神农架大九湖亚高山泥炭湿地甲烷通量变化特征及其与产甲烷菌群落组成的关系

2018年12月～2019年11月,采用涡度相关法和高通量测序技术,以湖北省神农架大九湖亚高山泥炭湿地为研究对象,对甲烷(CH4)通量以及产甲烷菌群落组成进行相关研究.结果 及分析表明:大九湖泥炭湿地研究期间表现为CH4的源,CH4总排放量为9333.26 mg· m-2,CH4日平均排放通量为18.50 nmol·m-2·s-1,冬、春、夏、秋四季的CH4平均排放通量分别为6.46、4.62、36.81、25.92 nmol·m-2·s-1,存在明显的季节变化;研究区产甲烷菌优势菌群为Methanoregula(66.73％)和Methanocella(21.99％);对样本中产甲烷菌的Shannon指数进行双因素方差分析发现,同一季节不同深度的样本中产甲烷菌多样性存在显著差异,随着深度的增加,产甲烷菌的多样性指数呈下降趋势;同一深度不同季节的样本中产甲烷菌多样性存在显著差异;夏季产甲烷菌群落组成与CH4排放通量为强正相关关系,春季产甲烷菌群落组成与CH4排放通量为强负相关关系,Methanothermus与CH4排放通量为显著正相关关系,Methanolinea与CH4排放通量为显著负相关关系.     

基于多源遥感数据的中国PM2.5变化趋势与影响因素分析

基于长时间序列的遥感反演PM_(2.5)数据,采用Theil-Sen median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall、R/S和相关系数分析法,分析了1998～2014年我国PM_(2.5)时空格局、空间变化特征以及污染来源。结果表明:1998～2014年期间,最高只有24.67%的国土面积上,PM_(2.5)浓度达到世界卫生组织(WHO)的年平均准则值10μg/m~3的要求;PM_(2.5)浓度小于10μg/m~3地区主要是青藏高原、台湾、北疆,内蒙古北部和黑龙江西北部,年均PM_(2.5)浓度大于95μg/m~3的地区主要是南疆和华北平原。1998～2014年期间,全国61.84%的国土面积PM_(2.5)浓度呈上升趋势,平均上升了3.91μg/m~3,上升最大值为39.1μg/m~3。其中,呈显著上升的地区主要分布在中西部地区和华北平原,且未来部分地区仍呈增长的趋势。PM_(2.5)浓度上升的驱动因素包括自然因素与人类活动排放,其中,南疆的PM_(2.5)主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘气溶胶,而其他地区PM_(2.5)主要来自人类活动排放。     

上海城区典型臭氧浓度偏低年的成因分析

利用2006~2010年上海徐家汇、崇明、宝山、金山和浦东5个监测站的臭氧资料,分析了上海地区不同功能区臭氧的浓度特征及年际变化特征。结果表明：2006年上海地区臭氧平均浓度是这5 a的最低值,以徐家汇和浦东两个站臭氧浓度年际差异最为明显。2006年各站春末和夏季的臭氧浓度明显低于其他年份,而秋冬季臭氧浓度却差别不大。以徐家汇地区为例的综合分析表明,天气状况、日照时数、温度和风速等气象要素不是造成2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的原因,臭氧前体物（VOCs和NOx）才是造成这种现象的主要原因。2006年4~8月NOx和VOCs浓度明显偏低,典型臭氧日变化情况下2006年VOCs/NOx比值较小,平均值为1.22,比2007、2008年低了近65%,而O3的生产率也分别减少了65%和59%。OZIPR模式的结果也表明较低的VOCs浓度以及VOCs/NOx比值,是导致2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的主要原因     

长三角城市群臭氧浓度的时空分异及驱动因素

运用克里金插值、空间自相关分析、冷热点分析和地理探测等定量分析方法,对长三角城市群2015~2017年O3浓度的时空分异特征及驱动因素进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）2015~2017年长三角城市群O3浓度呈上升趋势,O3日最大8 h滑动平均值第90百分位数平均浓度由149 μg/m3上升到166 μg/m3,平均超标率由9.3%上升到12.1%,以O3为首要污染物的天数占超标总天数的比例由32.3%上升到46.4%。（2）受气温和降水量年际波动的影响,各年份O3月均浓度变化曲线形状不同。但O3超标都主要发生在4~9月,超标天数分别占2015、2016、2017年的88.3%、98.2%和97.0%。（3）由于安徽O3浓度快速上升,长三角城市群O3浓度空间分布格局由东高西低演变为北高南低,且同质化增强、异质性减弱。（4）随着O3浓度的上升,O3浓度热点区由环太湖地区向南京都市圈扩展,冷点区在安徽有明显收缩。（5）地理探测表明,长三角城市群O3浓度空间分异主要受经济规模、城市化和排放源等社会经济因素驱动,且均呈正向影响。自然因素中的降水量和风速呈负向影响,分别对O3有显著的清除和扩散作用。     

