空气中总悬浮颗粒物的X射线衍射定性分析研究

以天津市环境监测中心采集的空气中总悬浮颗粒物（ＴＳＰ）膜（９７１０１２号）为样品,使用日本理学Ｄ／ｍａｘＲＡＸ射线衍射仪对其进行化合物定性分析,并介绍样品的采集与制样方法、仪器测试条件。最后通过ＪＣＰＤＳＩＣＤＤ（国际粉末衍射数据中心）标准数据库检索出该样品所含的全部化合物     

滤膜过滤 微波干燥法快速测定水中悬浮物

采用滤膜过滤微波干燥技术,建立了水中悬浮物的快速测定方法。以0.45μm硝酸乙酸纤维素(CN-CA)滤膜为过滤介质,采用变功率连续加热模式,空白湿滤膜在10 min内恒重(900 W/5 min+500 W/5 min),附有悬浮物的湿滤膜在13 min内恒重(900 W/8 min+500 W/5 min)。选择不同质量浓度的高岭土标准样品和不同类别的实际样品进行方法性能测试,结果表明,该方法检出限为5 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.7%~7.1%,相对误差为2.0%~5.0%,采用该方法与采用标准方法《水质悬浮物的测定重量法》(GB 11901—89)测定实际样品的结果吻合。该方法显著缩短了水中悬浮物测定的分析时间,精密度和准确度能够满足分析要求,可用于地表水及一般工业排放废水中悬浮物质量浓度的快速测定。     

利用淡水型发光细菌检测环境样品的生物毒性

1.实验材料和实验方法1.1 菌种:发光细菌Q-30菌株(Vibriospp),由华东师大微生物教研室分离获得.1.2 药品:苯酚及各种化学试剂均采用分析纯级.1.3 样品预处理:1.3.1 污水样品:若浊度很大,则适当静置,取上清液.一般样品不加任何处理.1.3.2 废气样品;以重蒸水抽滤吸收1小时,此吸收液作为废气测试样品.1.3.3 废渣样品:参照《工业固体废物有害特性试验与监测分析方法》中浸出液制备     

烟道测试采样技术的探索

近几年,我院环境监测站在烟道测试采样技术方面进行了一些探索,先后利用SYC-1型烟气测试仪(上海宏伟仪表厂)对多个大小不同、形状各异的烟道进行了测试,在测试过程中遇到有一些采样方面的实际问题。如烟道内径过大,采样探头太短,怎样减少采样点又能获得有代表性的烟气样品等。通过总结采样工作经验,提出了烟道采样技术的改进方法。     

水样发光细菌急性毒性测试的方式与表征

选取不同类型的环境和污染源水样开展了发光细菌毒性测试,针对不同环境管理目标,探讨了急性毒性定量表征方式。发光细菌急性毒性测试在环境应急监测、水源早期生物预警中,采用绘制毒性预警基线图的方式比较可行。在污染源监督监测中,对于发光抑制率低于60%、无法求出EC50的样品,采用等效毒性参照物的质量浓度表征废水的毒性;对于发光抑制率高于60%,采用稀释因子表示样品的毒性更直观可靠。     

自动蒸馏预处理测定水中氰化物

采用DCS系列蒸馏仪研究建立水质氰化物自动蒸馏预处理方法。通过对加热温度和真空压力、吸收速率、加热时间等参数的优选实验,找到该仪器针对水质氰化物的最佳预处理条件,用异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法检测馏出样品。实验结果显示空白实验、检出限与水质氰化物HJ 484—2009标准分析方法一致,实际样品加标回收率95%~104%,精密度2.6%~4.6%,符合环境监测水质分析技术要求。     

含油废水平行样的制备

扼要阐述了应用“超声空化”技术制备含油废水平行样的原理和方法，并通过各因素正交试验，优选出“超声空化”技术制备含油废水平行样品最优条件。     

ASD-ICP-AES联用快速测定土壤中部分重金属

采用样品全自动消解系统(Automated Sample Digestion)对土壤样品进行前处理,采用ICP-AES对土样中的重金属元素一次性测定.通过优化实验,获得土壤中各种重金属的最佳消解条件.结果表明,经优化的消解程序A1能够快速、稳定消解土壤样品,并获得理想测试结果.经检验,ASD-ICP-AES联用的土样测...     

