模拟扰动情况下海洋表层沉积物中P的行为

2004年1月,采集汇泉湾低潮滩沉积物和水样,模拟沉积物和上层水体之间的P交换.通过实验,我们发现在静止条件下溶解态有机磷（DOP）和溶解态无机磷（DIP）具有相同的变化趋势.在较低的震荡速率（60次/min）下,DOP和DIP表现出和静止情况下类似的变化趋势.而在较高的震荡速率（120次/min、150次/min）下,沉积物和海水间的DOP和 DIP交换表现出相反的变化趋势.DIP随震荡速率的增加,释放量也在逐渐增加.然而DOP的浓度却随震荡速率的增加而逐渐减小.通过对不同比例混合物的再悬浮实验发现海水中P的浓度和混合比例呈正相关.     

低磷污水的HAP诱导结晶磷回收

为考察羟基磷酸钙(HAP)诱导结晶对低磷污水中PO43--P的回收效果,以污水厂尾水为研究对象,采用方解石为晶种,首先全面对比了HAP诱导结晶与均相结晶的PO43--P去除效果,然后通过改变晶种粒径和投加量,研究了晶种对PO43--P回收的影响,并探讨了结晶反应条件对PO43--P回收和产物晶型的影响.结果表明:HAP...     

放射性废水的膜处理技术研究进展

核燃料的生产、核电厂的运行、同位素的生产和使用等过程都会产生着大量的放射性废水,为了保护环境和人类健康,这些废水必须经过安全、经济和有效的处理处置.放射性废水传统的处理方法主要包括过滤法、离子交换法、蒸发法或这几种工艺的组合.近年来,膜分离技术在放射性废水处理中得到了广泛的研究,发达国家已有应用膜分离技术处理放射性废水的实例,而我国规模化应用的实例还很少见.本文首先介绍了放射性废水的来源及组成,分析了各种放射性废水处理方法的优势和不足,包括化学沉淀法、过滤法、离子交换法、蒸发浓缩法、吸附法、生物还原/吸附法和膜分离法等.在此基础上,重点介绍了各种膜分离技术,包括微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透、膜蒸馏等在放射性废水处理中研究与应用现状,对已有的文献资料进行了较系统全面的分析、归纳和总结,对各种方法的优缺点及适用范围进行了比较,对膜技术在放射性废水处理中的应用前景及问题进行了讨论.最后,简要介绍了放射性废水处理产生的浓缩产物的最终处理处置,对放射性废水处理技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

雪硅钙石诱导结晶法同步去除与回收污水中磷的研究

通过水热法合成雪硅钙石晶体,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱对晶体进行表征;以模拟厌氧消化液为处理对象,分析合成雪硅钙石作为晶种诱导磷酸钙结晶法去除污水中磷的效率,并对该晶种减轻反应过程中CO₃ ²⁻影响的作用进行研究。结果表明,合成的雪硅钙石纯度较高,且具有较强的pH和钙离子析出能力,在超纯水和自来水中分别投加2 g/L晶种后,溶液pH最终达到11.7和9.1,Ca²⁺浓度达到43和30 mg/L;体系中含有CO₃ ²⁻时,合成雪硅钙石诱导磷酸钙结晶反应符合晶体生长界面控制模型,且结晶反应仍符合二级方程（n=2）;CO₃ ²⁻的存在会抑制磷酸钙结晶反应过程中的除磷效率;但投加合成雪硅钙石晶种后,CO₃ ²⁻的抑制作用减轻,磷酸钙结晶反应效率和速率大幅提高,在试验设定CO₃ ²⁻浓度最大条件下,磷的去除率由4.6%大幅升至76.7%,速率常数（k）由0.76 L/(mol·min)提高至67.74 L/(mol·min);合成雪硅钙石重复利用4次之后,对磷的去除效果仍然高于未投加合成雪硅钙石时磷的去除效果,表现出良好的可重复利用性。     

红壤中结合态磷在酸化条件下的变化及其相互关系

以浙江沿海地区的红壤为研究对象，通过浸滤过程，研究了在酸化条件下，红壤中可溶笥结合态磷的变化和它们之间的相关关系，结果显示，红壤中可溶性Fe-P比Ca－P、Al－P对酸度的变化更为敏感；当红壤中可溶性磷的原始含量较高时，随酸度的增强从固相中释出的趋势更明显；在酸化过程中、红壤中不同可溶性结合态磷之间呈现出不同的相关关系，这归因子它们对酸化敏感性的差异。     