北京三次产业演变与PM2.5排放的动态关系研究

基于三次产业经济增长与PM2.5排放关系视角回答PM2.5排放源争议以及减排措施的有效性问题,文章基于2008-2014年季度数据,利用X-12-ARIMA方法分析PM2.5排放数据的季节性波动,并构建向量自回归模型,实证结果显示,PM2.5排放数据不存在稳定季节性和移动季节性特征;第二、三产业经济增长是PM2.5排放的格兰杰原因;第二产业是PM2.5排放的长期主要来源,累计效应稳定在15,短期波动对PM2.5排放产生较强促排效应,但在滞后3期出现抑排效应,表明减排措施存在滞后效应;第三产业长期为抑排效应,累计效应稳定在-3,但在滞后3期出现促排效应,表明存在PM2.5排放部门;方差分解结果显示,三次产业经济增长对PM2.5排放的贡献比例为45.2%,其中第二产业第三产业第一产业,贡献率分别为33.82%,11.04%,0.36%;其余为区域传输和生活排放,区域传输贡献为28%-36%,生活排放包括私家车、生活消耗燃煤,以及居民烹饪的油烟,比例可达到20%左右。研究结果支持了PM2.5排放源中存在31.1%的机动车和14.1%的餐饮业排放,而不存在高比例的生物质燃烧排放。据此明确了当前第二产业减排措施的有效性和滞后性,以及加强第三产业减排、顶层设计京津冀区域协同减排和控制生活排放的相应措施。     

中国电力行业的全周期碳足迹北大核心CSCDCSSCI

在碳达峰与碳中和目标下,国家层面与各省份均在积极推动碳减排。电力行业作为我国最大的排放部门成为减排重点之一,然而电力行业存在的隐含碳排放造成实际排放低估,省际间碳转移导致省级碳减排不公平问题突出。因此识别电力行业全周期碳足迹,尤其是不同省份的隐含碳足迹以及省际间的转移碳足迹特征,有助于正确评估电力行业碳排放,科学界定不同省份的碳减排责任并合理分配。通过构建电力行业全周期点-流模型以揭示电力产业链中存在的能源活动,进而明确基于用电侧考虑的2018年全周期碳足迹,并刻画碳隐含度与碳转移依赖度指标来分析电力行业的隐含碳排放与省间转移碳排放。研究表明:(1)我国电力行业全周期碳排放系数为689 g/(kW·h),排放量为4.747×10^(9)t,其中北方大部分地区排放系数偏高,山东最高达891 g/(kW·h),南方地区偏低,云南最低仅101 g/(kW·h)。(2)全国电力行业全周期碳隐含度为8.95%,东南沿海贫煤省与煤炭生产高排放省的碳隐含度偏高,贵州最高达14.63%,西北、华北富煤省的碳隐含度偏低,新疆最低仅4.94%;全国隐含碳排放量为4.25×10^(8)t,广东隐含碳排放量最高达5.0×10^(7)t,青海最低仅1.17×10^(6)t。(3)全国电力行业全周期碳转移量为9.26×10^(8)t,约占排放总量的19.5%,电力与煤炭自给率越低的省区对外碳转移依赖度越高,其中北京最高达71.24%;内蒙古、山西、陕西、宁夏、安徽、新疆、贵州是主要碳转入省,总转入7.11×10^(8)t,其中内蒙古最高达2.64×10^(8)t;江苏、浙江、广东、山东、河北、北京、辽宁、河南、上海是主要碳转出省,总转出6.92×108t,其中江苏最高达1.12×10^(8)t;全国共有240对省存在碳转移,其中有102对的转移量超过1.0×10^(6)t。在研究基础上,提出相应建议推动省级电力行业公平合理低碳发展。     

武汉市后官湖水环境问题和污染防治对策分析

武汉市后官湖因流域城镇化迅速发展,水环境状况日渐恶化。首先对后官湖水质历史和现状分析,得出TP、TN和CODMn为主要超标因子。再结合流域土地利用现状、湖泊污染特征及其行政区划等,将后官湖流域划分成5个污染控制区(H1、H2、H3、H4和H5污染控制区),对各污染控制区中点源、面源污染进行分析,得出点源和农村生活为流域最重要污染源,两源共计排放CODMn、TN、TP和NH3-N占整个流域污染的82.9%,76%,78%和80.8%。污染控制区贡献量中,CODMn最大为H4(25.7%)和H3(23.97%);TN最大为H3(30.28%)和H4(25.31%);TP最大为H4(29.33%)和H2(25.62%);NH3-N最大为H3(31.77%)和H4(24.44%)。单位面积入湖强度中,H3区域CODMn、TN、TP和NH3-N强度最大,分别为35.57t/(a·km2),6.87t/(a·km2),0.85t/(a·km2)和5.57t/(a·km2),表现出污染强度"西低东高"的污染特征。针对上述污染特征本研究提出后官湖流域和各个分区污染防治对策,并对基于流域分区控制下污染物入湖量进行了测算。     

