吉林省区域功能空间结构演变分析

基于空间重心的地图演示方法,以吉林省为例,采用土地利用数据和经济统计数据,对比区域功能空间重心和经济重心的转移变化轨迹,从空间效率差异视角认识区域发展的不平衡性。结果显示:①吉林省区域功能空间差异明显,形成了东部生态、中部社会经济、中西(偏西)部农业的功能空间格局;②1995-2007年,吉林省区域空间结构整体稳定,局部优化调整,耕地保护和城市扩张过程中的矛盾冲突初步缓解,社会经济功能空间重心向中部城市优势区位地带转移;③1995-2007年,吉林省经济重心趋向第二三产业重心,社会经济功能空间重心和经济重心从相反方向分别向中部城市收敛,东西部空间效率趋向平衡;④空间组织应当更加重视对区域发展目标的支撑,吉林省宜进一步稳定既有区域空间格局,继续提高中部城市(群)的经济集聚效用。     

浙江省人口分布的空间格局及其时空演变

改革开放以来,随着经济社会的快速发展,浙江省各地区人口分布发生了明显的变化。文章运用空间自相关、不均衡系数、人口重心和偏移增长法,对浙江省69个县级行政单元人口分布的空间格局及其在1985-2007年间的时空演变特征进行了深入分析,并得出以下几点结论:①浙江省人口密度分布具有"点—带—区"结构特征,即以经济发展水平高的地区为高值点,通过杭甬高速和甬台温高速将各高值点连接成带,其他地区则形成人口密度低值区;②浙江省人口分布存在一定的空间关联性,在浙东北环杭州湾地区和浙东南沿海地区呈现高高集聚,在浙中和西南内陆地区呈现低低集聚;③浙江省人口呈不均衡分布状态,并且人口不均衡系数不断增大;④浙江省人口偏移增长在三大区域之间具有明显差异,浙东南沿海地区人口总偏移量为正,浙东北环杭州湾地区基本稳定、浙中和西南内陆地区为负,人口重心逐渐向东南沿海偏移。     

长江经济带城市人居环境空间格局研究

以长江经济带110个城市为例,从居住环境、经济环境、社会环境、生态环境4个方面构建综合人居环境评价模型,运用层次分析法对各城市人居环境进行测度评价,并借助GIS可视化和空间自相关方法揭示和探讨长江经济带城市人居环境空间格局与集聚特征。结果发现:(1)综合人居环境存在显著空间差异,长三角地区整体人居环境质量最高,中部地区次之,云贵川地区最低;中心城市明显高于普通城市。(2)各系统层中,居住环境、经济环境质量长三角地区和省会城市优于普通城市;社会环境优质区域具有中心地指向性;生态环境则是以赣皖城市最优,中东部城市优于西部城市。(3)综合人居环境及各环境系统层均呈现明显的空间正相关集聚特征,即高人居环境区域在空间上毗邻,反之亦然;从莫兰指数散点图和LISA图中看出,高-高集聚区以长三角为中心布局,低-低集聚区则位于云贵川、皖北等地。     

基于ESDA的城市可持续发展能力时空分异格局研究

可持续发展是复杂城市系统的动态变化过程,准确定量地评估和分析城市可持续发展能力,能够为城市发展战略制定、资源优化配置等提供参考依据,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文以2003-2013年间中国30个省级行政区280个地级及以上城市为研究对象,基于数据包络分析(DEA)和探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)方法,研究中国城市可持续发展能力的时空差异特征。首先基于数据包络分析的思路,将资源、环境投入作为输入指标,人口、经济、社会发展作为输出指标,城市每年的发展状况作为评价单元,建立评价指标体系。然后采用探索性空间数据分析方法,分析城市可持续发展能力的时空格局变化,探索其空间分布格局、空间关联模式、空间集聚状态和空间异质特征。结果表明:第一,全国地级以上城市的可持续发展能力上升趋势明显;第二,城市可持续发展能力与经济格局、行政级别存在较好拟合,呈现出东部高于西部、直辖市高于地级市的区域差异特征,地域之间差异正逐步缩小。从空间演变格局来看,2003年、2008年、2013年城市可持续发展能力呈现正的空间自相关,但相关性逐渐减弱;第三,城市可持续发展能力的空间依赖性和空间异质性同时存在,整体热点区主要分布在中国东部地区,而中部、西部地区城市的可持续发展能力逐年提高,并呈局部高值空间聚集状态。     

