西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析

以首个国家湿地公园--西溪国家湿地公园为研究区域,对该地区土壤中有机氯农药HCH和DDT的残留特征和影响因素进行研究,探讨污染物的潜在来源,并对其生态风险进行分析.结果表明,西溪湿地土壤中HCH和DDT均有检出,∑HCHs平均含量为18.44ng·g-1,∑DDTs平均含量为20.80 ng·g-1,二者在土壤中的残留差异不是很明显.HCH在柿园、竹园、芦苇滩地、菜地和其他5种利用类型土壤中的残留差异不大,而DDT在菜地土壤的残留高于其他4种类型.采样点土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均低于GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量一级标准,与国内其他地区相比,西溪湿地土壤DDT残留较低,而HCH残留相对较高.生态风险分析显示,西溪湿地土壤中HCH残留对于土壤生物的风险较低,而DDT可能对鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的生态风险.     

上海郊区表层土壤中DDT残留特征

为掌握上海市北部郊区农田表层土壤有机氯农药残留状况,在上海市宝山区的农田分布区域布设采样点,采集表层土壤样品,用美国EPA方法分析了土壤中DDT及其4种衍生物的残留量.结果表明,上海市宝山区农田土壤中平均DDT总残留量为0.057 mg·kg-1,DDT的4种衍生物p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT,o,p'-DDT的平均残留量分别为0.032、0.007、0.018、0.000 mg·kg-1.该研究中大部分区域土壤DDT总残留量低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准限值,没有形成土壤DDT污染;但在DDT残留量最高的地块,土壤DDT总残留量达0.694 mg·kg-1,超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准限值,形成了一定范围的土壤DDT污染.在所有采样点中,有4个点位的p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE比值大于1,且其DDT总残留量也较高,说明这几块区域村在禁用期间又被新施加了DDT的可能.该研究可为有针对性地开展区域土壤环境保护和污染防治提供重要参考依据.     

土壤类型与污染浓度对漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响

具有难降解、高残留特征的DDT至今在土壤中仍有残留,对农产品安全和人体健康有严重影响.本文采用批实验的方法研究了3种不同类型土壤和3个污染水平对漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响.研究结果表明,不同类型土壤中DDT各组分及总量(DDTs)的降解率存在显著差异,总体上为水稻土＞菜园土＞赤红壤,对照处理土壤中DDTs的降解率仅为20%左右,加酶处理土壤中则高达50%～65%.对于不同污染水平的DDT污染土壤,土壤中DDT各组分及DDTs的降解率均随着污染水平的提高而增大,多数在不同污染水平之间差异显著.对照处理对不同污染水平土壤中DDTs的降解率仅为15%左右,而加酶处理则高达43.60%～50.53%.     

油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累

油料作物对亲脂性DDT的吸收富集能力是否会更强是一个值得研究的问题。采用DDT老化残留土壤,温室盆栽油料作物花生(Arachishypogaea),大豆(Glycinemax)和芝麻(Sesamumindicum)。果实成熟后将植株分成根、茎、果壳和果仁四部分,GC-ECD测定各部位中的DDT浓度。研究了油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累情况,结果表明,∑DDT在三种作物不同部位中的浓度顺序都是:根>茎>果壳>果仁。含油量高的花生果仁和芝麻果仁中∑DDT浓度都明显高于大豆果仁的∑DDT浓度,这种差异有可能是由果仁含油量的差异造成的。单株植物吸收积累∑DDT的总量顺序为:花生>芝麻>大豆。花生、大豆和芝麻三种作物的根和茎的生物富集系数都比较高,特别是花生的,说明这三种油料作物根部从土壤中吸收积累老化残留DDT的能力以及从根部向茎部运输DDT的能力都是相当强的。     

南京市城郊蔬菜生产基地有机氯农药残留特征

以网格法在南京市无公害蔬菜生产基地八卦洲采集70个土壤样品,用加速溶剂萃取、固相萃取柱净化后GC-μECD测定土壤中有机氯农药(α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH和δ-HCH以及o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,o,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDE 和p,p'-DDD)残留量.结果表明,土壤中有机氯农药残留总量在6.18～84.72 μg·kg-1之间,平均18.63 μg·kg-1.DDT残留量高于HCH,为3.36～74.19 μg·kg-1,平均12.61 μg·kg-1.土壤中HCH残留量为2.48～17.80 μg·kg-1,平均6.02 μg·kg-1.DDT同系物中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT为主,而HCH中δ-HCH含量较低,其他3种异构体含量水平相当.所有土样中DDT和HCH残留量均远远低于GB/T 18407 无公害蔬菜产地土壤标准限定值500 μg·kg-1,但大多数土样中DDT和HCH残留量远远高于荷兰无污染土壤标准.     

