基于空气负离子效应的游憩规划研究——以圆明园公园为例

从空气负离子和游憩规划结合的角度,在整理和借鉴国内外相关成果的基础上,以圆明园公园为例,于2009年春夏两季,选取公园内具有代表性的采样点,对环境空气负离子进行全天监测,并对监测结果进行数据整理和分析评定;对公园内游客进行问卷调查,探索公园不同游憩活动的空间规律;根据空气负离子的浓度及其分布提出公园的游憩规划建议,划定公园的适游区域和适游季节,给出了34、5、月份空气负离子健康大道线路以及游憩功能分区。对游客的游憩活动及圆明园公园的空间利用及规划管理具有实践指导意义,可为城市公园的游憩规划和管理提供思考途径。     

南京浦口区大气负离子的时空特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用南京市浦口区境内老山森林、农庄、珍珠泉、石桥万诚4个观测点2014年10月~2015年10月大气负(氧)离子观测资料,分析了浦口区大气负(氧)离子浓度的时空变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:(1)浦口区日平均大气负(氧)离子浓度为688个/cm~3,最大值约在21:00,为986个/cm~3,最小值约在12:00,为610个cm~3;(2)浦口区年平均大气负(氧)离子浓度为675个/cm~3,其中夏季最高,为728个/cm~3;冬季最低,为538个/cm~3;(3)浦口区大气负(氧)离子空间分布规律为:农庄珍珠泉老山森林石桥万诚;(4)不同天气条件下大气负离子与气象因子的相关性不同,如雨日,大气负离子与降水量、气温、相对湿度显著相关(P0.01);无雨天,大气负离子与日照显著相关(P0.05)。     

嘉兴双桥农场大气颗粒物的物理化学特征

为了对长三角地区大气污染进行防治和控制,了解长三角地区大气环境质量变化规律,有必要对其颗粒物的组成及特征进行分析,以揭示其形成机制。采用Partisal plus2025 型连续空气采样机在嘉兴双桥农场（长三角中心）进行采样,利用对采样样品化学分析的结果,分析了PM10、PM25的化学组成、质量浓度的分布特征及其相对关系。 PM25和PM10中19种无机元素质量浓度的总和约占其质量浓度的23%和25%,其中Al、Si、Ca是主要贡献元素;8种水溶性离子质量浓度总和约占PM25和PM10质量浓度的51%和43%,其中NO-3和SO2-4是主要贡献成分;有机碳的质量浓度约占PM25和PM10质量浓度的1612%和1743%,元素碳的质量浓度约占PM25和PM10质量浓度的1697%和1584%,可见该地区存在较严重的二次有机碳污染和元素碳污染。研究结果为揭示大气颗粒物的形成机制和对其污染进行防治和控制提供了基础性的研究数据。     

城市道路典型绿带结构对总悬浮颗粒物的净化效应

机动车道和非机动车道之间的隔离绿化带（简称机非隔离绿化带）对由机动车辆造成的空气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）有较显著的净化效应。以典型结构类型的机非隔离绿化带为研究对象,通过布点采样测定空气中TSP浓度,定量地研究了道路绿化带对TSP的净化效益。同时,用郁闭度和疏透度表征了道路绿化带的配置情况,并研究其与TSP净化效率的相关性;采用灰色关联分析方法,初步探讨了TSP净化效率与温度、相对湿度、风速的相关性。结果表明：主干道机非隔离绿化带的最优结构是乔灌结构、次干道最优结构是乔灌草结构、支路3种结构类型的道路绿化带对TSP净化效率差异不明显;绿化带疏透度在10％~20%时,郁闭度在75％~90%,绿化带对TSP净化效率较高;相对湿度对TSP净化效率的影响较风速和温度大     

喀斯特洞穴通风效应特征变化及其对洞内空气环境的影响研究——以贵州绥阳麻黄洞为例

为探究喀斯特洞穴内部空气变化特征,揭示喀斯特洞穴通风效应时空变化规律及其变化模式,于2016年1月～2019年6月间两个监测周期对贵州绥阳麻黄洞洞内外温度、湿度、C02浓度以及气压进行为期32个月的数据采集,并基于相关模型进行系统分析,结果表明:(1)麻黄洞存在3种通风模式:限制性通风模式、积极性通风模式和过渡阶段.其中夏季主要为限制性通风模式,洞内外气流交换较弱;冬季主要为积极性通风模式,洞内外气流交换运动明显,春季和秋季处于过渡阶段,两种模式交替存在.(2)洞道结构影响通风模式,同样,通风效应影响洞穴空气环境变化.根据洞道结构和通风效应对洞穴空气环境的影响可以将麻黄洞洞道分为3个部分:空气环境变化较大的1#～5#监测点、空气环境变化逐渐减小的6#～9#监测点以及空气环境稳定的10#～15#监测点.(3)受特殊的洞道结构影响,洞道中6#～9#存在"狭管效应"引起的"峡谷风",使得春秋两季洞道中部存在明显气流.基于模型分析洞穴通风效应及其对洞穴空气环境影响,研究喀斯特洞穴通风模式及其变化特征,对洞穴沉积物形成及气候变化及碳循环模式研究有重要意义.     

