸—氢氟酸—高氯酸全消解的方法对土壤和沉积物样品进行消解,利用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定样品中的镉含量。通过建立标准曲线、测定检出限、测定实际样品及方法准确度和精密度等方式,验证和探讨了运用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法（GB/T 17141—1997）检测土壤中镉的效果。实验结果表明：各项技术指标的质量控制结果均符合GB/T17141—1997相关规定要求,监测数据科学准确,可广泛用于土壤和沉积物中镉的检测。     

ICP-MS法测定含油固体废物金属元素及两种消解方法比较

比较电热板消解和微波消解两种消解方法对测定含油固体废物金属元素的影响,并通过电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定其中10种金属元素的含量。通过F检验验证两种消解方法的差异,结果表明:电热板消解和微波消解两种消解方法对测定数据准确性无显著影响,但微波消解具有精密度好、耗酸量少、不易引入污染、消解彻底、用时较短等优势。进一步对微波消解体系和ICP-MS分析条件进行优化后发现,采用HNO_3-H_2O_2-HF混合酸体系微波消解含油固体废物样品后以~(103 )Rh作为内标元素,能够有效校正含油固体废物样品基体干扰。元素检出限为0.06～1.8mg/L,相对标准偏差在2.99%～9.63%的范围内,加标回收率在89.4%～113%之间。该方法耗酸量少,灵敏度高,快速准确,能够应用于含油固体废物中金属元素的测定。     

两种土壤消解方法测定汞元素的验证

利用标准样品和某冶金小区土壤样品,对比了2种不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属汞元素的差异。将水浴消解、微波消解2种土壤消解预处理方法进行分析比较,分析2种消解方法的优点和缺点,并对消解样品测定重金属汞元素含量,验证了微波消解法预处理的实际样品值略高于水浴消解法预处理的实际样品值。     

衡山PM_（2.5）中痕量金属元素的分析

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定PM2.5中12种痕量金属元素的方法。对不同消解体系进行了讨论,确定采用HNO3＋H2O2消解体系。方法检出限在0.01～6.4 ng/m3之间,精密度为0.5%～8.9%,加标回收率在69.2%～92.6%之间。应用该方法测定了衡山PM2.5中痕量金属元素的含量,讨论了痕量元素的浓度分布特征,对各元素进行了相关性分析,并应用富集因子法对来源进行了分析。     

钻井废弃泥浆重金属消解酸液配比体系研究

为了研究微波消解配以不同的酸液配比对钻井废泥浆样品重金属测定的影响,采用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、双氧水4种酸以不同加量对废泥浆和标准土壤(GBW07426)进行消解,用原子吸收光谱仪测定了不同消解方法的Cd、Cr、Pb含量,进而建立一种合理的消解方法配合原子吸收光谱仪用于测定废泥浆中的重金属含量。结果表明:消解方法精密度较好,最大相对标准偏差为1.66%,所测标准土壤含量均符合给定值,方法准确可靠,加标回收率在90%¹10%之间,质量控制过关。     

四川省马边磷矿区水环境中典型重金属污染分析

马边磷矿区磷矿资源丰富,区内磷矿开采企业较多。在开采的过程中难免会对当地的河水造成一定的影响。为了进一步了解马边磷矿区的环境影响问题,本文通过对磷矿区采集的水体样品和同一地点的水系沉积物样品进行分析测试,共检测了Cd、As、Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn六种重金属元素的含量,采用潜在生态危害指数法对沉积物中的重金属污染程度进行了综合评价。结果如下:马边磷矿区河水中的重金属元素的浓度较低,6种重金属元素含量均低于国家标准(GB3838-2002)。水系沉积物中的重金属元素含量较高,其中:Cd、Pb、Zn分别为2. 06mg/kg、182. 39mg/kg、479. 13 mg/kg。与四川省土壤元素背景值相比:Cd元素超标25. 7倍,Pb元素超标5. 9倍,Zn元素超标5. 5倍,其余元素未超标。与马边地区1∶20万区域水系沉积物背景值相比:Cd元素超标3. 12倍,Pb元素超标3. 3倍,Zn元素超标2. 5倍,As元素超标1. 6倍,Cu、Cr元素含量在背景值以内。与“中国土壤元素背景值”相比:Cd元素超标29. 4倍,Pb元素超标7. 7倍,Zn元素超标7. 1倍。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明:Cd的生态危害指数最大,其次为Pb和As,其余Cu、Cr、Zn等元素属于轻微生态风险。     