兰州周边地区土壤典型有机氯农药残留及生态风险

应用Agilent 7890-5975C GC-MSD对兰州及其周边地区16个表层土壤样品中HCHs和DDTs残留水平进行分析,并对兰州周边地区土壤中OCPs的可能来源和生态风险进行了初步研究.结果表明,研究区土壤中HCHs残留范围为8.22×10-2—4.49 ng.g-1,平均值为6.85×10-1ng.g-1;DDTs残留范围为1.41×10-1—120 ng.g-1,平均值为16.9 ng.g-1;DDTs残留较HCHs占优势,约占二者总残留量的96%.α-HCH/γ-HCH比值介于0.18—14,平均值为2.8,推测研究区土壤中HCHs残留源于工业HCHs和林丹的混合源,并且可能存在有周边地区HCHs的大气长距离输送.DDE/DDD比值介于0.35—4.8,平均值为2.1,说明研究区土壤中DDT以有氧方式降解为主;(DDE+DDD)/DDT比值介于0.067—0.69,平均值为0.30,o,p’-DDT/p,p’-DDT比值介于0.091—2.8,平均值为0.60,表明研究区土壤DDTs污染可能主要源于工业源DDTs.与国内其它地区土壤相比,研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留量相对较低;依照国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB-15618—1995),研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留处于较低水平;研究区土壤中HCHs残留处于较低的生态风险,DDTs残留对于土壤生物和鸟类具有一定的生态风险,而对于哺乳类动物生态风险较低.     

根际土壤中DDTs的残留与转化

通过根垫法研究DDT的五种异构体p,p‘-DDE,o,p’-DDD,p,p‘-DDD,o,p‘-DDT,p,p‘-DDT在小麦根际土壤和非根际土壤中的残留量以及DDT,DDD和DDE之间的转化．结果发现,在40d试验期间内,DDT发生缓慢降解,根际土壤中的降解略快于非根际土壤,且差别主要表现在生成DDD的厌氧过程方面．此外,根际土壤中五种DDT的异构体的可提取残留都高于非根际土壤,说明该农药的锁定过程在根际环境相对较弱．     

表面活性剂-微生物联合修复滴滴涕污染土壤的研究

以滴滴涕(DDT)为目标污染物,采用课题组前期研究所筛选出的滴滴涕降解菌——甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)菌液为供试菌液,选取混合表面活性剂[十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和吐温80(Tween80),比例为2∶3]及生物表面活性剂-鼠李糖脂(RL)作为供试表面活性剂,通过田间小区实验,研究了表面活性剂、DDT降解菌对土壤中DDT的去除、降解情况以及两者联合处理对土壤中DDT污染的修复效果。结果表明,在单独添加表面活性剂的处理中,H300、RL5和RL10的处理效果最好,土壤中DDT的降解率最高可达29.60%。单独接种降解菌处理的土壤中DDT残留量显著减少,5个月后降解率可达47.05%。混合表面活性剂与菌株联合处理1个月后,H70+N的DDT降解率最高,可达63.53%;生物表面活性剂-降解菌处理以RL20+N的DDT降解率最高,可达42.32%。随着处理时间延长,表面活性剂与菌株联合处理土壤中DDT降解率的增幅逐渐下降。在处理5个月后,混合表面活性剂-降解菌的处理中以H70+N的DDT降解率最高,可达63.98%;生物表面活性剂-降解菌的处理中以RL20+N的DDT降解率最高,可达45.64%;混合表面活性剂-降解菌的处理效果略优于生物表面活性剂+菌,其中H70+N的处理效果最好,为63.98%。     