固定化小球藻对海水养殖废水氮磷的处理

本研究利用海藻酸钠（SA）作为载体、以氯化钙（CaCl₂）为交联剂,探究小球藻最佳固定化条件及其对海水养殖废水氨氮和磷酸盐的处理效果.通过对比不同浓度SA和CaCl₂对小球藻生长的影响及不同固定化条件的藻球对氨氮、磷酸盐处理效果,确定最佳固定化条件为2.0% SA和2.0% CaCl₂.对比固定化藻球和悬浮小球藻对模拟海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐去除效果,结果表明固定化藻球比悬浮藻液对氮、磷处理效果更好.其中低接种率（1：10）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别为63.26%和62.76%.固定化小球藻浓度越高,其净化能力越强,高接种率（1：1）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别是85.16%和75.94%.连续流运行下固定化藻球对海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率分别为84.49%和72.17%.小球藻固定化态保留并延长了悬浮态生长活性,提高了对海水养殖废水脱氮除磷效果.     

水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统脱氮除磷最佳运行工况数值模拟研究

以前置厌氧池的氧化沟工艺为研究对象,根据氧化沟溶解氧分布情况,将氧化沟简化为1个缺氧段以及3个好氧段,并在第1好氧段中悬挂生物填料接种水蚯蚓,建立"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统",通过溶解氧、混合液回流比、污泥回流比的控制保持该系统的微生态平衡.从水蚯蚓动力学角度改进提出T-FCASM新模型,建立并校验"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"生物场-水力场耦合模型(T-FCASM-Hydro),根据单因素试验和多因素正交试验分别模拟不同水平溶解氧、混合液回流比、污泥回流比对氧化沟中"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"脱氮除磷效果的影响.正交试验的方差分析结果显示,当好氧段1溶解氧为6.5mg.L-1、混合液回流比为100%、污泥回流比为100%时氧化沟可保持最佳脱氮除磷效果.     

黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚的机理研究

运用衍生化气相色谱法和GC/MS对黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚的降解产物进行了定性、定量分析,并初步探讨了反应机理。实验结果表明,在所研究的黄磷诱发氧化条件下,苯酚首先氧化成中间产物,然后进一步降解,反应的非挥发性产物以羧酸为主。在合适的反应条件下,苯酚去除率可达95％以上,降解表现一级反应特征。文章还探讨了苯酚的起始浓度、磷和酚的比例及温度对苯酚去除率和降解深度的影响。     

侵蚀程度差异诱发的坡面产流-产沙-总磷流失特征

为了研究不同侵蚀程度下土壤坡面产流产沙及携磷流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县风化花岗岩母质上发育的坡地土壤为研究对象,选择侵蚀强度不同的出露土层(分别为砂土层(A组)和红土层(B组))两组土壤进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明:坡地磷素流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为主,径流携磷流失中以地表径流携带流失为主,壤中流磷素流失量较小;由于土壤机械组成、容重的差异,B组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量远小于A组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量;雨强对坡面径流中磷素流失浓度的影响明显,坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失浓度相差极大;两组土壤坡面径流量受雨强的影响基本一致,均为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1),不同的是红土层土壤坡面径流产流量较大且变幅小;随雨强增加两组土壤壤中流变化特征差异明显,红土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为90 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1) 30 mm·h~(-1)150 mm·h~(-1),砂土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1);侵蚀泥沙富集较小颗粒(粉粒、粘粒)和磷素,其磷含量均高于试验用土磷含量;雨强越大,土壤细颗粒含量越高,侵蚀泥沙产量越大.     

EDTA对剩余污泥磷释放及MAP法磷回收影响

探究乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）的添加对剩余污泥厌氧过程中磷释放及后续鸟粪石（MAP）法磷回收的影响.根据EDTA添加量对污泥上清液中总磷（TP）、蛋白质、多糖、DNA和SCOD的影响确定了最优释磷条件,采用响应曲面法（RSM）构建MAP磷回收的二次多项式模型并验证了模型的有效性.结果表明：EDTA添加量为5mmol/L,厌氧5d时预处理效果最佳.污泥SCOD破解度（DD）和TP、DNA、蛋白质及多糖均有显著相关,其中TP相关性最强,皮尔逊相关系数为0.866.MAP磷回收的最佳工艺参数是：pH=9.5,n（Mg）：n（P）=1.6,搅拌时间22min,此时磷回收率可达95.68%,形成晶体的主要成分为磷酸铵镁（MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O）,纯度为79.19%.     

Algal toxicity induced by effluents from textile-dyeing wastewater treatment plants

This research aimed to evaluate the alga Scenedesmus obliquus toxicity induced by textiledyeing effluents(TDE).The toxicity indicator of TDE in alga at the physiological(algal growyth),biochemical(chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) synthesis and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity) and structural(cell membrane integrity) level were investigated.Then we further study the relationship among toxicity indicators at physiological and biochemical level,and supplemented by research on algal biomacromolecules.Accordin...     

