炼化浓盐水处理与资源化工艺探讨＊

炼化污水深度处理回用是各炼化企业节水减排的主要措施之一。炼化企业反渗透(简称RO)污水脱盐回用装置在运行中暴露出末端高含盐污水的处置难题,影响了污水回用生产的连续运行。文章阐述近年来炼化企业高含盐污水处置现状、存在问题、国内外处理技术及发展趋势,在此基础上针对炼化企业特点,提出以热法、膜法为核心技术的浓盐水处理工艺耦合方案,为炼化企业解决污水回用瓶颈技术难题、实施污水"零排放"与发展循环经济提供借鉴与参考。     

自动控制系统在工业废水零排放中的应用研究

结合工业废水零排放实例,研究分析如何利用自动控制系统解决废水零排放系统中手动操作过多、智能化偏低的问题,探索如何提高自动化控制系统在废水零排放处理中的运行稳定性和可操作性。     

变频压缩技术在玛河气田富气回收中的应用

天然气压缩机在富气回收系统中起着至关重要的作用，但是由于其故障率高、处理量过小等问题，富气零排放一直难以实现。文章以玛河气田富气回收系统为例，分析原有处理工艺存在的主要问题，并结合现场实际情况，利用先进变频技术，合理调整压缩机工艺运行参数，最大限度回收富气，实现富气零排放，防止大气污染。     

期待“低碳世博”尽快走进百姓生活

<正>节能、低碳是上海世博会的主旋律,以新能源汽车为例,世博园区穿行不息的1400多辆电瓶车、充电车,完全实现了废气零排放,成为目前世界上规模最大的新能源汽车集中运行示范。上海世博不胜枚举的低碳亮点让     

基于钢铁余热利用的海水淡化技术研发与示范

正首钢是国内引入热法工艺进行海水淡化的较早企业之一,已建成4套单机日产1.25万吨的低温多效海水淡化装置,并已经稳定运行8年以上,且热法海水淡化装置的负荷率和作业率均在国内名列前茅。在海水淡化相关领域,首钢已申请国家专利10余项,编写行业标准和国家标准3部,具备大型低温多效海水淡化工程自主设计、自主制造、自主建设、自主运营的系统化能力。基于多年海水淡化的研发和运行经验,为了发挥国     

锅炉除尘水循环利用综述

根据该矿的实际情况，针对锅炉湿式麻石除尘水进行了循环利用改造，实现了锅炉除尘水零排放的全封闭循环系统，经过两年的运行，设施匹配，运行良好，实现了三个效益的统一。     

白灰窑高温烟气除尘设备及滤料的选择

首钢建材化工厂是1991年国家环保局公布的全国3000家重点污染企业之一。其主要的污染源是现有的四座白灰竖窑窑顶排放的高温烟尘。其中，广白灰窑窑顶烟尘治理被列为1995年北京市限期治理项目之一，由首钢勘察研究总院环保设备厂承担交钥匙工程。从1995年5月12日的方案设计开始到同年12月底建成，一次试车成功并投入试运行，总造价250万元。首钢勘察研究总院环保设备厂在1＃白灰窑窑顶烟尘治理中实现了三项重大技术突破：（1）在除尘系统中采用了1000平方米离线式低压脉冲布袋除尘器。这是我国第一次将低压脉冲布袋除尘器应用于白灰竖窑高温…     

基于空心轴探伤耦合剂干扰的动车组轴箱轴承台架试验的研究

针对动车组空心轴探伤过程中少量的探伤耦合剂进入轴箱轴承内是否会对轴箱轴承润滑脂的性能产生影响的问题,开展含有探伤耦合剂的轴箱轴承台架试验研究,通过同条件下新润滑脂和注入探伤耦合剂的新润滑脂对比试验,分析探伤耦合剂对轴箱轴承运行性能的影响,然后在对台架试验后的两套轴承进行拆解,通过轴承检测和润滑脂化验分析,研究探伤耦合剂对轴承本体和润滑脂特性的影响,为指导空心车轴探伤后动车组轴箱轴承的安全运行提供保障。     

生态处理造纸废水实现零排放的实践

江苏双灯纸业公司利用生态处理造纸废水，实现了废水零排放，此种方法具有众多优势，也受到各种条件的限制，对条件相同地区具有一定借鉴性。     

油田洗管废水治理工艺简介

采用物理、化学等方法研究了治理与综合利用油田洗管产生的高浓度废水的工艺。实际运行的结果，洗涤剂回收率达到95％以上，废水循环使用，基本上做到了零排放。     

A City Wide Assessment of the Financial Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting in Mexico City

We assess the potential financial benefits of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Mexico City from the perspective of property owners and entrepreneurs. A bottom‐up approach was followed by evaluating RWH at individual buildings and aggregating the results to a borough/city level. We consider sector‐specific water demands, potable and nonpotable uses, and user‐specific water tariffs. We find that RWH is economically most beneficial for nondomestic users rather than for small domestic users, who are often the target of RWH interventions. Based on a net present value analysis, a potable RWH system is not favored for most domestic users under the current subsidized municipal water tariff structure. Our analysis only considers capital and maintenance expenses, and not other benefits related to increased access to water and reliability, or social benefits from a switch to a RWH system. If the initial capital expense for RWH is partly financed by transferring the water subsidy to an entrepreneur, then RWH becomes financially attractive for a wide range of domestic users. To improve water access in Mexico City, RWH is attractive in the most marginalized boroughs where water use is currently lower and precipitation is higher. For domestic users relying on trucked water, RWH can have great financial benefits. Our approach provides quantitative data with high spatial specificity, highlighting the places and types of users that would benefit most from RWH.     

