共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 625 毫秒
1.
What’s Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University
The environmental impacts of bottled water prompted us to explore drinking water choices at Purdue University, located in
West Lafayette, IN. A random sample of 2,045 Purdue University students, staff, and faculty was invited to participate in
an online survey. The survey assessed current behaviors as well as perceived barriers and benefits to drinking tap water versus
bottled water. 677 surveys were completed for a response rate of 33.1%. We then conducted qualitative interviews with a purposive
sample of university undergraduates (n = 21) to obtain contextual insights into the survey results and the beliefs of individuals with a variety of drinking water
preferences. This study revealed that women drink disproportionately more bottled water then men while undergraduate students
drink more than graduate students, staff and faculty. The study also uncovered a widespread belief that recycling eliminates
the environmental impacts of bottled water. Important barriers to drinking tap water at Purdue include: perceived risks from
tap water and the perceived safety of bottled water, preferring the taste of bottled water, and the convenience of drinking
bottled water. The qualitative interviews revealed that drinking water choices can be influenced by several factors—especially
whether individuals trust tap water to be clean—but involve varying levels of complexity. The implications of these results
for social marketing strategies to promote tap water are discussed. 相似文献
2.
3.
Felipe Murtinho Hallie Eakin David López-Carr Tanya M. Hayes 《Environmental management》2013,52(5):1103-1114
Despite debate regarding whether, and in what form, communities need external support for adaptation to environmental change, few studies have examined how external funding impacts adaptation decisions in rural resource-dependent communities. In this article, we use quantitative and qualitative methods to assess how different funding sources influence the initiative to adapt to water scarcity in the Colombian Andes. We compare efforts to adapt to water scarcity in 111 rural Andean communities with varied dependence on external funding for water management activities. Findings suggest that despite efforts to use their own internal resources, communities often need external support to finance adaptation strategies. However, not all external financial support positively impacts a community’s abilities to adapt. Results show the importance of community-driven requests for external support. In cases where external support was unsolicited, the results show a decline, or “crowding-out,” in community efforts to adapt. In contrast, in cases where communities initiated the request for external support to fund their own projects, findings show that external intervention is more likely to enhance or “crowds-in” community-driven adaptation. 相似文献
4.
Conditional Water Rights in the Western United States: Introducing Uncertainty to Prior Appropriation?
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Charles J.P. Podolak Martin Doyle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(1):14-32
In the prior‐appropriation water rights regimes that prevail in the arid western United States, claims to annually variable surface water flows are fulfilled based on the order of their establishment. The two‐step process used to establish an appropriative water right in all 17 conterminous western states creates a temporary phase, or conditional water right, which has a priority date but no actual water use. We provide a review of the legal basis for these conditional water rights and demonstrate the potential uncertainty they introduce to current water users. We then present a complete census of conditional water rights in Colorado, including their amounts, ages, and uses. At the end of 2012 there were a large number of conditional water rights in Colorado (some over 90 years old) equal to 61% of the perfected water rights. Many of the controversial conditional water rights in Colorado have been associated with unconventional oil production in the northwestern portion of the state; however, conditional water rights are ubiquitous across the state and across many use types. In several basins, their existence can introduce uncertainty to some of the most senior water rights holders. Nevertheless, in most of the state, the effects of conditional water rights are restricted to a relatively junior class of water users. This work quantifies for the first time the result, in one state, of a peculiar aspect of water law common across all western prior‐appropriation states. 相似文献
5.
Where Did the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Trades Go? Lessons from Virginia Water Quality Trading Programs
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Kurt Stephenson Leonard Shabman 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(5):1178-1194
Governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and agricultural organizations promote water quality trading programs as an innovative policy to engage agricultural producers in conservation activities. Cost analyses suggest regulated sources can reduce compliance costs by purchasing agricultural nonpoint source credits. Yet, such “point‐nonpoint” trades are rare. This article assesses the demand for agricultural nonpoint sources in well‐developed nutrient trading programs in Virginia for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants, municipal stormwater programs, and land developers. Evidence suggests nutrient trading programs in Virginia will not stimulate investments in pollutant reduction practices on working agricultural lands. The lack of demand for agricultural nonpoint source credits can be attributed to a substantial degree to the design features and incentives present in multiple overlapping regulatory programs. The legal setting that dampens regulated source demand for nonpoint source credits in Virginia is broadly representative of conditions found elsewhere in the United States. 相似文献
6.