呼和浩特市近郊蔬菜、土壤有机氯(六六六、DDT)农药污染现状调查

本项调查是以呼和浩特市近郊四个主要蔬菜生产乡为重点,对人们日常生活中必不可少的蔬菜种类进行测定和分析。其目的是了解该市郊区蔬菜田间土壤有机氯(六六六、DDT)污染水平和残留农药降解情况,进而对蔬菜可食部分中有机氯农药含量增加或减少规律的调查和分析。调查结果为,蔬菜、土壤中有机氯农药残留水平低于国家规定的食品卫生标准,而且有下降趋势,这说明有机氯污染随时间的推移,逐年递减,但仍应进行长期监测。     

广州市农业土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留特征

采集了广州市农业土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品118个,采用气相色谱方法对土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)进行分析,初步揭示了广州市土壤中有机氯农药的分布及残留情况,并做出潜在生态风险评价.研究结果表明:HCHs的检出率为95.8%,残留范围在ND～17.96 ng·g-1之间,平均值2.10 ng·g-1,DDT的检出率为92.4%,残留范围在ND～327.87 ng·g-1之间,平均值为1 8.97 ng·g-1.HCHs的4种异构体中,β-HCH质量分数最高,平均质量分数为0.86 ng·g-1,而p,p'-DDT是4种DDTs异构体中质量分数最高的,平均质量分数为11.89 ng·g-1.不同土壤利用类型中,耕地土壤中的有机氯农药残留量明显高于林地和果园地.与国内外部分地方和我国土壤环境质量标准相比,广州市农业土壤中DDTs和HCHs污染程度较低.     

Factors affecting HCH and DDT in soils around watersheds of Beijing reservoirs,China

The factors that influence the dynamics of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in soils around the watersheds of Beijing reservoirs were examined. Compared with other studies on HCH and DDT in soils and established reference values, the concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils around our study area were relatively low. The relationships between HCH and DDT concentrations and land use, soil texture, and soil properties were discussed. HCH and DDT concentrations were higher in arable soils than those in uncultivated fallow soils. Although land use was the most important factor affecting HCH and DDT residues, additional factors such as soil texture and soil total organic carbon were also involved in pesticide retention in soils. The results indicated that the historical agricultural applications of HCH and DDT were the major source of their residues. Atmospheric deposition, as well as long-distance transportation and inputs from surrounding weathered agricultural soils may also serve as important sources of HCH and DDT residues in the watersheds.     

Distribution,sources and potential risk of HCH and DDT in soils from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Spatial distribution, sources and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils (n = 544) collected from a typical alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta region, China, were elucidated. Concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT in soils ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 99.0 ng g^?1, dry weight (dw) (mean 3.23 ng g^?1 dw) and <LOD to 600 ng g^?1 dw (mean 88.8 ng g^?1 dw), respectively. Historical applications of HCH and DDT were the major sources of the residue in soils. HCH was mainly distributed in Anthrosols in the southern part of the watershed, while DDT was mainly distributed in Cambosols in the northern part. The 95 % cumulative probability incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of different age groups such as children, youths, and adults all exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10^?6 recommended by USEPA for carcinogenic chemicals. The spatial distributions of ∑ILCRs were consistent with concentrations of OCPs in soils, while they were slight different for the different age groups. Adult females had the greatest risk of OCPs in soils, followed by children, while youths had the least risk. The ingestion of OCPs in soils was the more important route of exposure compared with dermal and inhalation exposures. The concentration of OCPs in soils, the particulate emission factor, the fraction of dermal exposure ratio, and the soil ingestion rate were the major contributing variables to total ILCRs according to sensitivity analyses.     

