Preparation of a new Fenton-like catalyst from red mud using molasses wastewater as partial acidifying agent

Using molasses wastewater as partial acidifying agent, a new Fenton-like catalyst (ACRM _sm ) was prepared through a simple process of acidification and calcination using red mud as main material. With molasses wastewater, both the free alkali and the chemically bonded alkali in red mud were effectively removed under the action of H₂SO₄ and molasses wastewater, and the prepared ACRM _sm was a near-neutral catalyst. The ACRM _sm preparation conditions were as follows: for 3 g of red mud, 9 mL of 0.7 mol/L H₂SO₄ plus 2 g of molasses wastewater as the acidifying agent, calcination temperature 573 K, and calcination time 1 h. Iron phase of ACRM _sm was mainly α-Fe₂O₃ and trace amount of carbon existed in ACRM _sm . The addition of molasses wastewater not only effectively reduced the consumption of H₂SO₄ in acidification of red mud but also resulted in the generation of carbon and significantly improved the distribution of macropore in prepared ACRM _sm . It was found that near-neutral pH of catalyst, generated carbon, and wide distribution of macropore were the main reasons for the high catalytic activity of ACRM _sm . The generated carbon and wide distribution of macropore were entirely due to the molasses wastewater added. In degradation of orange II, ACRM _sm retained most of its catalytic stability and activity after five recycling times, indicating ACRM _sm had an excellent long-term stability in the Fenton-like process. Furthermore, the performance test of settling showed ACRM _sm had an excellent settleability. ACRM_sm was a safe and green catalytic material used in Fenton-like oxidation for wastewater treatment.

     

用氧化铝厂赤泥制备高效混凝剂聚硅酸铁铝

研究了以氧化铝厂赤泥为原料,在常压通氧条件下,用稀硫酸浸取制备高效混凝剂聚硅酸铁铝（PSAF）的方法,确定了合理的生产工艺和操作条件。该混凝剂用于处理工业废水,并与聚合硫酸铁（PFS）的处理效果比较,CODCr和色度去除率分别提高约20％和28％,SS去除率提高约10％,同时,探讨了该混凝剂处理废水的反应机理。     

活化赤泥的除氟性能

以成本低的铝工业废矿渣（赤泥）为原材料,通过高温煅烧和酸化处理对赤泥进行活化,制备了除氟吸附剂。研究了反应时间、投加量、初始氟浓度、溶液温度、共存阴离子和pH值对活化赤泥除氟效果的影响。结果表明,接触反应时间为18 h时,吸附接近平衡。活化赤泥对氟离子的吸附符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学方程。另外,初始浓度越高,吸附容量越大。与Freundlich相比,Langmuir吸附等温模型可以更好地描述氟离子的吸附特性,最大吸附量可达2.71 mg/g。SO24-、Cl-和NO3-存在时（〈1 000 mg/L）,对氟离子的吸附几乎没有影响,然而,HCO3-、PO34-和氟离子共存时,会对氟吸附造成不利影响。活化赤泥在pH值3.5～11.0时,具有较好的吸附稳定性。活化赤泥是一种吸附容量高、性能稳定的环境友好型除氟材料,具有应用潜力。     

Novel insights in Al-MCM-41 precursor as adsorbent for regulated haloacetic acids and nitrate from water

High concentration of NO ₃ ^? in groundwater has raised concern over possible contamination of drinking water supplies. In addition, the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) as by-products during disinfection with chlorine-based agents is still a relevant issue, since HAAs pose serious health hazard. In this work, we investigated the affinity of a precursor of Al-MCM-41 (a mesostructured hexagonal aluminosilicate containing the template surfactant) towards nitrate and HAAs, for its possible application in the removal of these pollutants from natural and drinking waters. Additionally, adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied. The adsorbent was synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as surfactant and characterized by physico?Cchemical techniques. Simulated drinking water was spiked with the EPA-regulated HAAs (monochloroacetic (MCAA), monobromoacetic (MBAA), dichloroacetic (DCAA), dibromoacetic (DBAA), and trichloroacetic (TCAA) acids) and placed in contact with the adsorbent. The effect of matrix composition was studied. Adsorption kinetic studies were performed testing three kinetics models. For the adsorption studies, three adsorption isotherm approaches have been tested to experimental data. The pollutant recoveries were evaluated by suppressed ion chromatography. The affinity of the adsorbent was TCAA = DBAA = DCAA > MBAA > MCAA with DCAA, DBAA, and TCAA completely removed. A removal as high as 77?% was achieved for 13?mg/L nitrate. The adsorption isotherms of NO ₃ ^? and monochloroacetic acid can be modeled by the Freundlich equation, while their adsorption kinetics follow a pseudo-second-order rate mechanism. The adsorbent exhibited high affinity towards HAAs in simulated drinking water even at relevant matrix concentrations, suggesting its potential application for water remediation technologies.     