用自制消解液替代进口试剂测定化学需氧量

用美国进口试剂在ＨＡＣＨ仪器上测试ＣＯＤｃｒ,具有准确度高、方法简便、安全、快速、节省试剂、防止有机物挥发等优点,但存在的问题是试剂价格昂贵、样品测试成本很高。为解决这一问题,经过多次试验,自行研制出了消解液试剂、经与进口试剂对比试验,结果令人满意,大大降低了样品测试成本。     

水质分析中随机误差的性质转化与系统影响

本文通过水质分析中空白测试误差与标准系列的测试误差对样品测试结果准确度的影响分析,讨论了随机误差的性质转化问题,推论了其误差对样品测试结果影响的定量关系     

HIA, the next step: Defining models and roles

If HIA is to be an effective instrument for optimising health interests in the policy making process it has to recognise the different contests in which policy is made and the relevance of both technical rationality and political rationality. Policy making may adopt a rational perspective in which there is a systematic and orderly progression from problem formulation to solution or a network perspective in which there are multiple interdependencies, extensive negotiation and compromise, and the steps from problem to formulation are not followed sequentially or in any particular order. Policy problems may be simple with clear causal pathways and responsibilities or complex with unclear causal pathways and disputed responsibilities. Network analysis is required to show which stakeholders are involved, their support for health issues and the degree of consensus.From this analysis three models of HIA emerge. The first is the phases model which is fitted to simple problems and a rational perspective of policymaking. This model involves following structured steps. The second model is the rounds (Echternach) model that is fitted to complex problems and a network perspective of policymaking. This model is dynamic and concentrates on network solutions taking these steps in no particular order. The final model is the “garbage can” model fitted to contexts which combine simple and complex problems. In this model HIA functions as a problem solver and signpost keeping all possible solutions and stakeholders in play and allowing solutions to emerge over time. HIA models should be the beginning rather than the conclusion of discussion the worlds of HIA and policymaking.     

Applying value analysis and fuzzy logic to select areas for installing waste fills

This article discusses a methodology for assessing and rankinga predefined universe of objects to assist in the selectionof suitable areas for the construction of sanitary landfills.The methodology is, in principle, for universal application. Its development was initially based on the `Value Analysis' methodology and then on the `Fuzzy Eigenvector Method', or `Fuzzy Logic' as it is sometimes referred to. The focus of thestudy herein is on the comparative appraisal of a group ofelements which are part of the guidelines to be adopted whendetermining the choice of the most suitable site for a sanitarylandfill. This set of guidelines includes technical, economical,environmental, social and political aspects. As an example of themethodology proposed, four different areas were chosen. They werestudied to determine which is the most appropriate site for thedevelopment of a new solid waste fill site. The results for thesefour areas, together with the functions chosen and functionweights, are presented here.     

WARM: a European model for energy and environmental analysis

This paper describes the structure of a newly developed econometric, imperfectly competitive, general equilibrium model for the medium term study of energy and environmental problems. The geographical coverage of the model regards twelve European countries as well as the European Union as a whole. Compared to existing quantitative E3 (economy-energy-environment) models, the WARM model is characterized by a few novel and relevant features Firstly, in contrast to multicountry interlinked models, it copes with the international dimension by integrating differences from a common European denominator within a unified and homogeneously designed framework. A panel data estimation approach is used to achieve this objective. Secondly, in contrast to the traditional market-based philosophy of many econometric models, it adopts a perspective focused upon economic agents' decisions. Thirdly, in contrast with the practice of modelling technical progress as an exogenous and deterministic phenomenon, it incorporates an explicit attempt of modelling the sources and effects of endogenous technical change. A Kalman filter latent variable approach is the methodology from which statistical information on the dynamics of technical progress can be obtained. Finally, all markets in the model are imperfectly competitive, including the labour market where the wage bargaining process is explicitly modelled and estimated. This last feature is especially important in view of the European unemployment problem.     