Spatial variability and temporal trends of HCH and DDT in soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir,China

Spatial variability and temporal trends in concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), in surface soils around Beijing Guanting Reservoir (GTR) were studied in 2003 and 2007. Concentrations of the two OCPs in soils around GTR were generally less than reference values set by the Chinese government for the protection of agricultural production and human health. Among the OCPs, β-HCH and p, p′-DDE were the two predominant compounds. This result indicates that the HCH and DDT residues in soils were primarily from historical use. Based on kriging, a spatial distribution of HCH and DDT around the GTR was observed. Spatial variability indicated how HCH and DDT had been applied and been distributed in the past. Between 2003 and 2007, concentrations of HCH and DDT decreased more rapidly in orchard soils than those in fallow soils.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils around Guanting Reservoir,China

Fifty-six representative samples of topsoil were collected around Guanting Reservoir, which is an important water source for Beijing. Concentrations of the insecticides HCH, DDT, and their metabolites were quantified by use of gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are still present in surface soils in the Guanting area. DDT accounts for about 93% of the total OCP content. Concentrations of α/γ, β/γ, and DDT/DDE are the result not only of historical use, but also of more recent depositions. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), revealed associations between concentrations of OCPs and major soil characteristics. Geographical information system (GIS) technology was used to develop maps of the distributions of OCP concentrations. The areas of greatest contamination were primarily in the central part of the study area and were correlated with greater population density, heavier traffic, and more industrial activity.     

Determining soil quality in urban agricultural regions by soil enzyme-based index

Urban agricultural soils are highly variable, and careful selection of sensitive indicators is needed for the assessment of soil quality. This study is proposed to develop an index based on soil enzyme activities for assessing the quality of urban agricultural soils. Top soils were collected from urban agricultural areas of Korea, and soil chemical properties, texture, microbial fatty acids, and enzyme activities were determined. The soils belonged to five textural classes with the highest frequency of sandy loam. There was no clear correlation between the soil chemical properties and soil microbial properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis were applied to microbial groups for identification of microbial community variation in soils. Two soil groups, namely group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), based on microbial community abundance were examined by PCA, and those were more prominent in factor analysis. The G1 soils showed higher microbial community abundance than G2 soils. The canonical discriminant analysis was applied to the enzyme activities of sandy loam soil to develop an index, and the index validation was confirmed using the unused soils and published data. The high-quality soils in published literature assigned the high valued index. Microbial fatty acids and soil enzyme activities can be suitable indicators for soil quality evaluation of urban agricultural soils.

     

Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population

This study presents distribution of organochlorines (OCs) including HCH, DDT and PCBs in urban soils, and their environmental and human health risk. Forty-eight soil samples were extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with modified silica gel chromatography and analyzed by GC-ECD. The observed concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and ∑PCBs in soils ranged between?<?0.01–2.54, 1.30–27.41 and?<?0.01–62.8 µg kg^?1, respectively, which were lower than the recommended soil quality guidelines. Human health risk was estimated following recommended guidelines. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), non-cancer risk or hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for humans due to individual and total OCs were estimated and presented. Estimated LADD were lower than acceptable daily intake and reference dose. Human health risk estimates were lower than safe limit of non-cancer risk (HQ?<?1.0) and the acceptable distribution range of ILCR (10^?6–10^?4). Therefore, this study concluded that present levels of OCs (HCH, DDT and PCBs) in studied soils were low, and subsequently posed low health risk to human population in the study area.     

Organochlorine pesticides in surface soils and sediments from obsolete pesticides dumping site near Lahore city,Pakistan: contamination status and their distribution

Surface soil and sediment samples were collected from the surroundings of Lila stream, which passes through the obsolete pesticides dumping area Kalashah Kaku near Lahore city, to evaluate the residual levels of 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), their distribution and potential sources. OCPs followed the order: ∑ DDT>∑ HCH>dicofol>endrin>heptachlor>dieldrin. Ratios of β to γ-HCH highlighted an old source of technical HCH in the study area, whereas the predominance of p, p′-DDT and p, p′-DDE indicated presence of technical DDT in surface soils. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis identified the origin of OCPs from industrial activities in Kalashah Kaku and waste dumping from Ittehad Chemical Industries via open drains into Lila stream. Greater levels of DDTs and HCHs above quality guideline pose potential exposure risk to biological organisms, safety of agricultural products and human health in the surrounding of Lila stream.     