环境中有机污染物的半导体光催化降解研究进展

应用半导体二氧化钛光催化剂促进氧化降解环境中常见有机污染物是一种有效的清洁处理技术,对光催化活性的半导体的必要性质,影响光催化效率的内在因素以及反应器,反应条件等方面的因素进行了讨论。     

Fractionation and mobility of metals in bauxite red mud

Red mud (RM) is a strongly alkaline residue generated in enormous amounts worldwide from bauxite refining using the Bayer chemical process. RM is composed mainly of Fe, Ti and Al oxides and hydroxides, but it also contains an array of trace metals and metalloids at different concentrations. The purpose of this paper is to assess the potential mobility of metals in RM, with special emphasis on pH effect. The ‘operational’ distribution and leachability of metals within/from RM was studied by applying a sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and several leaching tests (rapid titration, equilibration acidification, batch leaching with acetic acid and also the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and the DIN 38414-S4 procedures, used as reference methods) carried out at different pH, solid/liquid ratio, extraction period and type of acid (HCl or acetic acid). Chemical analysis showed that, in addition to the major metals Fe, Al and Ti, RM contains several trace metals, some of them (Cr, Cu and Ni) in concentrations exceeding the regulatory limits. SEP showed that a majority of the metals in the RM (between the 32.2?±?8.5 for Cd and 95.3?±?0.4 % for Ni) were found in the residual fraction, suggesting that they are not readily mobile under normal environmental conditions. Leaching tests performed at different pH showed that a significant fraction of the metals is mobilised from RM only under very strong acid conditions (pH?<?2), whereas Al is released in considerable amounts at pH?<?5.3. Among the trace metals, Cr requires special attention because of its relative high concentration in RM and the higher concentrations of this metal mobilised at low pH. The leaching tests using acetic acid showed that the standard TCLP largely underestimates the release of trace metals from RM, and therefore it is not advisable to evaluate the actual potential leaching of trace metals from this residue.     

Development of an environmentally benign process for the production of fatty acid methyl esters

The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is an important intermediate step in oleochemistry. The oleochemical production route starts with the renewable raw materials fat and oil and ends at fatty alcohols and different special products. Fatty acid methyl esters can be formed at mild reaction temperatures by transesterification of natural triglycerides (fats and oils). This contribution will show the development of a continuous process which is considering the main principles of production integrated environmental protection. The main advantages of this process are low energy consumption and minimal waste production. The process alternatives are shown and a scope on future problems which have to be solved to reach a real additional improvement of the fatty acid methyl esters production is given.     

赤泥除氟剂的物相组成及其除氟性能

赤泥是一种多孔物质,其比表面积大,具有较好的吸附性能。以赤泥为原料,加入一定量的Na2SiO3、CaO及碳粉等添加剂,制备成约3 mm的球形颗粒。采用差热分析与X-射线粉末衍射技术相结合对赤泥原料及赤泥除氟剂高温焙烧过程的物相变化进行研究,同时研究了吸附时间、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对赤泥除氟剂除氟性能的影响。结果表明：在高温焙烧过程中,赤泥除氟剂原料的物相变化主要发生在800℃以下的温度。赤泥除氟剂的最佳焙烧温度为700℃,最佳焙烧时间为2 h,溶液中氟离子的浓度可从19下降到0.13 mg·L-1,吸附容量0.94 mg·g-1,除氟率达99%。     

赤泥投加控制河道底泥磷释放的影响因素

通过对不同赤泥投加比例下河道底泥磷释放作用的研究,发现底泥中铁铝磷与钙磷的比值(Fe/Al-P∶Ca-P)、铁磷比(Fe∶TP)及有机质含量(OM)是赤泥能否应用于河道底泥磷释放控制中的决定性因素。实验结果表明,只有当河道底泥中Fe/Al-P∶Ca-P小于0.88,Fe∶TP小于16.1,且有机质含量低于1.87%时,投加适量赤泥才能起到抑制河道底泥内源磷释放的作用;反之,赤泥的投加则有可能促进底泥内源磷的释放。在实际工程应用中,推荐赤泥与底泥的接触时间不低于7d,从而使赤泥的效能发挥到最佳状态。     

