试论神农架地区绿色食品生产基地建设

分析了神农架建设绿色食品基地的自然优势条件和农业资源特点,提出了发展山区、河谷、城镇基地,创建名牌资源品种的建设方针。     

试论神农架地区绿色食品生产基地建设

分析了神农架建设绿色食品基地的自然优势条件和农业资源特点，提出发展山区，河谷，城镇基地，创建名牌资源品种的建设方针。     

广东旱坡地春玉米高产栽培研究──以河源市灯塔盆地为例

本文在对河源市灯塔盆地的旱坡地进行春玉米高产栽培试验示范研究的基础上,根据玉米的生物学特性,提出了旱坡地春植玉米的适宜品种、播种期和高产栽培技术措施,为广东省充分利用旱坡地资源,发展玉米生产提供了科学依据.     

论害虫与绿色食品蔬菜生产

从昆虫与寄主植物的关系出发,分析了害虫对于绿色食品蔬菜生产的影响,并提出了在绿色食品蔬菜生产过程中防止害虫危害的策略.     

绿色食品生产补偿的理论机理与政策设计

制约我国绿色食品发展的重要因素之一是其生态环境成本难以通过市场来兑现。为解决这一问题,文章以生态补偿为突破口,首先从理论上明确绿色食品生产具有正外部性,政府对其生产企业或农户进行补偿具有合理性和必要性,然后进一步探讨其制度构建与政策设计。（1）构建一个包括政府、生产者、消费者三方的博弈模型,着重分析绿色食品供需过程中、政府影响下生产者和消费者的利益动机和博弈行为。模型结果显示,存在能够满足绿色食品供需平衡的1个纯战略纳什均衡解和1个混合战略纳什均衡解,这两个纳什均衡解的实现条件均要求政府对绿色食品生产者提供补偿和对消费者实施优惠政策。（2）利用C-D生产函数建构的利润函数和恢复费用法探讨绿色食品生产补偿标准范围,结果表明最低补偿标准应满足生产者生产绿色食品和生产普通食品利润相等,而最高补偿标准则应对绿色食品生产中创造的环境效益进行支付。（3）文章最后从“建立经济政策支持体系,构筑科技进步支撑体系,完善品牌质量保障体系,培育产业化生产体系”等4方面提出了现阶段我国绿色食品生产补偿的政策建议。     

积极发展绿色食品

叙述了绿色食品的概念、特点、标准，并对我国绿色食品的发展历程、发展现状和发展前景进行了分析。     

不同土地利用模式下红壤坡地雨水产流与结构拟合

模拟主要利用方式构建的垫面为主导因子,采用径流场实测方法,通过4年(1998-2001年)实地观测试验,剖析不同下垫面对雨水地表径流的影响.研究表明:降雨和下垫面是影响地表径流特征的主导因素;年降雨量与地表径流量和系统水土流失量呈正相关.不同垫面地表径流产量有显著性差异;雨水径流过程的土壤和养分流失有相似的表现.在假定雨水年份的基础上,提出"利用坡地集雨优势,构建与单元生态系统水循环平衡相适应的坡地农林复合生态系统,通过水平衡生态建设来维系生态系统的水分平衡"观点.以集雨区水量平衡为基础,从分析坡地水文过程入手,以坡地不同生态系统雨水分配、降雨过程地表径流产量、径流过程的土壤及养分流失量为参数,以生产灌溉对集雨的要求、坡地不同生态系统对雨水侵蚀的承载力、坡地雨水运移过程对环境和区域洪涝灾害的影响为约束条件,拟合出红壤丘岗坡地农林复合生态系统构建适宜的土地利用结构:人工林占30%,人工草地占15%,果药茶园占30%,耕地占20%,自然保护区占5%.该用地比例(结构)既满足于地貌单元(集雨区)生态系统利用坡地集雨维持系统水循环平衡的要求,也满足于坡地农林复合生态系统的可持续性保护的要求.     

广东省绿色食品生产现状及其发展趋势

绿色食品是指遵循可持续发展的原则,按照特定标准生产、经专门机构认定、许可使用绿色食品商标的无污染、无公害、安全优质的营养食品。在１９９０年５月１５日我国农业部召开的全国第一次“绿色食品”工作会议上,农业部长何康宣告绿色食品开始在中国起步,同时成立了中国绿色食品发展中心。在同年１１月２２日农业部召开的绿色食品证书颁发会议上,推出了首批“绿色食品”。绿色食品不仅受到消费者的欢迎,而且带来了可观的经济效益和社会效益。１广东省绿色食品生产现状１９９２年广东省成立了绿色食品办公室,实施绿色食品工程,推动了…     

黄土高原沟坡地土地生产力评价的指标体系与评价方法

通过对渭北黄土高原地区沟坡地土壤理化性质的分析和对当地社会经济状况的调查研究,应用层次分析法对沟坡地土地自然生产力和现实生产力进行了分析和评价.在分析过程中,把当地主要造林树种根系垂直分布特征及其根系抗旱性特性纳入了分析评价体系.结果表明,嘴头村和西坡村不同树种沟坡地上刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的自然生产力属于中等稍微偏上水平,而山杏(Prunus armeniacia var. ansu)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)的自然生产力水平则较低.两地沟坡地上的现实生产力计算结果则证明刺槐和山杏两个树种表现出了较高的水平,具有较好的发展前途;而油松和侧柏的现实生产力水平则较低,其发展推广受到了限制.群众对沟坡开发治理的态度和对开发方案的认可对沟坡开发的成功起到了重要作用.     