京津冀PM_(2.5)的主要影响因素及内在关系研究

大气污染物的源排放是形成灰霾天气的内因,气象条件是形成灰霾天气的外因。本研究通过构建PM_(2.5)浓度的两段式分布滞后模型,结合自然环境因素及经济因素对PM_(2.5)的影响因素进行了综合分析。在第一段模型中构建了PM_(2.5)和大气污染物排放量的分布滞后模型,第二段模型中构建了不同的大气污染源对大气污染物排放量的影响因素模型。大气污染物排放源主要包括工业源、生活源、机动车源、集中式污染治理设施源。在工业源中,工业废气重度污染行业是大气污染物排放主要的贡献者;在生活源中,燃煤消费量对大气污染物排放影响很大,这也是冬季供暖期间PM_(2.5)剧增的原因;在机动车源中,尽管黄标车的保有量仅占汽车保有量的10%左右,但却占据了颗粒物排放量的绝大部分。利用京津冀代表性城市PM_(2.5)日度数据研究得出平均气温、平均风速、日照时数、平均气压、降雨量、平均相对湿度、沙尘暴等因素对PM_(2.5)浓度的负向与正向作用。研究发现,大气污染物排放量对PM_(2.5)浓度具有聚集的滞后效应,当期大气污染物排放量、滞后一期、滞后两期、滞后三期大气污染物对PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著的正向作用,且影响依次递减。构建的大气污染物排放量的污染源影响因素模型揭示一个地区煤炭消费量、工业废气重度污染行业工业增加值、黄标车保有量对该地区大气污染物排放量具有显著影响。本研究对优化能源消费结构和产业结构,减少空气污染物排放提出了对策建议。     

我国北方发生区域性沙尘天气

根据沙尘暴监测网络监测结果,3月2 6～2 9日,我国北方地区发生今年以来第八次沙尘天气。根据激光雷达监测,各地沙尘天气主要以区域性扬沙、沙尘暴为主,通过高空进行远距离传输的沙尘较少,在47个重点城市中,仅北京市在3月2 8日出现重度污染。本次沙尘天气期间,我国三大沙尘源地均有不同程度的沙尘天气发生,但西部的河西走廊和阿拉善地区强度相对较弱,空气中TSP浓度为4.4mg/m3,相当于通常情况下的1/ 5～1/ 6;内蒙古中北部地区的达茂旗3月2 7日发生近9个小时的沙尘暴天气,空气中TSP浓度为7.5 3mg/m3,超标2 4倍;东部浑善达克地区的苏尼特左旗…     

济南市PM_(2.5)时空分布特征

利用2010—2016年济南市环境空气质量监测数据,分析了济南市PM_(2.5)的年变化、月变化、日变化和区域分布特征。结果表明:(1)跑马岭监测点(远离市区的清洁对照点)PM_(2.5)浓度呈逐年下降的趋势,其余监测点PM_(2.5)的浓度均在2013年达到峰值后逐渐下降。(2)济南市冬季污染最重,1月达到最高;夏季污染最轻,8月达到最低。(3)PM_(2.5)平均浓度有两个高值中心,不同季节PM_(2.5)高值中心有所不同。(4)夏季,有无逆温时PM_(2.5)差异较小且日变化不明显;冬季,有无逆温时PM_(2.5)差异最大。     

长江三角洲城市群空气质量时空分布特征

基于数理统计、空间插值技术、相关性分析与GIS地图表达,研究长江三角洲城市群AQI及各空气含量因子污染浓度的时间、空间分布特征。通过提取国务院最新规划的长江三角洲城市群空间分布数据,划分研究区为"一核五圈",探讨了空气质量指数的时间变化特征和AQI、首要污染物的空间分布规律,定量评价了AQI与其污染因子的相关性,结果表明:(1)时间变化上,长三角城市群空气质量季均变化规律为夏季最好,冬季最差;月均变化呈波浪形分布,在1月份的平均浓度皆为最高;周均变化为:在一周后半段达到一周最大值;(2)空间分布上,分季节看,AQI在春、秋、冬三季空间梯度变化显著,呈现北高、南低的分布格局。在首要污染物的分布上,以PM_(2.5)和O_3均分长三角地区;(3)PM_(2.5)含量空间分布与AQI有较高相似性,均处于北高南低的分布状态,臭氧分布呈现东高西低,即较发达的城市臭氧含量相对较高的空间分布格局。最后通过相关性计算,AQI与PM_(2.5)相关性显著,与O_3没有明显相关性,为长三角大气污染防治提供依据。     

地面的臭氧浓度是多少?

