第三章 火山活动与岩浆作用

第一节 中生代火山凹陷形态与分布 (一)火山凹陷形态与分布 中国东部中生代火山岩的分布受区域构造控制。按其规模,可分为五个级别,从大到小为:火山构造带—火山岩带—火山凹陷—火山机构—火山。火山构造带与Ⅰ级构造     

额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩形成的动力学环境

通过对额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩新的岩石化学、微量元素、构造等方面的分析， 表明该地区中生代火山岩（主要指塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩、上库力组（Ｋ_１ｓ）火山岩是形成在的明 显的挤压环境中；再结合区域构造、区域岩浆作用、古地磁特征和稳定同位素分析，笔者得出以 下认识；１、该区中生代火山岩岩浆来源较深（幔源）；岩浆是挤压背景下，“减压－剪切”作用的产 物，而不是裂谷环境中的产物，从而使得岩浆在演化过程中混入了大量的壳源物质；２、中生代火 山活动大致分两个亚族回，其中塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩和上库力组（Ｋ_１Ｓ）火山岩是同一岩浆亚 族回的产物，并构成一个完整的亚族回。     

中国东南部中生代陆内岩浆作用的动力学背景

根据叠置在华夏和扬子陆块的中生代岩浆岩的时代、岩石系列和岩石组合以及Sr、Nd同位素特征，分析中生代岩浆作用特提斯陆内俯冲和碰撞—古太平洋俯冲走滑的动力学背景。在230－150Ma间，特提斯构造域的影响是华北与扬子陆块的水平碰撞缩短，华夏西南部是离散陆块的陆内俯冲，其结果在华夏陆块形成大规模高Isr低εNd（t）的S型花岗岩。145－90Ma间，在特提斯构造域深部构造效应的基础上叠加了古太平洋的俯冲走滑，结果在中下扬子区形成高钾富碱钙碱性系列和橄榄安粗岩系列火山一侵入杂岩，在华夏陆块形成高钾钙碱性系列和双峰式火山—侵入杂岩。两陆块内A型花岗岩类的形成（＜92Ma），标志中生代陆内造山岩浆作用的结束。     

前言

长江下游地区是我国重要的铁铜矿床产地之一。区内中生代火山岩系相当发育。近年来,在火山岩区又相继发现有许多与火山作用有关的大型铁(铜)矿床。因此,对这些火山岩区的构造岩浆活动和成矿作用作进一步的研究,不仅有利于指导区域找矿,而且也有一定的地质理论意义。 本课题为1976—1980年的长期研究项目。目的是研究长江下游火山岩区的区域构造、火山活动和岩浆作用,并探讨火山岩铁矿的形成机理和区域成矿条件。 研究工作以综合分析各地质队的资料为主,并重点进行了野外观察;在手段上采用     

大兴安岭西坡中生代火山岩形成机制

依据火山喷发特点、火山岩岩石组合及火山岩的同位素年代学证据,大兴安岭西坡地区发育的大量中生代火山岩可分为三个放回,自早而晚依次为：晚侏罗世的塔木兰沟族回、上库力旋回和早白垩世的伊列克得旋回。不同旋回火山岩具有不同的地质、地球化学特征。在岩浆起源、源区性质和演化过程等方面,不同族回火山岩既有相似之处,也存在明显差别。火山岩为深部作用和过程的产物,对其形成机制的研究,有助于理解本区中生代发生的剧烈的火山岩浆作用和成矿作用的构造背景及演化过程。     

吉林延吉八道金矿构造控矿模式

八道金矿为延吉中生代火山岩型金矿中较为典型的矿床之一。其矿床成因，除与火山作用有关之外直接受构造的控制，而火山作用本身又与区域深大断裂有关。本文着重讨论了矿区火山岩与朝阳河断裂的关系及构造控矿模式。     

中国东南沿海与西南日本内带中生代火山活动时代、旋回与迁移问题的讨论

本文提出中国东南沿海与西南日本内带中生代火山活动时代与旋回对比意见,阐述两带火山喷发与侵入活动时序和交替式演变。两带火山活动时差呈现超前、滞后式迁移性。两带内部火山活动又显示垂直与平行火山岩带的双向迁移性。     

苏南溧水中生代构造—火山凹陷——火山岩系地球化学特征

溧水中生代构造—火山凹陷,西以方山——小丹阳断裂为界,与宁芜火山岩“盆地”紧邻;东隔茅山东侧断裂,与溧阳火山岩“盆地”相望;南、北分别为小丹阳——双牌石断裂和南京——湖熟断裂所控制(图1)。     

陆相火山岩区填图方法培训和野外现场交流会会议纪要

<正>中国东部以大面积出露中生代陆相火山岩为最显著的区域地质特征,因而陆相火山岩区地质填图技术方法,以及大火山岩省成因与成矿作用研究是中国东部区域地质调查的关注焦点。目前,中国地质调查局也正在推进区域地质调查技术方法的改革。自上世纪末以来,陆相火山岩区逐步形成了以"火山构造+火山岩相+火山岩性"三位一体的"火山岩相构造学"调查思路和填图方法,并初步得到了推广和应用,取得了一系     

中国东南部中生代火山岩的同位素年龄、时间和空间演化及其原始物质来源

中国东南部,是西太平洋构造-岩浆-成矿带的重要组成部分,特别是闽、浙、赣三省,以及长江中下游和鲁东一带,自中生代以来,陆相火山活动频繁,喷发活动强烈,火山岩系发育广泛,许多大型金属和非金属矿床均赋存在这些火山岩中,从而引起了中外学者的注意。研究区内火山岩对于了解全区地质构造发展史,阐明地壳演化特征,以及探讨火山作用与成矿作用之间的关系,都具有相当重要的意义。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.