赤红壤坡地幼龄果园间种不同牧草的生态环境效应

在赤红壤坡地幼龄果园间种６种牧草,对其生态环境效应进行了试验观测。结果发现,果园间种牧草可明显增大地面覆盖,增加土壤的保水能力,减少水土流失,提高了土壤肥力和土地生产力。然而,由于有些牧草生长旺盛、生物量大,高度和覆盖度大,不可避免地与果树争肥、争水、争光,特别是在贫瘠的坡地上或在干旱季节里。文章指出,幼龄果园间种牧草是一种较好的坡地可持续利用模式,但在牧草品种的适应性选择应加以深入研究。     

Willingness to pay to protect cold water corals

There is increasing pressure to use currently untapped resources in the deep sea, raising questions regarding ecosystem service trade-offs in these often unknown areas. We assessed the trade-offs between protection of cold-water coral reefs and economic activities, such as fisheries and petroleum extraction, through a survey of a representative sample of the populations of Norway and Ireland. Choice-experiment surveys were conducted in workshop settings and through the internet. Both survey approaches provided some similar results, such as preferences for protection. Our cross-country comparison showed the general public in Norway and Ireland was willing, despite possible conflict with extractive and consumptive economic activities in the deep sea, to protect cold-water corals as habitat for fish. On average, people were willing to pay NKr 341 and NKr 424 for a small and large increase in protected areas respectively, and NKr 880 if the area is important habitat for fish, all else held equal. However, there was large variation across individuals and countries. Norwegian respondents valued pure existence of cold-water corals more than the Irish respondents, and the latter were less willing to trade off industrial activities than the former. Nonetheless, the findings support conservation of cold-water corals and more generally of ocean environments that provide habitat for fish, which the current deep sea governance systems are not adequately designed or sufficiently well-structured to secure.     

耗散结构理论在土壤科学上应用途径的探索

本文根据耗散结构的基本理论，结合生产实践经验，提出了表征土壤肥力的非线性微分方程：＝（Ｋ－ｂ）ｘ－βｘ２Ｘ─土壤生物活性，ｔ─时间，Ｋ─生物繁殖系数，ｂ─生物死亡系数，β─生物饱和系数．解这个并不复杂的非线性微分方程，便可知道土壤是处于热力学分枝，还是耗散结构分枝．这对研究土壤肥力的动态变化、土壤肥力的分类、土壤的管理、土壤退化的防止等方面有着无法预测的应用前景．     

Public Technological Aid to Support Compliance to Environmental Standards

Public aid to encourage the adoption of superior emissions-control technologies is combined with monitoring to achieve a predetermined level of compliance to firm-specific abatement standards. Technological aid serves as an indirect enforcement tool in the sense that its provision reduces the direct enforcement effort necessary to reach the compliance goal. Furthermore, when direct enforcement effort and technological aid are combined to minimize the costs of reaching the compliance goal, more aid should be provided when direct enforcement effort is expensive. As a consequence, regulated firms adopt better control technologies, which, in turn, may serve to promote further innovative activity.     

Using stable isotopes to monitor anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries

Use of stable nitrogen isotope ratios is one method that has been proposed to indicate anthropogenic nutrient enrichment in estuarine systems. However, the role of stable isotopes as a tool in long-term ecosystem monitoring has not been fully developed. Resident producer and consumer species were collected from marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora and subject to a range of anthropogenic impacts in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and in Great South Bay and Jamaica Bay, New York. Tissue isotope ratios of Spartina alterniflora, Ulva lactuca, Fundulus heteroclitus, and Geukensia demissa were analyzed in order to determine which organisms are the most sensitive indicators of changes in anthropogenic nitrogen source and loading. Power analysis was used to determine the sample sizes necessary to detect change in nutrient source using the species sampled. Relationships between the delta15N values of the species sampled and watershed population density and residential development were evaluated. Population density was a better indicator of anthropogenic nitrogen impact than residential development, since most anthropogenic nitrogen in the study marshes was derived from wastewater. Consumer species demonstrated lower within-site variability than producer species and would therefore require smaller sample sizes to detect changes in nitrogen source and loading.     

Using Montane Mammals to Model Extinctions Due to Global Change

We use data on the species-area relationship and the nested subset structure of the boreal mammal faunas inhabiting isolated mountaintops in the Great Basin to develop a simple quantitative model that predicts the number and identity of species that would go extinct under an assumed scenario of changing climate and vegetation. Global warming of 3°C is predicted to cause the loss of 9–62% of the species inhabiting each mountain range and the extinction of three of fourteen species throughout the region. These results suggest (1) that it is possible to make highly plausible predictions about the susceptibility of species to extinction without detailed information about their population biology, and (2) that global and regional environmental changes seriously threaten the survival of species that are restricted in distribution to both natural "habitat islands" and biological reserves.