Characteristics of air–water two-phase flow pattern in a square-mini-channel were investigated experimentally. One sidewall of the flow channel was made of a permeable porous media. Air was fed into the channel from its inlet, while liquid water was injected uniformly into the channel along the permeable sidewall. Based on the results of visualization, the typical flow patterns encountered in the conventional co-current gas–liquid two-phase flow were not observed in the present work. Flow patterns of this special gas–liquid two-phase flow were catalogued, and the influence of gas flow rate and liquid infiltration rate on flow patterns was also analyzed. The results also indicate that the channel differential pressure on both sides brings obvious fluctuations when the liquid is infiltrated. The frequency of this fluctuation depends not only on the amount of liquid infiltration but also relies on the gas flow rate significantly. However, the amount of liquid infiltration barely affects the fluctuation in the amplitude of the pressure differential. 相似文献
7.
What’s a Stream Without Water? Disproportionality in Headwater Regions Impacting Water Quality 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Andrea Armstrong Richard C. Stedman Joseph A. Bishop Patrick J. Sullivan 《Environmental management》2012,50(5):849-860
Headwater streams are critical components of the stream network, yet landowner perceptions, attitudes, and property management behaviors surrounding these intermittent and ephemeral streams are not well understood. Our research uses the concept of watershed disproportionality, where coupled social-biophysical conditions bear a disproportionate responsibility for harmful water quality outcomes, to analyze the potential influence of riparian landowner perceptions and attitudes on water quality in headwater regions. We combine social science survey data, aerial imagery, and an analysis of spatial point processes to assess the relationship between riparian landowner perceptions and attitudes in relation to stream flow regularity. Stream flow regularity directly and positively shapes landowners’ water quality concerns, and also positively influences landowners’ attitudes of stream importance—a key determinant of water quality concern as identified in a path analysis. Similarly, riparian landowners who do not notice or perceive a stream on their property are likely located in headwater regions. Our findings indicate that landowners of headwater streams, which are critical areas for watershed-scale water quality, are less likely to manage for water quality than landowners with perennial streams in an obvious, natural channel. We discuss the relationships between streamflow and how landowners develop understandings of their stream, and relate this to the broader water quality implications of headwater stream mismanagement. 相似文献
8.
Maria Carmen Lemos 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1388-1396
Abstract: This paper examines the use of climate forecasting in water management in Brazil and the United States (U.S.). Specifically, it seeks to understand how different institutional arrangements shape the willingness and ability of water managers to incorporate technoscience, especially seasonal climate forecasting (SCF), in their decision‐making process. It argues that among the many factors shaping the willingness of water managers to use SCF, institutional design and change is critical to explain different patterns in Brazil and the U.S. Moreover, factors related to individual flexibility, discretion, and accountability also affect the ability of managers to use climate information in water management. This paper finds that while water managers in the U.S operate in a mostly fragmented and risk‐averse system – which constrains the adoption of innovation – decision makers in Brazil can afford more flexibility to introduce new decision tools as a result of widespread water management reforms initiated in the 1990s. 相似文献
9.
In this study, the relationship among water quality, soil properties, and plant coverage in the region of the Akarçay stream was examined. Correlation analyses were carried out between soil samples taken from each of four plant communities in the Akarçay basin and water in the Akarçay stream. The four plant communities in the study area are as follows: Limonium lilacinum (Boiss. et Bal.) Wag., Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv. Peganum harmala L., and Hordeum marinum Huds. subsp. marinum. B, Cl, EC, K, Mg, Na, pH, and SO4 data from both soil and water samples were subjected to statistical analysis, and significant correlations were obtained (p < 0.05). These correlations indicated that the chemical features of the soil had a major effect on water quality. The important parameters were B, Cl, EC, K, Mg, Na, pH, and SO4 for Limonium lilacinum communities; Ca, K, and pV for Peganum harmala; and B, Cl, Mg, pH, and pV for Alhagi pseudalhagi. There were also statistically significant relationships (p < 0.05) among the parameters examined. These findings strongly suggested that these plant communities can be used as indicators for soil chemistry and water quality. 相似文献
10.
