修饰金电极对甲烷的电催化氧化

采用连续电位扫描法对含有Pd(Ⅱ)离子的溶液进行多次循环电位扫描,将钯沉积到金电极、多壁碳纳米管(WCNTs)-Nafion修饰的金电极上,制备了钯纳米、钯纳米-WCNTs修饰的金电极(Pd/Au、Pd-WCNTs/Au电极),利用循环伏安法、交流阻抗法对修饰电极的电化学特性进行了表征,利用差分脉冲法及计时电流法分别研究了Pd/Au电极、Pd-WCNTs/Au电极、Au电极及Pb电极对甲烷电氧化的催化活性,并研究了电极的稳定性和重现性,结果表明,Pd-WCNTs/Au电极对甲烷具有最高的电催化活性,重现性好、稳定性高。     

Pd/rGO/C电极催化还原硝酸盐

采用化学还原与电沉积方法制备了钯和石墨烯复合膜碳纸(Pd/r GO/C)电极。以制备的Pd/r GO/C电极为阴极,通过电化学还原法处理水中硝酸盐。结果表明,与碳纸(C)、石墨烯修饰碳纸(r GO/C)、钯修饰碳纸(Pd/C)电极相比,Pd/r GO/C电极对于硝酸盐还原具有更高的电催化活性及N2选择性。Pd和r GO具有良好的协同催化还原硝酸盐作用。当外加电压由-0.75 V降至-1.0 V时,Pd/r GO/C电极还原速率k值由0.001 min-1快速提高至0.061 min-1。中性条件更利于Pd/r GO/C电极还原硝酸盐及N2生成。同时,Pd/r GO/C电极对浓度区间为6.8~22.6 mg(NO-3-N)/L硝酸盐催化还原效率较高,且反应液中未检测到金属Pd,无二次污染。     

聚吡咯/壳聚糖复合电极对金属离子的吸附

系统研究了聚吡咯(PPy)和壳聚糖(CS)制备的复合电极对金属离子的吸附性能,并采用红外光谱对PPy/CS复合材料的结构和组成进行了表征。结果表明,聚吡咯与壳聚糖结合形成了性能优良的导电聚合物复合材料;PPy/CS复合电极的吸附量与电压和溶液初始浓度成正比;吸附4 h后,对Cu~(2+)的饱和吸附量为30.67 mg·g~(-1);电极具有良好的再生性和稳定性,再生率达到92.0%;复合电极对不同种类的金属离子都有较好的吸附效果,且吸附过程符合二级动力学模型。     

羧甲基纤维素改性纳米钯铁双金属去除水中2,4-二氯苯酚的影响因素及机理

利用液相还原法制备了纳米零价铁(nZVI)、纳米钯铁双金属(Pd/Fe)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)改性nZVI(CMC-Fe)和CMC改性钯铁双金属(CMC-Pd/Fe)4种铁基纳米材料，并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其进行了表征。研究了这4种材料对水中2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的表观去除率，考察了铁基纳米材料投加量、Pd负载量、溶液初始pH及污染物浓度等因素对CMC-Pd/Fe去除2,4-DCP的影响，并探讨了可能的作用机理。结果表明，在4种材料中，CMC修饰的CMC-Pd/Fe的分散性最好，粒径明显小于未用CMC修饰的nZVI和Pd/Fe。4种材料对2,4-DCP的表观去除率为CMC-Pd/Fe>CMC-Fe>Pd/Fe>nZVI。随着CMC-Pd/Fe投加量和Pd负载量的增加，CMC-Pd/Fe对2,4-DCP的表观去除率增大，而随着2,4-DCP浓度的升高，CMC-Pd/Fe对2,4-DCP的表观去除率下降。当溶液初始pH=3、5和7时，CMC-Pd/Fe对2,4-DCP的表观去除率分别为94.34%、99.50%和96.62%;...     

纳米钯?铝双金属对水中3-氯酚的脱氯降解研究

采用置换沉积法制备了纳米钯/铝双金属催化剂,氢解还原去除水相中难降解有毒有机物3-氯酚(3-CP),考察了溶液pH、钯负载量、纳米钯/铝双金属投加量、反应温度对脱氯效果的影响并解析相关反应机制。结果表明:(1)初始pH 3.0时,沉积液中93.25%(质量分数,下同)～96.67%的钯可有效负载于铝材上。(2)在pH为3.0、纳米钯/铝双金属投加量为2g/L、钯负载量为1.16%(质量分数)、反应温度为25℃下降解初始摩尔浓度为0.389mmol/L的3-CP,反应终了时脱氯率在99%以上。利用纳米钯/铝双金属降解氯代有机污染物具有高效低耗的优势,在实际应用上具有较好的前景。     