基于环境承载力的京津冀雾霾治理政策效果评估

雾霾污染治理是京津冀协同发展需要解决的重大问题。2013年9月颁布的"大气污染防治行动计划(大气国十条)"明确提出了京津冀地区雾霾治理目标,各地区也制定了雾霾污染治理的政策措施。本文旨在环境承载力分析的基础上评估雾霾治理的政策效果。首先,分析了京津冀地区大气环境污染特征,并结合相关文献确定京津冀地区雾霾治理的主要影响因素为污染物排放、风力以及相邻地区的传输效应等;其次,将影响PM_(2.5)浓度主要因素进行统计建模,并采用分位数回归模型进行矫正,大大提高模型的拟合精度;再次,基于大气国十条规定的京津冀各地区的PM_(2.5)年均浓度目标计算各地区的大气环境承载力;最后,在假定风力等气象条件不变的情况下,根据大气国十条规定的京津冀地区的污染物排放量利用统计模型模拟2017年的雾霾污染水平,模拟除张家口、承德和秦皇岛以外其余10个地区年均浓度60μg/m~3和70μg/m~3目标下PM_(2.5)日均浓度发生频率的变化情况,评估和讨论大气国十条提出的京津冀雾霾治理目标。结果表明:按照大气国十条减排计划的京津冀地区污染物排放量普遍高于其PM_(2.5)浓度目标下的大气环境容量(邯郸市除外),即大气国十条所规定的减排措施难以实现既定的PM_(2.5)浓度目标;PM_(2.5)年均浓度目标从60μg/m~3上升到70μg/m~3,重污染天气发生频率上升有限,大气污染物的减排量却显著下降。因此,要实现既定的雾霾浓度控制目标,天津和河北需要进一步加大污染物减排力度;雾霾治理应注重减少重污染天气的发生频率,治理重点应转向重度雾霾发生频率较高的冬季污染物排放控制;在科学确定环境承载力的基础上,确定切实可行的PM_(2.5)浓度控制目标,制定具有可操作性的污染物减排计划。     

杭州西湖水体光学状况及影响因子分析

2004年10月8日在杭州西湖6个不同湖区共布设10个采样点进行水下光场的测定,并采集水样分析悬浮物、叶绿素a、有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）浓度。结果表明,3类主要光衰减物质总悬浮物、叶绿素a和DOC的浓度分别为3.68~42.76 mg/L、4.64~85.95 μg/L、5.19~9.22 mg/L;CDOM在440 nm波长处吸收系数为0.30~1.46 m-1;PAR衰减系数在1.13~6.04 m-1间变化,均值为4.00±1.69 m-1;对应的真光层深度为0.76~4.08 m,均值为1.54±1.11 m;仅南湖和茅家埠两个湖区真光层深度大于水深,其他湖区由于水深远大于真光层深度,在现有的光照条件和水位下要恢复沉水植物困难较大。对PAR衰减系数、真光层深度、透明度等表观光学参数与主要水色因子进行相关分析发现,水体中浮游藻类和有机颗粒物对西湖水体光学性质影响最大。     

2013年长江丰水期河水化学特征及控制因素

为掌握长江河水化学组成特征及其控制因素,笔者运用Gibbs图、多种离子比例系数法和主成分分析法综合分析了长江流域丰水期河水化学及氢氧同位素特征。结果表明,长江丰水期河水主要来源为大气降水,河水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca型,化学成分主要受流域内广泛分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水p H值、浓度沿长江径流方向降低,、Ca2+浓度沿长江径流方向升高。2013年丰水期,长江河水化学组成特征变化的主要影响因子,是易溶盐岩溶解和人类活动(贡献率40%),其次为川贵及长江三角洲地区的酸雨沉降以及人为酸性废水排放促进了流域内石灰岩和富含碳酸盐的三叠系砂页岩溶解(贡献率20%),最后为硅酸盐矿物及其风化产物的溶解(贡献率19%)。为了解长江河水水质状况及其演变趋势,合理评价长江流域水资源提供很好的科学依据。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.