基于地统计条件模拟的土壤重金属污染范围预测方法研究

常用的空间插值模型在土壤污染范围预测时存在平滑效应,导致高值区被平滑和低值区被高估,在划定污染区范围时也往往忽视了插值结果存在的偏差。以某土壤重金属污染区域为例,利用地统计条件模拟方法预测土壤中Cu、Pb的空间分布,在多次模拟结果的基础上估算污染概率,基于概率阈值确定污染区范围。研究结果表明,地统计条件模拟方法获得的土壤Cu、Pb模拟结果统计特征与调查样点的统计特征基本一致,且空间分布格局也相似。基于污染概率的污染区范围确定方法可以定量评估污染区范围预测的不确定性,对提高土壤污染治理效果与科学制定环境管理决策具有重要意义。     

基于REC模型的污染场地修复决策支持系统的研究

REC模型在污染场地修复决策支持系统中应用广泛且较为成熟.该模型从风险降低(Risk reduction)、环境效益(Environmental merit)和修复费用(Cost)3个方面分析备选修复技术的综合效益,可以更客观地评估备选修复技术的优劣.阐述了污染场地修复决策支持系统的原理,详细介绍了REC模型评估方法,...     

基于风险的中国污染场地管理体系研究

在分析借鉴国外污染场地管理框架体系的基础上,结合中国近几年在污染场地法律法规及标准建设方面的经验以及各地的管理实践,提出了建立基于风险的中国污染场地管理模式、管理技术程序、层次化的风险评估方法,以及相应的标准体系构想。     

Risk assessment and interpretation of heavy metal contaminated soils on an urban brownfield site in New York metropolitan area

In this study, soil samples were collected at 22 sites in Liberty State Park, New Jersey, in 2005, for metal enrichment and potential ecological risk assessment. The geoaccumulation index (I _geo) showed that enrichment levels of trace metals followed an order of Cu > Pb > Zn > As > Cr > Hg while the potential ecological risk factor (\( {E}_r^i \)) indicated that the potential ecological risk of the metals was in the order of Cu > Pb > As > Hg > Zn > Cr. Among these 22 sites, this investigation identified 9 sites at moderate ecological risk, 3 sites at considerable ecological risk, and 4 sites at high ecological risk according to the potential ecological risk index (RI). Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) of soil metal concentrations separated the study sites into four groups, which are supported by the significant difference in RI values. Geographically, three regions in the Liberty State Park brownfield site were determined based on the CA results and RI values. Subarea 1 had low ecological risk while subareas 2 and 3 had a greater potential for ecological risk. Significant correlations of Pb with Cr and Zn were observed in subareas 2 and 3, respectively. This study shows that statistical approaches coupled with a risk assessment index provide a more comprehensive interpretation of land contamination than a single approach in support of planning land redevelopment.     

基于时序蒙特卡罗方法的某铬盐场污染地下水泄漏风险

突发性污染地下水泄漏对周围水环境的影响具有重要研究意义。借鉴时序蒙特卡罗(SMC)方法来模拟污染源运行状态,并结合相应的河流水质模型,对污染地下水泄漏后造成的河流水质超标风险概率进行研究;利用健康风险评价模型,对污染物泄漏时水环境造成的人体健康风险进行评价。以某铬盐场为例验证该方法的稳定性和实用性。结果表明,该场地受污染的地下水对人体健康产生的危害程度为中级,其超标风险概率随模拟时间的增加而趋于稳定。     

Groundwater quality assessment of one former industrial site in Belgium using a TRIAD-like approach

Contaminated industrial sites are important sources of pollution and may result in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, aquatic and groundwater ecosystems. An effect-based approach to evaluate and assess pollution-induced degradation due to contaminated groundwater was carried out in this study. The new concept, referred to as “Groundwater Quality TRIAD-like” (GwQT) approach, is adapted from classical TRIAD approaches. GwQT is based on measurements of chemical concentrations, laboratory toxicity tests and physico-chemical analyses. These components are combined in the GwQT using qualitative and quantitative (using zero to one subindices) integration approaches. The TRIAD approach is applied for the first time on groundwater from one former industrial site located in Belgium. This approach will allow the classification of sites into categories according to the degree of contaminant-induced degradation. This new concept is a starting point for groundwater characterization and is open for improvement and adjustment.     