钯修饰碳纳米管电极电催化氧化三氯生

采用钯修饰多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)电极电催化氧化降解三氯生,考察了极板间距、电流密度、离子强度、pH、初始浓度和电解时间对三氯生去除效率的影响,并探讨了其反应动力学。结果表明:钯修饰多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)电极电催化氧化降解三氯生的最佳条件为:三氯生初始浓度为50 mg/L,电流密度约为10 mA/cm2,极板间距为1 cm,pH为11,电解质Na2SO4浓度为1 000 mg/L。此条件下,反应时间为3 h时三氯生的去除率可达到99%以上,三氯生的降解为零级反应。     

TiO_2改性钛基SnO_2电极的制备及性能研究

采用热分解法制备了钛基SnO2(Ti/SnO2)电极和TiO2改性钛基SnO2(Ti/SnO2-TiO2)电极。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪,极化曲线和循环伏安测试等方法对改性前后的电极进行表征,并考察电极的电催化氧化能力。结果表明,Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极膜层中存在锐钛矿型TiO2粒子,引入的TiO2使Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极具有比Ti/SnO2电极更粗糙的表面和更大的比表面积,且使电极的析氧过电位由1.7V提高至2.0V。循环伏安测试结果和电催化氧化4-氯苯酚(4-CP)过程均表明,Ti/SnO2-TiO2电极具有比Ti/SnO2电极更高的电催化氧化能力。     

单原子钯铜改性毛竹炭电催化高效还原水中硝酸盐

针对地下水中硝酸盐氮去除难的问题,通过氮掺杂+煅烧还原法制备获得了单原子钯铜改性毛竹炭(palladium-copper single-atom catalysts supported on nitrogen-doped bamboo biochar, SAC-Pd/Cu@NBC),以其为三维粒子电极,考察了初始硝氮质量浓度、粒子电极投加量、电流强度对SAC-Pd/Cu@NBC电催化高效还原硝酸盐氮的机理。结果表明：在电催化反应90 min时,SAC-Pd/Cu@NBC显著提高了硝酸盐氮的去除率,较纳米钯铜改性毛竹炭、二维电催化还原体系分别提升了2.52倍和17.16倍;在粒子电极投加量为0.100 g、初始硝氮质量浓度为100 mg·L^-1、电流强度为220 mA和反应时间为180 min的条件下,SAC-Pd/Cu@NBC对硝酸盐氮去除率可达99.62%,质量催化活性为0.689 4 mg·(g·min)^-1;粒子电极经过3次循环使用后,对硝酸盐氮的去除率仍达89.72%;HAADF-STEM等表征结果表明单原子Pd、Cu的成功负载,其可...     

Au/SnO2催化氧化CO性能的研究

以SnO₂为载体，Au为活性组分，采用真空浸渍法、共沉淀法、沉积沉淀法制备CO氧化的催化剂，同时还制备双金属体系催化剂Au-Pd/SnO₂和Au-Pt/SnO₂。用气相色谱对所制备的催化剂进行活性评价，运用DSC、SEM、XRD、BET等对催化剂进行表征。在本实验条件下，载体二氧化锡焙烧温度为500 ℃，催化剂成型温度为350 ℃，金负载量为3%(wt.)时，用沉积-沉淀法制备的Au/SnO₂活性最好，在18 ℃，空速为24 000 h-1条件下就能将CO（浓度为4%）完全氧化为CO₂；添加铂和钯可提高Au/SnO₂对CO的催化活性。     

MFC-电催化膜反应器中PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜的污水处理性能

为解决膜分离技术在水处理中存在膜污染和高能耗的问题,通过电氧化聚合法将聚吡咯(polypyrrole,PPy)沉积在PVDF/碳纤维膜上,制备高活性的PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜;研究不同沉积时间对电催化膜催化活性的影响及微电场环境对PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜污染的影响;并构建MFC-电催化膜反应器,测试反应器在处理污水时的产能效果。结果表明,恒电位(0.8 V)聚合10 min时,PPy10-PVDF/碳纤维膜的催化活性最高,PPy的最佳沉积密度为0.75 mg·cm-2。抗污染通量测试结果表明,在0.4 V·cm-1的微电场下,PPy10-PVDF/碳纤维膜的稳定通量(317 L·(m~2·h)~(-1))比无电场时(212 L·(m~2·h)~(-1))提高了约49.5%,说明MFC-电催化膜反应器中的微电场可以有效减缓膜污染。在MFC-电催化膜处理污水的过程中,反应器对COD去除率高达96%以上;反应器产能最大功率密度为166 mW·m-3,与空白PVDF/碳纤维膜(产能密度为99 mW·m-3)相比提高了约67%。PPy10-PVDF/碳纤维膜在MFC-电催化膜反应器表现出较高的污染物去除率、能源回收效率及对膜污染的有效控制。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.