石墨炉消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中重金属

建立了石墨炉消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中8种金属元素的分析方法,并通过仪器工作条件和消解条件的选择,以及质谱干扰和基体干扰的消除对方法进行了优化。结果表明,在建立的试验条件下对土壤进行石墨炉消解,土壤中重金属(锌、镍、铜、钒、铬、铅、镉、锰)的检出限为0.002~0.59μg/g,精密度为1.1%~8.7%,回收率为95.0%~105%。本方法消除干扰强,检出限低,精密度好,准确度高,试剂用量小,适用于大批量土壤样品的分析。     

Evaluation of best management practice products in preventing discharge of metals: a laboratory evaluation

Heavy metal accumulation in soil poses serious environmental and health risks, as metals are carried with eroded soils. In this study, 17 different soil erosion and sediment control products were investigated for their effectiveness in controlling transport of particulate heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd). Among the treatments investigated, wood mulch and tackifiers were found to be the most effective in reducing total suspended solids (TSS) and total heavy metal losses. They reduced TSS to an undetectable level during short-term simulation tests. Paper mulch was the only treatment that had no significant reduction in both total metal loss and TSS. Fiber rolls, silt fences, and gravel bags were effective in reducing sediment loss. Although the netting/blanket treatments were not effective in reducing total metal discharge, they significantly reduced sediment loss compared with the control.     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷和汞

建立了微波消解—原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷和汞的方法。通过对消解体系以及灯电流、载气流量、屏蔽气流量等仪器参数进行优化,确定了最佳实验条件。在优化的实验条件下,采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和汞的检出限分别为0.02μg/L和0.01μg/L,线性范围分别为0～40μg/L和0～4μg/L,两元素的加标回收率在92%～102%之间,相对标准偏差砷为0.9%～3.1%,汞为1.5%～3.4%,完全适用于土壤环境样品的检测。     

土壤中重金属检测样品前处理技术现状分析

土壤中重金属检测样品前处理是一个复杂且关键的步骤,对最终分析结果有重要的影响。文章对目前主要采用湿法消解(盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸、王水/王水回流、反王水)、干灰化法消解与微波消解技术及其现状进行介绍,指出其各自的优势与存在问题,为土壤中重金属检测样品前处理技术的进一步探索研究提供参考。     

Sediment and phosphorus transport in irrigation furrows

Sediment and phosphorus (P) in agricultural runoff can impair water quality in streams, lakes, and rivers. We studied the factors affecting P transfer and transport in irrigated furrows in six freshly tilled fallow fields, 110 to 180 m long with 0.007 to 0.012 m m-1 slopes without the interference of raindrops or sheet flow that occur during natural or simulated rain. The soil on all fields was Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids). Flow rate, sediment concentration, and P concentrations were monitored at four, equally spaced locations in each furrow. Flow rate decreased with distance down the furrow as water infiltrated. Sediment concentration varied with distance and time with no set pattern. Total P concentrations related directly to sediment concentrations (r2=0.75) because typically >90% of the transported P was particulate P, emphasizing the need to control erosion to reduce P loss. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations decreased with time at a specific furrow site but increased with distance down the furrow as contact time with soil and suspended sediment increased. The DRP concentration correlated better with sediment concentration than extractable furrow soil P concentration. However, suspended sediment concentration tended to not affect DRP concentration later in the irrigation (>2 h). These results indicate that the effects of soil P can be overshadowed by differences in flow hydraulics, suspended sediment loads, and non-equilibrium conditions.     