Landscape ecology of the Guanting Reservoir, Beijing, China: multivariate and geostatistical analyses of metals in soils

Surface soil samples were collected from 52 sites around Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China, and contents of 'total' metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Ni and Cr) were determined. The results indicate that the degree of heavy metal pollution in the soils declines in the order of Cd>Cr>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Pb. Based on the results of a combination of multivariate statistics and geostatiscal analyses, it was concluded that land application of phosphate fertilizer, wastewater and sludge were the primary sources of Cd and Zn in soils. Whereas As, Cu, Cr and Ni in some soils were due to natural rock weathering. The sources of Pb in soils only partially originated from land application of phosphate fertilizer, but mainly from vehicle exhaust. The greatest concentrations of all metals, except for Pb, were found in Huailai County and the towns of Yanghedaqiao and Guanting.     

六氯苯在中国典型持久性有机污染物污染场地中空间分布研究

在多年六氯苯生产车间及周围布设采样点,采取不同深度的土壤进行分析,研究持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染场地中六氯苯的空间分布规律.结果表明,生产车间附近污染严重,六氯苯的最高质量浓度为25 911.95 mg/kg,平均为4 944.07 mg/kg,在风力作用下六氯苯浓度向东南方向扩散;-3 m土层(以表土层为基准,表土层以下的土层深度为负值)中六氯苯最高质量浓度为369.63 mg/kg.平均为54.77 mg/kg,六氯苯浓度较表土层迅速下降,六氯苯污染中心位置与表土层对应;-5 m土层由于土壤类型为黏土或淤泥质黏土,六氯苯浓度相对于- m土层反而升高.平均质量浓度为92.13 mg/kg.纵观整个污染场地六氯苯的污染分布情况,污染中心位置向南移动,且六氯苯在垂直方向的迁移和浓度与土壤有机质含量相关.     

典型污染场地中滴滴涕浓度空间变异性研究

利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,以某滴滴涕(DDT)粉剂生产企业为例,对污染场地中表层和地下5m处土样DDT浓度的空间变异性进行了研究。结果表明:表层和地下5m处土样DDT浓度经过对数转化后均通过了柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯蜜诺夫检验(K-S检验),能够很好地服从正态分布;表层和地下5m处土样DDT浓度的半变异函数拟合符合高斯模型,决定系数分别为0.8973和0.9348,由空间自相关引起的空间变异性分别占系统总变异性的99.11%和83.12%;用克里格插值法制出的DDT浓度等值线图能直观地反映表层和地下5m处土样DDT浓度的空间分布特征,DDT浓度呈现以原粉生产车间为中心向四周扩散的趋势,地下5m处土样DDT浓度空间分布与表层基本一致。     

Characterizing and locating air pollution sources in a complex industrial district using optical remote sensing technology and multivariate statistical modeling

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are most frequent environmental nuisance complaints in urban areas, especially where industrial districts are nearby. Unfortunately, identifying the responsible emission sources of VOCs is essentially a difficult task. In this study, we proposed a dynamic approach to gradually confine the location of potential VOC emission sources in an industrial complex, by combining multi-path open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (OP-FTIR) measurement and the statistical method of principal component analysis (PCA). Close-cell FTIR was further used to verify the VOC emission source by measuring emitted VOCs from selected exhaust stacks at factories in the confined areas. Multiple open-path monitoring lines were deployed during a 3-month monitoring campaign in a complex industrial district. The emission patterns were identified and locations of emissions were confined by the wind data collected simultaneously. N,N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF), 2-butanone, toluene, and ethyl acetate with mean concentrations of 80.0?±?1.8, 34.5?±?0.8, 103.7?±?2.8, and 26.6?±?0.7 ppbv, respectively, were identified as the major VOC mixture at all times of the day around the receptor site. As the toxic air pollutant, the concentrations of DMF in air samples were found exceeding the ambient standard despite the path-average effect of OP-FTIR upon concentration levels. The PCA data identified three major emission sources, including PU coating, chemical packaging, and lithographic printing industries. Applying instrumental measurement and statistical modeling, this study has established a systematic approach for locating emission sources. Statistical modeling (PCA) plays an important role in reducing dimensionality of a large measured dataset and identifying underlying emission sources. Instrumental measurement, however, helps verify the outcomes of the statistical modeling. The field study has demonstrated the feasibility of using multi-path OP-FTIR measurement. The wind data incorporating with the statistical modeling (PCA) may successfully identify the major emission source in a complex industrial district.     