复合混凝剂(PFC-PDMDAAC)混凝性能与应用研究

以聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为原料制备PFC-PDMDAAC无机-有机复合混凝剂。考察PDMDAAC/Fe质量比(P)及PDMDAAC分子质量分别对混凝剂电荷特性与Fe(Ⅲ)形态分布的影响,并优选复合混凝剂应用于石油开发中钻井废水的处理。结果表明,复合混凝剂Zeta电位随复合质量比(P)及PDMDAAC分子质量增加而增大。随着P增加复合混凝剂中Feb含量增大,当PDMDAAC分子质量为400 000~500 000时,混凝剂中铁的有效形态含量最高,在一定程度上提高复合质量比及有机物分子质量均能提高混凝效率。在优选混凝剂应用处理油田钻井废水实验中,质量比(P)大且PDMDAAC分子质量高的编号为f的复合混凝剂表现出较优的混凝效能,这与混凝性能研究结果相一致。应用响应曲面法优化编号为f的混凝剂处理油田钻井废水混凝条件的结果为,投加量1 679.73 mg/L,pH=9.7。在最优条件下进行验证实验,COD去除率达71.190%,TOC去除率达77.527%,与工业级PAC、PFC处理油田钻井废水效果相比优势较明显。     

阳离子表面活性剂改性四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除作用

制备了四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料(磁性沸石)和阳离子表面活性剂改性磁性沸石(有机改性磁性沸石),采用X射线衍射分析对有机改性磁性沸石进行了表征,通过批量实验考察了有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附性能,并对相关的吸附机制进行了讨论。实验表明,有机改性磁性沸石对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附能力,且有机改性磁性沸石对刚果红的吸附能力远远高于磁性沸石。有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以描述。根据Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的有机改性磁性沸石对刚果红的最大吸附容量为146 mg/g(pH 7和30℃)。有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附属于自发和放热的过程。有机改性磁性沸石吸附水中刚果红的作用机制包括静电吸引、有机相分配、氢键和表面配位。X射线衍射分析结果表明,有机改性磁性沸石含四氧化三铁,吸附刚果红后的有机改性磁性沸石可以很容易地通过外加磁场的作用快速地从水中分离出来。上述结果表明,有机改性磁性沸石适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红。     

赋磁硅气凝胶的制备、表征和吸附异狄氏剂特性

以工业水玻璃为硅源,采用六甲基二硅胺烷(HMDZ)作为改性剂,掺杂纳米级Fe3O4,通过溶胶-凝胶、常压干燥技术,制备得到赋磁硅气凝胶吸附材料(MSA)。采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面分析(BET)及振动样品磁强计(VSM)等方法对其结构进行了表征,并对其吸附性能进行研究。结果表明,制得的赋磁硅气凝胶接触角在113°～116°之间,比表面积可达589.79 m2/g,密度约为0.192 g/cm3,饱和磁化强度约为0.44 emu/g,具有超顺磁性。赋磁硅气凝胶对疏水性有机物异狄氏剂表现出良好的吸附性能,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,KF为42.91;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率常数为0.0341 g/(mg.min)。     

聚硅酸钛制备及其助凝特性

采用在活化硅酸制备过程中加入适量TiCl4的方法,试制了一种新型无机高分子助凝剂—聚硅酸钛。研究了不同/条件下制备的聚硅酸钛在固定pH值的水中分散物的粒径和Zeta电位随着活化时间的变化趋势,并与活化硅酸作比较。结果表明,在Si/Ti=20,活化48 h的条件下能制备出较为稳定的聚硅酸钛。与活化硅酸相比,聚硅酸钛在水中的分散物具有较大的粒径和更高的Zeta电位。通过对比制备的活化硅酸和聚硅酸钛的红外图谱发现,聚硅酸钛中有Ti-O-Si键,证明钛离子参与了聚合反应,新生成的化学键提高了它的聚合度和稳定性。采用硫酸铝为混凝剂,聚硅酸钛为助凝剂进行混凝除浊实验。测定了絮凝体的Zeta电位和混凝沉淀后的上清液浊度,研究了硫酸铝投加量和混凝pH对聚硅酸钛助凝效果的影响。结果表明,投加适量的聚硅酸钛助凝剂,明显提高了混凝除浊效果且拓宽了有效混凝pH值的范围。     