Plant growth and uptake of mineral elements at an oily sludge landfarming site in Kuwait

Oily sludge landfarmed in Kuwait soil contains higher concentrations of certain elements than that of the untreated of, soil, e.g. S, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mo and V. The growth and elemental content of three different plants grown on a sandy soil previously treated with different concentrations of oily sludge were studied. Tested plants differed in their response to landfarmed oily sludge; ryegrass was the least affected followed by oats, then barley. Uptake of elements differed both qualitatively and quantitatively between test plants. In barley, Zn increased in plants cultivated in soil treated with oily sludge, whereas other metal concentrations were reduced or not affected, namely, Cu, Pb, Ni, V. The uptake of P was greater in plants grown on treated soil compared with those on untreated soil, whereas Na, Ca, K, were either reduced or unaffected. In oats, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, V, were not significantly changed. Uptakes of K, Ca, P, and Na in plants from treated soil were higher than that of the control. In ryegrass, heavy metal concentrations were either reduced or remained the same as that of the control. In all cases, concentrations of essential heavy metals and other true elements under investigation were still lower than the levels considered to be sufficient for micronutrients. Thus, the oily sludge was a source of certain micro-nutrients which were deficient in the sandy soil. Further, it appears that uptake and distribution of elements in plant tissues were both highly variable according to the plant, species, and the soil characteristics.     

滇池沉积物重金属污染状况评估

本文通过多年滇池底泥的采样监测数据,采用地积累指数法和对数衰减模型评估滇池的底泥质量状况,希望摸清底泥中重金属污染状况,并分析评价其对水生生物的风险,为底泥疏浚、截污护岸的滇池治理工程提供一定的科学依据。研究表明:以地积累指数法评价,(1)滇池监测断面底泥质量呈现轻度污染,镉出现一定程度富集,汞在个别监测断面也出现富集情况;(2)6种重金属污染排序为镉>汞>铅>铜>铬>砷;(3)从监测断面来看,海口西污染程度较重,滇池南底泥质量较好。采用对数衰减模型评价,(1)滇池监测断面沉积物重金属污染存在潜在生物风险,应引起重视;(2)从产生可以观察到毒性效果的可能性大小看,6种重金属潜在危害可能性排序为砷>铅>铜>铬>镉>汞;(3)从监测断面来看,白鱼口和观音山中潜在危害可能性大。从富集污染程度分析,海口西监测断面的底泥污染最重,可考虑在海口西监测断面附近进行一定的底泥疏浚工程。从而达到治标治本的目的。滇池监测断面沉积物重金属污染存在潜在生物风险,应引起重视,但在可控范围。     

崂山风景区土壤重金属元素环境容量的计算

崂山在青岛土壤重金属的综合污染指数排序中位于第2位，重金属污染问题比较突出。通过计算崂山风景区土壤重金属元素的静态容量和动态容量，对二者进行了比较。重金属元素环境容量的计算，可以为了解土壤承载力，实现污染物容量总量控制等提供科学依据。     

Controls on catchment-scale patterns of phosphorus in soil, streambed sediment, and stream water

Many models of phosphorus (P) transfer at the catchment scale rely on input from generic databases including, amongst others, soil and land use maps. Spatially detailed geochemical data sets have the potential to improve the accuracy of the input parameters of catchment-scale nutrient transfer models. Furthermore, they enable the assessment of the utility of available, generic spatial data sets for the modeling and prediction of soil nutrient status and nutrient transfer at the catchment scale. This study aims to quantify the unique and joint contribution of soil and sediment properties, land cover, and point-source emissions to the spatial variation of P concentrations in soil, streambed sediments, and stream water at the scale of a medium-sized catchment. Soil parent material and soil chemical properties were identified as major factors controlling the catchment-scale spatial variation in soil total P and Olsen P concentrations. Soil type and land cover as derived from the generic spatial database explain 33.7% of the variation in soil total P concentrations and 17.4% of the variation in Olsen P concentrations. Streambed P concentrations are principally related to the major element concentrations in streambed sediment and P delivery from the hillslopes due to sediment erosion. During base flow conditions, the total phosphorus (<0.45 microm) concentrations in stream water are mainly controlled by the concentrations of P and the major elements in the streambed sediment.