DGT use in contaminated site characterization. The importance of heavy metal site specific behaviour

The objective of this study is to provide an insight into the techniques for measuring the lability of heavy metals in solid-phase pool of soils in order to assess the environmental risk arising from pollution. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and a sequential extraction procedure were used to quantify the labile pools of Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni. These results were compared to metal concentrations in groundwater, measured directly using the in situ piezometers, and to the total concentration of metal in the soils. High concentrations of metal in the directly analysed soil solution compared to DGT measurement were attributed to the presence of colloidal metal. The use of DGT allowed only to calculate leaching parameters of the free ions and labile fractions of the metals. For this reason DGT technique needs preliminary investigation on metal speciation in soil solution before its application as a good tool in the characterization procedure of contaminated sites.     

地下水监测在污染场地管理中的重要作用、存在问题与对策建议

我国污染场地修复行业长期存在“重土轻水”的现象。然而,由于土壤与地下水共同构成了有机统一的地下环境,污染物在土壤和地下水之间存在密切的物质交换,因此,充分掌握目标场地的地下水污染状况对于场地环境管理及修复后地块的安全利用起着举足轻重的作用。对地下水监测在整个污染场地环境管理工作中的四方面作用进行了剖析,阐明了我国污染场地地下水监测中存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决思路和政策建议,以期为我国的污染场地管理提供参考。     

工业污染场地土壤中汞的化学形态及其环境限值探讨

汞是中国工业污染场地土壤中常见的重金属污染物,汞的常见形态包括单质汞、无机汞和甲基汞。比较了不同形态的汞及其化合物在物化性质、环境行为、毒性效应及致毒机制上的差异,还以美国、英国为例,探讨了针对不同形态的汞分别制定土壤环境限值的方法。最后指出,中国现有的土壤环境质量相关标准以及污染场地风险评估导则中均尚未区分汞的形态,仅给出总汞含量的限值。因此,在未来的相关标准制定中,应考虑按汞的各种形态制定不同的标准,这将更有利于客观准确评价工业污染场地土壤中汞的污染程度和环境风险。     

Extractability and mobility of mercury from agricultural soils surrounding industrial and mining contaminated areas

This study focussed on a comparison of the extractability of mercury in soils with two different contamination sources (a chlor-alkali plant and mining activities) and on the evaluation of the influence of specific soil properties on the behaviour of the contaminant. The method applied here did not target the identification of individual species, but instead provided information concerning the mobility of mercury species in soil. Mercury fractions were classified as mobile, semi-mobile and non-mobile.The fractionation study revealed that in all samples mercury was mainly present in the semi-mobile phase (between 63% and 97%). The highest mercury mobility (2.7 mg kg⁻¹) was found in soils from the industrial area. Mining soils exhibited higher percentage of non-mobile mercury, up to 35%, due to their elevated sulfur content.Results of factor analysis indicate that the presence of mercury in the mobile phase could be related to manganese and aluminium soil contents. A positive relation between mercury in the semi-mobile fraction and the aluminium content was also observed. By contrary, organic matter and sulfur contents contributed to mercury retention in the soil matrix reducing the mobility of the metal.Despite known limitations of sequential extraction procedures, the methodology applied in this study for the fractionation of mercury in contaminated soil samples provided relevant information on mercury’s relative mobility.     