【问 :】山东读者陈东来信问臭氧浓度。【答 :】地面的臭氧浓度是用臭氧的体积占空气体积的 1 0亿分之几 ( PPb)为单位加以衡量的。人们普遍认同的规律是 :地面臭氧的标准浓度是 1 2 0 ppb,这应该是根据每小时进行一次测量的结果得出的平均值。一个环境保护良好的地区 ,每年只能有一天时间超过 1 2 0 ppb的标准浓度。像墨西哥城这样的城市 ,地面的臭氧浓度高达 50 0 ppb。洛杉矶已经采取了一些保持环境清洁的措施 ,在情况较糟的时候该市的臭氧浓度约为 2 0 0～ 30 0 ppb,每年超过 1 2 0 ppb标准浓度的日子约为 2 0 0天。芝加哥、休斯敦及一…     

环境健康价值评估中的年龄效应研究

在环境健康价值评估研究中,统计寿命价值和年龄之间的关系是理论和实证研究焦点之一,也是重要的学术问题。长久以来,环境政策效益评估中是否应该赋予老年人较低的统计寿命价值一直存在广泛争议,且尚未得到一致性结论。通过设计选择实验,对北京市空气质量改善的健康效益进行了抽样调查,并采用MNL模型对北京市约500个居民的调查数据进行回归分析,估算了不同年龄人群对健康风险减少的支付意愿,针对中国人群中统计寿命价值和年龄之间的关系进行实证探讨。结果表明:一方面,在总体样本中设置年龄虚拟变量,回归结果表明年龄变量系数的符号均显著为负,即年龄因素对减少空气污染带来的死亡风险降低的支付意愿具有显著的影响,年龄越大支付意愿相对越小;另一方面,不同年龄人群分组样本结果显示,统计寿命价值与年龄之间呈现"倒U型"关系,统计寿命价值在中国存在"老年折扣"现象。研究结果可为我国环境政策的健康效益分析中如何考虑年龄的影响提供重要依据。     

Omega-3 fatty acids and the benefits of fish consumption: is all that glitters gold?

In recent years, a number of studies have clearly remarked the nutritional benefits of fish consumption: proteins, vitamins, minerals, and especially omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which may protect against several adverse health effects, including coronary heart disease mortality and stroke. However, some concerns about potential health risks derived from the environmental contaminants found in fish have been also raised. Therefore, balancing adequately the risks and benefits of fish consumption is currently a nutritional/environmental health key issue. In this paper, the most recent available scientific information concerning this issue is reviewed. It is concluded that although it seems evident that fish must be an important part of a balanced diet, to choose the most suitable species in terms of levels of PUFAs and pollutants, the frequency of consumption, and the meal size are essential aspects to balance benefits and risks of a regular consumption.     

Integration of environmental and human health risk assessment for industries using hazardous materials: a quantitative multi criteria approach for environmental decision makers

Environmental management, for which environmental and human health risk assessment is the first stage, is a requirement for industries both before construction and during operation in order to sustain improved quality of life in the ecosystem. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose an approach that integrates environmental and human health risk assessment for industries using hazardous materials in order to support environmental decision makers with quantitative and directive results. Analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy logic are used as tools to handle problems caused by complexity of environment and uncertain data. When the proposed approach is implemented to a scenario, it was concluded that it is possible to define risk sources with their risk classes and related membership degrees in that classes which enable the decision maker to decide which risk source has priority. In addition, they can easily point out and rank the factors contributing those risk sources owing to priority weights of them. As a result, environmental decision makers can use this approach while they are developing management alternatives for unfounded and on-going industrial plants using hazardous materials.     

Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 air pollution in the Padana Plain (Italy) before and in the course of XX Winter Olympic Games of "Torino 2006"

PM2.5 is one of the most important aspects of environmental health. This air pollutant is breathable and it is implicated in several chronic adverse health effects such as the decrease of respiratory functionality and cancer. Several in vitro bioassays are able to predict the mutagenic/carcinogenic activity of the environmental pollutants and mixtures of them. In this study PM2.5 air pollution was daily monitored in three cities located in the Northern part of Italy and the mutagenic properties of the PM2.5 organic extracts were also assessed. Samplings lasted 14 months and cover the period of the Winter Olympic Games of "Torino 2006". In this work, the levels of PM2.5, its mutagenic properties (detected with Salmonella typhimurium assay), the role of the Olympic Games as environmental factor and some meteorological data are discussed. The mean concentration of PM2.5 measured in Torino was 45.4 (+/-30.6) microg/m(3), in Pavia 37.6 (+/-25.6) microg/m(3), in Verona 43.1 (+/-28.5) microg/m(3). Findings of the monthly pool bioassay were in Torino 107 (+/-104) net revertans/m(3), in Pavia 108 (+/-89) net revertans/m(3), in Verona 128 (+/-109) net revertans/m(3). The Olympic Games period data show that PM2.5 pollution and its load of mutagenic potential are different and partially independent phenomena. The Olympic Games had not a great impact on the PM2.5 pollution. The exclusive PM2.5 gravimetric analysis shows a potential human risk if compared with the latest international guide values but it does not describe exhaustively the human health risk associated to the presence of this particular air pollutant. Moreover, the chemical and biological activity qualification of the PM organic extracts as a whole, can instead improve the knowledge.     