水资源短缺的有效解决途径——虚拟水战略

针对中国水资源利用现状，系统论述了水足迹、虚拟水以及虚拟水战略的概念和内涵。通过水足迹来揭示人类对水资源的实际需求和占用，介绍了虚拟水战略的研究展望及存在的不足，通过应用虚拟水战略可以缓解水资源短缺现状，保证水资源与人口、耕地的地域组合均衡。     

The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597‐610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water‐management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower‐value to higher‐value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.     

Relative Value of Water for Hydropower and Municipal Supply in Southeastern Reservoirs

Population growth in the Southeast has driven withdrawals for municipal water beyond the limits of local supplies. With few options left for development of virgin sources, a number of urban areas are looking toward demand management and additional supplies by reallocating storage in reservoirs that were built primarily or in part for hydropower. Hydropower has become a lesser part of the mix of energy sources, and the question arises as to value of water for that purpose relative to its value for municipal use. Three cases are used to examine the issue. Effects of withdrawal for municipal water supply on output of electric energy are estimated. Benefits of foregone energy are evaluated using the least cost alternative for replacement, and benefits for municipal water are estimated using costs for development of new sources. Benefits for use as municipal water are found to be considerably higher than benefits for hydroelectric energy at existing prices, even higher than the least cost alternative for replacement. Given the spatial distribution of the cases, that finding would appear to hold in general across the region.     

Water Footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank1

Abstract: Water in the West Bank of Palestine is a key issue due to its limited availability. Water is used from own sources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Moreover, water is consumed in its virtual form through consumption of imported goods, such as crops and livestock, the production of which used water in the country of production. In addition, wastewater in many parts of the West Bank is disposed off without treatment into the wadis, deteriorating the quality of the water resources in the area and, therefore, further reducing the quantity of good quality water available. This paper calculates the water footprint for the West Bank. The consumption component of the water footprint of the West Bank was found to be 2,791 million m³/year. Approximately 52% of this is virtual water consumed through imported goods. The West Bank per capita consumption component of the water footprint was found to be 1,116 m³/cap/year, while the global average is 1,243 m³/cap/year. Out of this number 50 m³/cap/year was withdrawn from water resources available in the area. Only 16 m³/cap/year (1.4%) was used for domestic purposes. This number is extremely low and only 28% of the global average and 21% of the Israeli domestic water use. The contamination component of the water footprint was not quantified but was believed to be many times larger than the consumption component. According to the official definition of water scarcity, the West Bank is suffering from a severe water scarcity. Therefore, there is a need for a completely new approach towards water management in the West Bank, whereby return flows are viewed as a resource and that is geared towards a conservation oriented approach of “use, treat, and reuse.”     

虚拟水在我国水资源管理领域的应用和探讨

虚拟水以其形象的表达和丰富的内涵,成为2000年以后全球水科学研究领域的热点,被广泛认为是深入研究水资源管理的重要概念,也是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效工具。文章系统介绍了虚拟水的基本概念,并对其目前在我国水资源管理领域的应用做了系统性的阐述和探讨。     

用窄点原理进行节水分析

简要地对窄点原理进行了介绍。用窄点原理对工程设计进行了具体分析，在排污量相同的情况下，分别采用洁净水接纳污染物、采用满足进水浓度要求但无回用的废水接纳污染物和采用窄点技术且可回用废水但无水处理过程的废水接纳污染物三种供水方式。比较不同的供水方式所需的不同耗水量。从而得出窄点分析原理对节水，节能和降污保护环境具有的重大意义。     

浙江省上虞市水资源分析及饮用水水源地水质现状评价研究

本文通过大量的基础数据调研,获取了浙江省上虞市水资源现状及饮用水水源地水质现状的第一手资料,对当地的水资源空间分布现状及水资源平衡进行了科学分析,并结合当地的社会经济发展趋势及城市发展中的用水需求增长趋势,提出了科学合理的水源地建设与保护建议。自2009年6月起,对汤浦水库、四明湖水库、隐潭溪、下管溪、总干渠等5个水源地进行了长期连续监测,为进一步保护优质水源地,城乡统筹一体化供水系统的建设提供科学依据。监测结果表明,作为重要备用水源地的总干渠目前呈现有机微污染特征,需要加强水源保护区内的环境管理,尽快设立水源保护区,确定合理的入河污染物的源头削减任务,以确保2010年前达到水功能区的水质目标。     

秦皇岛市水资源现状与可持续利用对策研究

随着社会经济的发展,水资源消耗日益增加,供需矛盾日益突出。秦皇岛市已面临水资源日益紧张的严峻形势,节流和开源,建立节水型社会体系,积极开发利用再生水、海水和雨水等非常规水源以及合理地配置和利用水资源,是实现秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用的有效措施。     

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin,Northern China1

Ji, Yuhe, Liding Chen, and Ranhao Sun, 2012. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Water Supply Stress in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 999‐1007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00671.x Abstract: Water resources are becoming increasingly stressed under the influence of climate change and population growth in the Haihe River Basin, Northern China. Assessing the temporal and spatial variability of water supply stress is urgently needed to mitigate water crisis caused by water resource reallocation. Water supply and use data were compiled for the time period of 1998‐2003 in this synthesis study. The Water Supply Stress Index (WSSI) as defined as Water Demand/Water Supply was used to quantitate whether water supply could meet the demand of human activities across the study region. We found a large spatial gradient of water supply stress in the study region, being much higher in the eastern subbasins (ranging from 2.56 to 4.31) than the west subbasins (ranging from 0.56 to 1.92). The eastern plain region not only suffered more serious water supply stress but also had a much higher interannual variability than the western hilly region. The uneven spatial distribution of water supply stress might result from the distribution of land use, population, and climate. Future climate change and rapid economic development are likely to aggravate the existing water crisis in the study region.