污泥处理过程中厌氧再释磷的影响因素研究

对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)试验装置和T型氧化沟污水处理厂的释磷总量进行了研究.同时,利用实验室和污水厂SBR装置考察了富磷污泥中的硝酸盐浓度、碳源种类、初沉池污泥投配比等因素对富磷污泥厌氧再释磷的影响.结果表明:每日通过泥线释磷返回水线的磷约占日处理磷量的10%～16%;不同有机基质诱导的污泥释磷速率不同,乙酸钠等低级脂肪酸能快速诱导污泥再释磷;硝酸盐的存在对污泥再释磷有明显的抑制作用,4h后当NO3--N浓度降低到0.2mg·L-1以下时磷将快速释放;初沉污泥的投加会使释磷时间提前4h,随着初沉污泥投配比的提高,释磷速率会相应提高,但释放总量不变.试验结果可以为SBR污水厂污泥处置过程中控制富磷污泥磷的再释放提供参考.     

Optimization of phosphorus removal in uniFed SBR system for domestic wastewater treatment

The characteristic of phosphorus removal and appropriate change of the traditional operation modes were investigated in UniFed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) laboratory-scale apparatus (40 L), treating actual domestic wastewater with low ratios of C/N (2.57) and C/P (30.18), providing theoretical basis for actual application of wastewater treatment plant. UniFed SBR system with its unique operation mode had the distinct superiority of phosphorus removal. On this occasion, the effect of volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and the method of influent introduction for phosphorus removal were studied. When the carbon source became the limiting factor to phosphorus release, the higher the VER, the lower the phosphorus concentration in the effluent. Three different influent patterns, including one-time filling, four-time filling, and continuous filling with the same quantity of wastewater could increase the release rate of anaerobic phosphorus from 0.082 to 0.143 mg·P·(L·min)⁻¹. Appropriate change of the traditional operation modes could optimize the efficiency of phosphorus removal. When the feed/ decant time was extended from 2 h to 4 h, the phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 59.93% to 88.45% without any external carbon source. In the mode of alternation of anoxic-aerobic (A/O) condition, phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 55.07% to 72.27% clearly. The carbon source in the influent can be used adequately, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was carried out in anoxic stage 2 (A2). This mode was optimal for the treatment of actual domestic wastewater with low C/N and C/P ratios.     

磷钼蓝光度法测定海藻中磷的含量

采用对P的特异性高、共存离子干扰小、显色稳定的钼蓝分光光度法,以抗坏血酸作为还原剂,通过在酸性条件下PO43-与钼酸铵结合生成磷钼酸铵,并经对苯二酚、亚硫酸钠还原成蓝色化合物-钼蓝,在其最大吸收波长660 nm条件下,对海带标准样品进行了测定.该方法所用试剂少、操作简便、测定速度快,测定结果精度高、准确度好,回收率为99.1%～100.5%,是一种简便、快捷测定海藻体内总磷含量的方法.     

High starter phosphorus fertilization facilitates soil phosphorus turnover by romoting microbial functional interaction in an arable soil

Microbial phosphorus(P) turnover is critical in C utilization efficiency in agroecosystems. It is therefore necessary to understand the P mobilization processes occurring during P fertilization in order to ensure both crop yield and environmental quality. Here, we established a controlled pot experiment containing soil amended with three different levels of starter P fertilizer and collected soil samples after 30, 60, and 90 days of incubation. Quantitative microbial element cycling(QMEC) smart ...     

EDTA-2Na添加提高污泥热水解磷的回收效率和鸟粪石纯度

污水处理厂剩余污泥因富含大量的磷而成为一种资源.为了提高磷的回收效率和回收产物(鸟粪石)纯度,本文采用响应曲面法、扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线光谱法(SEM-EDS),研究了EDTA-2Na的添加对污泥热水解过程中磷的释放和回收效率的影响.结果表明,最佳磷释放条件为:EDTA-2Na浓度9.2 mmol·L~(-1)、pH=3.9、水解温度T=62℃.在此条件下,污泥中磷的释放率为77.9%,远高于未添加EDTA-2Na的磷释放率(39.7%);在pH=9,Mg/P=1.2∶1的条件下进行磷回收,与未添加EDTA-2Na情况相比,污泥中磷的回收率从30.9%提高到70.2%,鸟粪石纯度从32.5%提高到61.3%,回收的晶体沉淀主要成分为磷酸氨镁.由于EDTA-2Na可与金属离子发生络合,同时引起细胞膜和胞外聚合物的破解,使磷的回收效率和鸟粪石纯度均得到提高.