On the basis of the cross-section and time-series data of the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB)—including large sections of Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Cambodia, we find little evidence in support of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Instead, our regressions support the general views that water pollution had been positively related to income level and that, as a result of the end of the Cold War era, it had been significantly reduced in the 1990s vis-à-vis the 1980s. In most circumstances, water resources were more seriously polluted in the transnational border areas than in the other areas. Specifically, the estimated coefficients on the political boundary dummies show that political influence on transnational water pollution was more significant in areas near the international border along which the river runs (denoted by BORDER2) than in places near the international border across which the river runs (denoted by BORDER1). The estimated coefficients on the ASEAN dummy present some information about the positive role of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) membership in the reduction of transnational water pollution. Finally, the country-specific dummies are found to present conflicting information about the transnational differences of water pollution, although Thailand is found to have the least water pollution in the LMB. 相似文献
11.
The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the landward reach of the San Francisco Estuary, provides habitat for threatened delta smelt,
endangered winter-run Chinook salmon, and other species of concern. It is also the location of huge freshwater diversion facilities
that entrain large numbers of fish. Reducing the entrainment of listed fishes into these facilities has required curtailment
of pumping, reducing the reliability of water deliveries. We reviewed the first 5 years (2001–2005) of the Environmental Water
Account (EWA), a program instituted to resolve conflicts between protecting listed fishes and providing a reliable water supply.
The EWA provided fishery agencies with control over 0.2–0.4 km3 of water to be used for fish protection at no cost to users of exported water, and fish agencies guaranteed no disruption
of water supply for fish protection. The EWA was successful in reducing uncertainty in water supply; however, its contribution
to the recovery of listed fishes was unclear. We estimated the effectiveness of the EWA to be modest, increasing the survival
of winter-run Chinook salmon by 0–6% (dependent on prescreen mortality), adult delta smelt by 0–1%, and juvenile delta smelt
by 2–4%. Allocating EWA water for a single life stage of one species could provide larger gains in survival. An optimally
allocated EWA of equal size to the median of the first 5 years could increase abundance of juvenile delta smelt up to 7% in
the springs of dry years. If the EWA is to become a long-term program, estimates of efficacy should be refined. If the program
is to be held accountable for quantitative increases in fish populations, it will be necessary to integrate scientific, possibly
experimental, approaches. 相似文献
12.
D.M. Nover M.S. Dogan R. Ragatz L. Booth J. Medellín‐Azuara J.R. Lund J.H. Viers 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(3):759-771
Increasing reservoir storage is commonly proposed to mitigate increasing water demand and provide drought reserves, especially in semiarid regions such as California. This paper examines the value of expanding surface reservoir capacity in California using hydroeconomic modeling for historical conditions, a future warm‐dry climate, and California's recently adopted policy to end groundwater overdraft. Results show expanding surface storage capacity rarely provides sizable economic value in most of California. On average, expanding facilities north of California's Delta provides some benefit in 92% of 82 years modeled under historical conditions and in 61% of years modeled in a warm‐dry climate. South of California's Delta, expanding storage capacity provides no benefits in 14% of years modeled under historical conditions and 99% of years modeled with a warm‐dry climate. Results vary across facilities between and within regions. The limited benefit of surface storage capacity expansion to statewide water supply should be considered in planning California's water infrastructure. 相似文献
13.
如今很多人的眼睛都盯着水。
从2012年7月1日起,我国强制实施新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》,这个标准要求水质总体与世卫组织水质标准接轨。作为环保志愿者,南京两位市民——程渊和李春华,向全国32个城市的自来水厂邮寄了政府信息公开申请表,要求公开自来水水质数据。 相似文献
14.