西藏"一江两河"地区人口空间分布的动态演变

人口分布的空间演变是人口发展过程中在时间和空间上的表现形式,人口的集聚与扩散是诠释区域人口空间分布格局与形态的重要方面.对其研究有助于揭示人口分布现状的本质、理解区域空间结构特征及演变趋势.本研究运用局部空间自相关方法,并结合GIS技术,以县域为基本单元,人口密度为衡量指标,对西藏"一江两河"地区1990-2008年间人口分布空间格局的演变进行了分析.分析结果表明,"一江两河"地区各县市(区)人口总量和密度均有明显增长,人口分布总体上呈现出不断集中的态势.局部自相关分析揭示"一江两河"地区开始显现以拉萨市和日喀则市为中心的两个显著的人口高密度区,显示出该区域人口分布的多中心空间结构特征.对以拉萨市、日喀则市和乃东县为中心的区域密度函数进行拟合.多中心区域密度函数的估计结果显示,"一江两河"地区空间发展正逐步由20世纪90年代单中心(拉萨市城关区)阶段,向目前的多中心向心集聚阶段转变,除拉萨市城关区外,日喀则市和乃东县集聚能力开始显现.     

基于多时相遥感数据的村镇聚落格局演化及机理研究——以江苏省为例

快速城市化背景下,村镇聚落的空间格局正在经历前所未有的变革和重塑过程,探寻其演变规律、研判其背后动力机制对于实现城乡统筹发展意义重大.基于多时相遥感影像的村镇点位数据,运用最近邻比率、核密度、空间自相关等GIS和统计分析方法,以江苏省为例,从省域和县域尺度探讨快速城市化地区村镇聚落格局及演变机理.结果表明:(1)省域尺度上,江苏省村镇聚落整体呈集聚分布,但集聚态势略有减弱;核密度的区域差异显著,整体东部小于西部,苏北连续性较强而苏南较为破碎;密度核心普遍收缩,苏南地区收缩最为显著.(2)县域尺度上,村镇聚落集聚格局依旧,与省域尺度一样,其集聚程度随时间推移而降低;冷热点分布较为分散,"热点区"主要分布在苏北地区,"冷点区"均位于苏南地区;时间维度上,"热点区"有扩大趋势,"冷点区"则呈收缩之势;苏南和苏北地区的村镇聚落格局在该尺度上变化均较为明显.(3)演变机理上,自然地理、社会经济、政策制度和其他因素共同作用于村镇聚落空间演化过程,在本文研究时段内,交通、城市化和政策3个因子对江苏省村镇聚落的格局改变具有显著性.     

上海大都市区物流企业区位分布特征及其演化

物流企业的空间分布决定城市物流空间格局、影响城市资源和生产空间的合理配置。以上海大都市区1995年以来物流企业属性数据为基础,综合应用区位商、平均最近邻、核密度及协同区位商等测度方法,探究各类物流企业的区位及其演化特征。研究发现：（1）受资源禀赋、区位条件及发展定位不同的影响,上海大都市区物流业发展水平存在明显的时空异质性,区域各类物流企业的时空发展水平差异显著;（2）上海大都市区物流企业正由“中心布局”转变为多“核心-边缘”模式,在中心区集聚极化的同时,郊区外围也集聚分布了大量物流企业,城市物流空间不断向外围扩张;（3）货代类和综合物流类企业通过信息共享、服务零库存等因素,促进企业间的共位选择;其他类型物流企业由于地域分工、企业选址分散,则出现了区位互斥现象。研究揭示了上海大都市区物流空间区位特征,既补充了城市物流的理论研究,也为今后城市物流业和物流设施发展提供借鉴     