Techno-economical efficiency and productivity change of wastewater treatment plants: the role of internal and external factors

Efficiency and productivity are important measures for identifying best practice in businesses and optimising resource-use. This study analyses how these two measures change across the period 2003-2008 for 196 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Spain, by using the benchmarking methods of Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Productivity Index. To identify which variables contribute to the sustainability of the WWTPs, differences in efficiency scores and productivity indices for external factors are also investigated. Our results indicate that both efficiency and productivity decreased over the five years. We verify that the productivity drop is primarily explained by technical change. Furthermore, certain external variables affected WWTP efficiency, including plant size, treatment technology and energy consumption. However, plants with low energy consumption are the only ones which improve their productivity. Finally, the benchmarking analyses proved to be useful as management tools in the wastewater sector, by providing vital information for improving the sustainability of plants.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Integrating adaptation to climate change in regional plans and programmes: The role of strategic environmental assessment

Climate changes exert negative impacts on the global environments and the human beings. They imply more frequent extreme weather events, which are responsible of sea level rise, coastal erosion, flooding, droughts, and desertification. Mitigation and adaptation represent intertwined strategies for counteracting climate changes. Mitigation is associated to the lessening of the causes of climate changes and includes actions reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Adaptation is a proactive concept addressing how humans can adapt and benefit from climate change. The mainstreaming and integration of adaptation to climate change into routine practice can be favored by Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of regional policies, plans and programmes. In this study, we aim at scrutinizing a set of SEA reports of regional plans and programmes adopted in Sardinia (Italy), to investigate if -and to what extent- adaptation to climate change has characterized planning and programming tools. Evidence shows that the integration of adaptation-driven issues into regional planning is still in its infancy but presents the signs of promising expansion.     

光散射法扬尘在线监测质量管理研究与应用

主要阐述了光散射法扬尘在线监测应用于建筑工地、干散货码头堆场、混凝土搅拌站的质量管理和质量评估。为了提高光散射法扬尘在线监测的数据质量,上海市采取扬尘在线监测设备现场质量抽测的模式,通过对在用仪器的监测点位、除湿方式、校准方式、质量浓度转换系数、与标准重量法监测结果的相对误差和相关系数、仪器运行维护水平等影响监测质量和数据有效性的关键指标的检查,开展扬尘监测在用仪器质量评估和仪器商合格评定,稳步提高在用仪器质量,为在线监测质量管理和质量评估提供可借鉴的技术方案和实践经验。     

A critical review of principal traffic noise models: Strategies and implications

The paper presents an exhaustive comparison of principal traffic noise models adopted in recent years in developed nations. The comparison is drawn on the basis of technical attributes including source modelling and sound propagation algorithms. Although the characterization of source in terms of rolling and propulsion noise in conjunction with advanced numerical methods for sound propagation has significantly reduced the uncertainty in traffic noise predictions, the approach followed is quite complex and requires specialized mathematical skills for predictions which is sometimes quite cumbersome for town planners. Also, it is sometimes difficult to follow the best approach when a variety of solutions have been proposed. This paper critically reviews all these aspects pertaining to the recent models developed and adapted in some countries and also discusses the strategies followed and implications of these models.     

美国环境空气监测培训课程设置的经验与启示

详细介绍了美国环境空气监测培训课程设置的方法和结构,分析了其在课程的目标规划、内容设计和指导人员自学方面的主要做法,总结出应从监测人员能力和知识要求角度设定培训目标,以技术性实用性内容为主设计课程环节,将指导支持人员自学摆在更突出位置。借鉴美国经验,文章对探索我国环境空气监测培训的课程设置提出了具体建议。     

A critique of the performance of EIA within the offshore oil and gas sector

The oil and gas sector is a key driver of the offshore economy. Yet, it is also associated with a number of unwanted environmental impacts which potentially threaten the long term economic and environmental viability of marine ecosystems. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can potentially make a significant contribution to the identification and management of adverse impacts through the promotion of evidence based decision making. However, the extent to which EIA has been embraced by key stakeholders is poorly understood. On this basis, this paper provides an initial evaluation of EIA performance within the oil and gas sector. The methodology adopted for the paper consisted of the structured review of 35 Environmental Statements (ESs) along with interviews with regulators, operators, consultants and advisory bodies. The findings reveal a mixed picture of EIA performance with a significant number of ESs falling short of satisfactory quality and a tendency for the process to be driven by compliance rather than best practice.