Extractability and mobility of mercury from agricultural soils surrounding industrial and mining contaminated areas

This study focussed on a comparison of the extractability of mercury in soils with two different contamination sources (a chlor-alkali plant and mining activities) and on the evaluation of the influence of specific soil properties on the behaviour of the contaminant. The method applied here did not target the identification of individual species, but instead provided information concerning the mobility of mercury species in soil. Mercury fractions were classified as mobile, semi-mobile and non-mobile. The fractionation study revealed that in all samples mercury was mainly present in the semi-mobile phase (between 63% and 97%). The highest mercury mobility (2.7 mg kg(-1)) was found in soils from the industrial area. Mining soils exhibited higher percentage of non-mobile mercury, up to 35%, due to their elevated sulfur content. Results of factor analysis indicate that the presence of mercury in the mobile phase could be related to manganese and aluminium soil contents. A positive relation between mercury in the semi-mobile fraction and the aluminium content was also observed. By contrary, organic matter and sulfur contents contributed to mercury retention in the soil matrix reducing the mobility of the metal. Despite known limitations of sequential extraction procedures, the methodology applied in this study for the fractionation of mercury in contaminated soil samples provided relevant information on mercury's relative mobility.     

天然矿物组合材料渗透反应墙修复地下水镉污染

实验模拟地下环境,以天然矿物材料石灰石、海泡石和膨润土作为可渗透反应墙(PRB)填充材料,采用正交实验法设计了16种可渗透反应器,研究了天然矿物组合材料组配对污染地下水模拟液中镉污染的修复效果、出水pH、有效孔隙度和渗透系数的影响,同时对机理进行了分析。实验结果显示,组合材料对镉去除率达99.8%以上,石灰石对处理效果贡献最大,增加石灰石用量,处理效果明显改善,当石灰石含量为10%及更高时,对含镉1.0 mg/L的污染地下水模拟液处理后镉浓度低于0.7μg/L,达到地下水质量标准GB/T 14848-93规定的II类水质标准;石灰石用量的增加对渗透系数影响不大,但出水pH呈弱碱性(7pH9),随反应时间延长逐渐降低并稳定于8。增加海泡石和膨润土用量对处理效果改善作用不大,但显著降低体系渗透系数,影响透水性。以正交实验直观分析法计算得到修复效果最优的PRB填充材料组配为石灰石/海泡石/膨润土=20/10/2(质量分数)。     

Terrestrial and aquatic ecotoxicity assessment of Cr(VI) by the ReCiPe method calculation (LCIA): application on an old industrial contaminated site

The most stable forms of chromium in the environment are chromium (III) and chromium (VI), the former being relatively immobile and necessary for organisms, and the latter being highly soluble and toxic. It is thus important to characterise ecotoxicological impacts of Cr(VI). However, there are still some important uncertainties in the calculation of ecotoxicological impacts of heavy metals in the LCIA global approach. The aim of this paper is to understand how the spatial and dynamic characterization of life cycle inventory (LCI) data can be exploited in life cycle impact assessment and particularly for the evaluation of the aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity of Cr(VI). To quantify these impacts, we studied an industrial waste landfill in the North of France that was contaminated with chromium. On the polluted area, the aquatic contamination is due to the slag heap as well as to chromium spots in soil. The soil contamination is mainly due to infiltration of chromium from the infill. The concentration of Cr(VI) in soil and water varies according to seasonal climatic variations and groundwater level. These variations have an effect on the Cr(VI) fate factor, in particular on transfer and residence time of the substance. This study underlines the spatial distribution of aquatic ecotoxicity and the temporal variation of freshwater ecotoxicity. We analysed the correlation between precipitation, temperature, concentration and ecotoxicity impact. With regards to the terrestrial ecotoxicity, the study focused on the vertical variation of the ecotoxicity and the major role of the soil layer composition into terrestrial pollution.