Contributions of sustainability science to the study of environmental health problems

From the ontological point of view, environmental health problems do not differ from problems of unsustainability. This leads us to think that sustainability science could contribute to resolve important questions that studies on environmental health are not resolving. A literature review was made in order to analyse the scope and limitations of studies on environmental health problems. Based on the characteristics of environmental health studies, we highlighted some examples of questions that are being ignored and analysed four contributions that sustainability science could make to solve them. These contributions come from three key components of sustainability science: (1) the unit of analysis—social–ecological systems, (2) a theory—resilience theory and, specifically, social–ecological resilience, (3) and the approaches of complex systems and transdisciplinarity. From a sustainability science perspective, four contributions could be made: environmental health problems are redefined as social–ecological systems; environmental health is assumed to be the result of adaptation processes; the environment and society are recognized as systems, not as matrices of factors; and human action acquires content and structure and, in turn, explains the behaviour of environmental health problems.     

The effects of national culture and human development on environmental health

While there is considerable research on environmental performance of countries, there is very little that focuses on environmental health as a component of environmental performance and how environmental health is affected by national culture and human development. This study proposes and empirically tests three models that examine the effects of cultural values and human development on environmental health by incorporating different variables from Human Development Index, Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, and Environmental Performance Index. Multiple linear regression models were employed to test the hypotheses on a sample of 67 countries. Empirical results conclude that cultural dimensions of individualism and uncertainty avoidance, as well as human development components of life expectancy at birth, education, and income significantly influence environmental health performance of countries when we execute separate models. A combined model of the effects of national culture and human development on environmental health, however, shows only significant effects of human development components. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

An approach to comparative assessments of potential health risks from exposure to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals

The need to compare potential health risks to the public associated with different activities that can result in releases of hazardous substances to the environment is becoming increasingly important in decision-making. In making such comparisons, it is desirable to use equivalent indicators of potential health risks for radionuclides, chemical carcinogens, and noncarcinogenic hazardous chemicals. Current approaches to risk assessment that were developed for purposes of protecting human health do not provide equivalent indicators of potential risks from exposure to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals. Comparisons of environmental concentrations or calculated exposures or risks with standards for protection of public health also do not provide equivalent indicators of potential risks. We propose a simple approach to comparative risk assessments in which calculated exposures to any hazardous substances are expressed relative to no-observed-effect levels (NOELs) or, preferably, lower confidence limits of benchmark doses (BMDLs) in humans. This approach provides an equivalent, science-based indicator of the relative risks posed by different exposures to any hazardous substances.     

Environmental challenges in computer manufacturing

The purpose of this research is to examine the environmental policies and programs that have been instituted by four large computer manufacturers. These environmental concerns, while not highly publicized, present an extremely important challenge to computer manufacturers, as well as to our society in general. Though the environmental programs of these computer manufacturers have been in place for several years, the topic of environmental health and safety (EHS) in computer manufacturing is still a relatively new one. Four major computer manufacturers that have instituted environmental programs are selected in this research. Their environmental policies and programs are examined in detail and compared with each other to show the relative strength and weakness. The result of this research highlights that with the amazing growth of computer use for both business and in our daily life, it will only be a matter of time before the issue -- the environmental challenges in computer manufacturing -- gains prominence and exposure in our society on a large-scale basis.     

Critical linkages between land-use transition and human health in the Himalayan region

This article reviews critical linkages between land-use transition and human health in the Himalayan region by applying ecosystem approaches to human health (or EcoHealth). Land-use transition in the Himalayan and similar regions includes sedentarization, agricultural intensification, habitat modification, migration, change of livelihoods and lifestyles, biodiversity loss, and increasing flash floods. These transitions, which can have impacts on human health, are driven by state policies, a market economy, and climate change. Human health is dependent on access to ecosystem services for food, nutrition, medicine, fiber and shelter, fresh water, and clear air. Ecosystem management has been a key means of controlling disease vectors and creating suitable habitats for human well-being. The paper identifies the web of environmental factors that influence human health. Institutional and policy issues for land-use and health transitions are also discussed.