铝业碱性赤泥的悬浮碳化法脱碱工艺研究

研究探讨了碱性废弃物赤泥的常压悬浮碳化法脱碱绿色环保新工艺。详细研究考察了反应温度、反应时间、液固比以及CO₂通气量4个因素对赤泥脱碱效能的影响,确定了最佳工艺参数和技术条件。研究表明,在温控60℃,反应时间1.5 h,液固比为10,CO₂通气量为0.8 L/min的反应条件下,赤泥脱碱率（以Na₂O计）达到85%以上,同时得到含3%～5%碳酸盐的碱性溶液。与传统生石灰脱碱工艺相比,悬浮碳化法具有操作简便、脱碱率高、所得碱纯度高,无废弃物排放等优点,并可实现双废物(CO₂废气和赤泥废弃物)的可持续综合利用。     

利用多年期赤泥和煤矸石制备烧结砖

以多年期赤泥和煤矸石为主要原料,分析了其化学成分和物性特征,通过设计不同的原料配比和烧结温度,探讨其最佳工艺条件以及各种参数指标,试图为赤泥的大宗化利用提供一种新的途径。实验结果表明最佳工艺条件为:多年期赤泥与煤矸石质量比为20∶80,成型压力为6 MPa,烧结温度为1 100℃左右保温2 h。烧结砖体"泛霜"现象基本消失,抗压强度为12.18 MPa、吸水率为21.6%,满足国家粉煤灰普通烧结砖GB5101-2003中的要求。     

拜耳法赤泥还原焙烧工艺及产物性质分析

采用正交实验,考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间、还原剂和添加剂用量对拜耳法赤泥还原焙烧效果的影响。结果表明,在焙烧温度为1 080℃,焙烧时间为70min,赤泥、还原剂、添加剂质量比为100∶9∶7的最优条件下还原焙烧赤泥,经过磁选,赤泥中的含铁矿物得到富集,精矿品位平均为67.36%,回收率平均为85.54%。用热重(TG)/差示扫描量热(DSC)分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析、X射线衍射(XRD)分析以及质量磁化率测定等方法,对赤泥还原焙烧前后的理化特性进行研究,证实经过还原焙烧,赤泥中Fe_2O_3转化为Fe_3O_4和Fe。     

不同含水率条件下拜耳法赤泥强度及水力学特性

在利用XRD、XRF、SEM等微观测试手段分析了拜耳法赤泥的化学成分、矿物组成和微观结构的基础上,通过无侧限抗压强度实验、固结排水三轴剪切实验研究了拜耳法赤泥在不同水力路径条件下其强度特性的变化规律;同时通过非饱和土瞬态水力特性循环实验系统对拜耳法赤泥的水力学特性进行了研究。研究表明:含水率的变化对拜耳法赤泥的强度特性有较大程度的影响,在脱水干燥过程中,其抗压强度和抗剪强度指标均有较大程度的增长;拜耳法赤泥具有遇水崩解现象,已干燥硬化的赤泥会遇水崩解,强度指标明显降低,且在较低应变处即发生脆性破坏;拜耳法赤泥的土-水特征曲线和渗透系数特征曲线均展现出明显的滞后效应,说明拜耳法赤泥对水有较大的敏感性,在降雨条件影响下,拜耳法赤泥堆体的稳定性有一定程度的降低。     

盐酸浸出提取赤泥中铝和铁的工艺条件优化

系统研究盐酸浸出赤泥中铝和铁的过程,考察酸浸温度、盐酸浓度、酸浸时间、液固比以及赤泥粒度对铝、铁浸出率的影响。单因素实验和正交实验结果得出,在影响浸出率的酸浸温度、盐酸浓度、酸浸时间和液固比对铁、铝的浸出率的影响几个因素中,酸浸温度和盐酸浓度的影响最大,液固比和浸出时间其次。盐酸酸浸的最佳工艺条件为：赤泥粒度150 μm、酸浸温度80 ℃、盐酸浓度10 mol·L-1、液固比8∶1（V/m）、浸出时间150 min,此时铝的浸出率为96.7%,铁的浸出率为95.1%,铁铝总浸出率96.0%。     

Utilization of red mud waste into mesoporous ZSM-5 for methylene blue adsorption-desorption studies

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Red mud as industrial waste from bauxite was utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5. A high concentration of iron oxide in red...     

Construction and demolition waste as recycled aggregate for environmentally friendly concrete paving

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Recycled aggregates (RA) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) instead of natural aggregates (NA) were analysed in the manufacture of new...