湖南省红色村落空间分布格局及公路可达性研究

基于“红色村落”概念内涵界定,以湖南省262个乡村红色旅游景区(点)为数据样本,综合运用数理建模和GIS空间分析方法,定量刻画了全省红色村落空间分布格局及可达性特征。结果表明：(1)全省红色村落呈集聚型分布状态,不同空间板块或行政单元红色村落分布非均衡性特征突出,集聚强度具有随尺度距离增加而不断弱化的“空间衰减”规律;(2)红色村落整体呈“大分散、小集聚”分布格局,全省存在三大高密度集聚区以及多个红色村落跨界连绵集群组团,长征沿线、湘鄂赣及湘粤赣边区等形成多个“中低密度”集聚片区;(3)红色村落通行时间平均值为221.58 min,标准差为42.75,可达性整体状况不理想,且内部差异显著,可达性水平稳健性欠佳,不同可达时段内红色村落数理分布近似于呈“金字塔”状结构;(4)红色村落可达性空间分布呈现“中心-外围”结构特征,省际边缘区形成多个交通可达性低谷,与其核密度格局存在“空间错位性”,且具有沿交通干线分布的指向特征。最后,提出了优化红色村落可达性格局、驱动交通区位重构和推进红色旅游开发的对策建议。     

中国生态效率的区域差异及动态演化研究

采用2000-2011年的统计数据,首先运用超效率DEA模型对中国30个省份的生态效率进行测算,在此基础上,运用空间自相关分析方法对中国省域生态效率的演化格局进行了实证分析,以此来探寻影响中国生态效率区域差异变化的空间机制。研究表明:我国生态效率平均水平处于0.854-1.050之间,整体呈现波动性变化趋势。从区域层面看,东部地区、中部地区和西部地区2000-2011年生态效率的平均值依次为1.821,0.559和0.381,生态效率呈现由沿海向内陆、由东部向中西部递减的格局,具有明显的"俱乐部收敛"现象。从省级层面看,生态效率较高的省区集聚于东部经济发达地区,而生态效率较低的省区则集中于西部经济欠发达地区;从全局空间自相关来看,2000-2011年中国各省份生态效率的全局Moran’s I值均显著为正(指数取值范围在0.236-0.400之间),表明中国各地区生态效率呈现出正的空间相关性特征,存在较明显的空间集聚特征,近邻效应显著;从局域空间自相关来看,80%左右的省份表现为在地理空间上显著的空间正相关(H-H集聚和L-L集聚),其中H-H集聚的沿海地区已成为中国生态效率的重要增长极,有着较强的正向辐射效应,有向周围扩散的趋势,而位于L-L集聚区的西部、中部地区的大部分省区及东北三省则在空间分布上较稳定。根据实证分析结果,提出政策建议:一是转变经济发展方式,巩固节能减排效果;二是把握区域发展特征,因地制宜促进发展;三是加强区域合作与交流,寻求区域协调发展新渠道。     

武汉市乡村旅游空间集聚演化格局及影响因素

乡村旅游空间集聚发展对提高旅游效率、增强区域旅游竞争力、振兴乡村产业发展具有较强的实践意义。常态化疫情防控下,城市边缘区成为乡村旅游的热点地区。文章选取2005、2010、2015和2020年四个年份,以武汉市为例,运用网格维分析、Ripley’s K函数和核密度分析方法从集聚形态、集聚尺度、集聚模式分析城市边缘区乡村旅游地的空间集聚格局演化特征,基于2 km*2 km微观尺度单元运用地理探测器定量分析乡村旅游空间集聚因素的影响水平,探讨空间集聚水平与影响因素的空间耦合分布。结果显示,武汉市乡村旅游具有区域不等概率分布的基本分形特征,呈线状分布形态并向周边扩散;空间集聚的强度随集聚空间尺度的扩大呈正态分布,集聚强度峰值的空间尺度由8增至18 km;空间集聚呈多核心层级状的点-轴扩散模式演化,形成多个不同规模的核心和次核心集聚区。自然生态、社会经济、高等级景区和政策调控因素共同作用于空间集聚格局,影响因素按解释力水平由高到低分别为高等级景区、路网密度、环城距离、河流水系、人口密度、山地资源和用地类型。双因素交互作用的影响力均高于单因素的影响力,产生非线性增强与双因子增强两种效应。此外,政...     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。