Application of a Physical Input–Output Table to Evaluate the Development and Sustainability of Continental Water Resources in Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Continental waters are complex resources in terms of a measurable physical quantity, and measuring them requires a good knowledge of total water availability. In this research, an accounting physical input–output table (PIOT) was applied to evaluate total water resources and gross annual availabilities at each stage of the natural-artificial water cycle. These stages are considered subsystems of a continental water resource system describing water transfers for an average year within 13 administrative basins of Spain. Water transfers between various subsystems are characterized by internal flows decreasing the water resource availabilities. The PIOT analysis establishes these internal flows, and the origins and final uses of the total resources for each subsystem. The input-output balance registered an unsustainable negative net accumulation in eight water basins. The PIOT analysis also allowed the calculation of significant indicators such as water resource developments (RDI) and their sustainable use (SUI). RDI and SUI demonstrate that groundwater is a critical resource affecting the environment (e.g., wetlands in the upper Guadiana) and the water supply (e.g., irrigation in the Segura basin). The results of this model suggest that above-/below-ground hydrological links are important when decisions have to be made in order to provide a satisfactory supply of water in Spain. The model integrates the different water basins under territorial criteria, and therefore it may be useful for the Spanish National Hydrological Plan. 相似文献
15.
During the past decades, the traditional state monopoly in urban water management has been debated heavily, resulting in different
forms and degrees of private sector involvement across the globe. Since the 1990s, China has also started experiments with
new modes of urban water service management and governance in which the private sector is involved. It is premature to conclude
whether the various forms of private sector involvement will successfully overcome the major problems (capital shortage, inefficient
operation, and service quality) in China’s water sector. But at the same time, private sector involvement in water provisioning
and waste water treatments seems to have become mainstream in transitional China. 相似文献
16.
China, with the confrontation of water-related problems as an element of its long history, has been investing heavily in water engineering projects over the past few decades based on the assumption that these projects can solve its water problems. However, the anticipated benefits did not really occur, or at least not as large as expected. Instead, the results involved additional frustrations, such as biodiversity losses and human-induced disasters (i.e., landslides and earthquakes). Given its inherent shortcomings, the present engineering-dominated strategy for the management of water resources cannot help solve China’s water problems and achieve its goal of low-carbon transformation. Therefore, the present strategy for water resources exploitation needs to be reevaluated and redressed. A policy change to achieve better management of Chinese rivers is urgently needed. 相似文献
17.
Michael A. Butkus Jon C. Malinowski 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(1):197-211
Comprehensive analyses of long-term region-specific water resources developments could offer new insights for contemporary water resources planners and decision makers. The objective of this work was to analyze water supply development at the United States Military Academy (USMA) during the 19th and early 20th Centuries through the lens of selected modern water resources planning and management practices. Analysis of water usage, population, and technological growth revealed that changes in technology had a greater influence on total water withdrawals than an increase in population. The USMA water supply system evolved incrementally over much of the 141-year study period and failure to adequately recognize shortcomings in water supply options resulted in several suboptimal decisions. Communications and enhanced stakeholder participation might have resulted in alternative decisions. 相似文献
18.
19.
Charnay B 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):189-197
In the last fifty years, many mountain watersheds in temperate countries have known a progressive change from self-standing
agro-silvo-pastoral systems to leisure dominated areas characterized by a concentration of tourist accommodations, leading
to a drinking water peak during the winter tourist season, when the water level is lowest in rivers and sources. The concentration
of water uses increases the pressure on “aquatic habitats” and competition between uses themselves. Consequently, a new concept
was developed following the international conferences in Dublin (International Conference on Water and the Environment – ICWE)
and Rio de Janeiro (UN Conference on Environment and Development), both in 1992, and was broadly acknowledged through international
and European policies. It is the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). It meets the requirements of different uses of water and aquatic zones whilst preserving the natural functions of such
areas and ensuring a satisfactory economic and social development. This paper seeks to evaluate a local water resources management
system in order to implement it using IWRM in mountain watersheds. The assessment method is based on the systemic approach
to take into account all components influencing a water resources management system at the watershed scale. A geographic information
system was built to look into interactions between water resources, land uses, and water uses. This paper deals specifically
with a spatial comparison between hydrologically sensitive areas and land uses. The method is applied to a French Alps watershed:
the Giffre watershed (a tributary of the Arve in Haute-Savoie). The results emphasize both the needs and the gaps in implementing
IWRM in vulnerable mountain regions. 相似文献