DDT und Metaboliten in Sedimenten Berliner Gewässer

Sediment samples from rivers and lakes of Berlin (Germany) were analysed for their contamination with organic compounds by means of qualitative and quantitative GC/MS analysis. The principal compounds detected were PAH, organotin derivates, several classes of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated compounds and some of their related metabolites. The DDT metabolites DDD, DDE, DDCN, DDMU and DDMS were the most abundant compounds of halogenated pesticides in a wide range of samples. The main metabolite determined was p,p′-DDD, with concentrations up to 1230 μg/kg dw. The parent DDT compound was detected in only a few samples. The acute cytotoxicity of selected DDT-metabolites was determined with the permanent cell line RTG-2 from the gonads of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The results indicate a high cytotoxic potential of these metabolites. The oestrogenic potential was determined by the Dot-Blot/RNase-Protection-Assay an the order from o,p′-DDT>p,p′-DDMS>p,p′-DDMU≥p,p′-DDCN. Risk assessments based on chemical analysis of DDT, DDD and DDE alone is not able to estimate the real toxic potential of DDT and its metabolites. The development of a method for bioassay directed assessment seems to be an effective strategy to solve this problem. Especially scarce or not available data of combinatory effects, differences between different trophic levels and their availability to biota and low knowledge about the metabolism in situ as well as the enantioselective characteristics of most chiral DDT metabolites warrant future analyses.     

DDT isomers and metabolites in the environment: an overview

It is known for decades that the isomeric composition of organic pollutants can be influenced substantially by environmental processes such as biotransformation or transfer between compartments. This accounts also for the pesticide 2,2,-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, better known as p,p′-DDT, and its accompanied substitution isomer 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (o,p′-DDT). Although many studies followed the environmental fate of DDT, only very few publications reported on quantitative data of both o,p′- and p,p′-isomers. Therefore this condensed review describes evidence for remarkable changes and shifts in o,p′-/p,p′-ratios of DDT-related compounds. The application of isomer-specific analysis remains dominantly on emission source apportionment, for example, to differentiate DDT and dicofol emission. Only very few studies linked observed isomer shifts to aspects of environmental processes, such as (1) volatility from soil to air, (2) environmental stability in soil or (3) bioaccumulation in fishes. Additionally, several studies failed to use isomer-specific interpretation in order to obtain more detailed insight into environmental processes, for example, for observed isomer shifts during air–water fluxes. The o,p′-/p,p′-ratios of DDT and its main metabolite DDD have been detected more or less on the same level, whereas the isomers of the second main metabolite DDE were definitely depleted by the o,p′-isomer in all environmental compartments, indicating a general isomer-specific differentiation during DDT metabolism.     

Quantification and fractionation of mercury in soils from the Chatian mercury mining deposit,southwestern China

Contents of total Hg and Hg fraction, organic matter, pH, grain size and chemical composition were measured to investigate the pollution characteristics and binding behavior of Hg in soils collected from the Chatian Hg mining deposit (CMD), southwestern China. The average concentration of Hg concentration in the CMD soils was 155 and 1,315 times higher than that in control soils and Chinese soils, respectively, suggesting that the CMD soils were heavily contaminated by the element. The finding was confirmed by Müller geoaccumulation index assessment with 75% very seriously polluted, 6.25% highly to very highly polluted and 18.75% moderately to highly polluted. Hg sources in the region were natural and anthropogenic: in addition to the pedogenic process and original geochemical situation, human mining–refining activities have also seriously impacted the redistribution of Hg in soils, especially in paddy soils. Based on the BCR protocol, soil Hg was divided into exchangeable (EXC), amorphous Fe–Mn oxides (AFe–MnOX), organic-crystalline iron oxides (OM-CFe) and residual (RES) fraction. The average percentage of the four fractions in the CMD followed the trend: RES (85.77%) > OM-CFe (12.44%) > AFe–MnOX (0.93%) ≥ EXC (0.86%), suggesting that the majority proportion of soil Hg in the study area remained of residual form inside the soil mineral matrix. However, their concentrations and percentages significantly varied among different locations and land use types. Soil physico-chemical parameters were key factors affecting the presence of Hg fraction. Generally, Hg fraction concentrations were positively correlated with the sand contents and soil pH values, which was presumably due to the basic anthropogenic input of Hg-containing materials and their similarity to sand in physical characteristics. However, organic matter caused adsorption–fixation and reduction–volatilization to coexist, which had opposite effects on Hg concentrations in soil, consequently exhibiting its dual nature.