Establish the Long-effective Mechanism of Food Security in China

In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been established yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers＇ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.     

Driving factors and the implications of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China

Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,households,and land endowments.The findings reveal large differences between males and females,and between non-farm employment and part-time farming engagement Land scarcity is still an important driving factor in non-farming participation of rural laborers in the study area;and in the current case of land productivity and the total amount of land,there are still surplus rural labor forces in the study area.Diversification of livelihood reduces the pressure on land,thus facilitating ecosystem conservation.So,the paper concludes with the argument that establishing coordination mechanisms among non-farm employment of rural laborers,agricultural production,and restoration of ecosystems are essential for mitigating the conflicts of ecological security,agricultural production,and rural development in mis area.     

Expansion and Change of Rural Settlements in Traditional Agricultural Regions： Based on Village Investigation in Pingdu County

The rural settlements accounted for a great proportion of overall building land in China, but it still expanded in recent years along with urbanization and gradually decreasing rural population. To explore the reason for this phenomenon, an analysis has been made based on the investigation in a traditional agricultural region. This study found that socioeconomic factors, including the scale of families and its quantity, the improvement of rural public infrastructure, the change of population and the pressure of arable land, have effects on the expansion. The view on land tenure which has shaped in farmers minds in the long haul makes them dispose their houses cautiously, and this was the main cause of the fact that one household own more than one plot. In addition, the limitations of rural land institution are unconducive to inspiriting the transfer of farmers＇ building land and redevelopment of the idle housing land.     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ＇Ecological Province＇ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

Research into adaptive countermeasures to addressing the effects of climate change on agriculture

Agriculture is one of the most sensitive and fragile areas in regard to climate change,with direct or potentially indirect impacts on agricultural production and related processes;improving the ability of the agricultural sector to adapt is the key measure of climate change.The primary impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector include increased annual average temperatures,resulting in a higher level of warming available for the production of agricultural resources extension of the growing season.Climate change will transform China’s cropping systems and agricultural framework,resulting in the northwards extension of land suitable for agriculture.Climate change has impacts on crop yield and quality,as well as climate-related disasters such as droughts and floods,pests and diseases,food security,and agricultural trade.There are significant regional differences in the impact of climate change in agriculture because of China’s vast land mass,and research into adaptation measures and strategy in agriculture has become an important aspect of climate change.Current major adaptation technologies include the following:adjusting agricultural cropping systems and layout,breeding good crop varieties,boosting agro-climatic disaster prevention and control,and enhancing the development of agricultural infrastructure.In this paper we analyze the problems for agriculture in adapting to climate change,including poor adoption of adaptation technology,unavailability of adaptation technologies,the lack of cost-benefit analysis of adaptation technologies,financial and policy barriers,and so on.A series of adaptation measures and strategies in the field of agriculture are proposed in this paper,including(1) reduction of systematic scientific uncertainty through research on the impacts of climate change;(2) promotion of agricultural status in the global climate change negotiations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;(3) establishing a list of adaptation technologies and technology integration sys     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County, Beijing： Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Miyun County,located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing,was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years.This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005,and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation.With two-periods TM images,we got land use change data,and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi.Results showed that water area,farm land and unused land decreased while residential land,forest land,grassland and orchard land increased during the study period.The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area.As for spatial variation,there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region.The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable.The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development.More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

Temporal-spatial change and driving mechanism for regional difference of domestic tourism in China

By using the variation coefficient,Gini coefficient and Theil coefficient,this paper makes preliminary exploration of temporalspatial change features and driving mechanism for regional differences of domestic tourism in China from 1995 to 2009.According to the results,we drew the following conclusions:(1)The regional difference of domestic tourism in China tends to be narrowing generally,and is less than that of inbound tourism,playing an important role in narrowing the overall gap of regional tourism in China.(2)The regional internal difference features:inter-provincial difference in the eastern region and difference among the eastern,central and western regions are comparatively obvious and demonstrate a significantly shrinking tendency,the change tendency is consistent with the change tendency of overall difference and exercises a decisive role in overall difference,whereas the inter-provincial difference in the central and western regions is small and relatively stable,having less influence on the overall difference.(3)The temporal-spatial change in regional difference is featured by:low-level provinces occupy a majority and are concentrated in the central and western regions,showing a tendency of narrowing difference;high-level provinces are concentrated in the eastern region,showing a tendency of spreading to the central and western regions;spatial pattern of regional difference demonstrates 4 types,i.e."proliferation type","polarization type","quiescence type"and"collapse type."(4)The driving force for regional difference of domestic tourism in China comes down to 3 aspects:regional socio-economic attribute,regional transport accessibility level and regional development policy.     

Conversion Margins for the Major Uses of Agricultural Land and Their Variations in Shandong Province, China

It is of practical significance for the decision-making on country food security and farmland protection to analyze the conversion margins for the major uses of agricultural land and their variations. Based on the panel data of wheat, corn, vegetable, fruit, and forests productions from 520 investigated farmer households of 13 investigated villages in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2009, and using Cobb-Douglas production function, the revenue conversion margins can be obtained separately, between different grain-crops (wheat, corn) and different non-grain crops (vegetable, fruit, forests), and the conversion relationship between growing grain( wheat, corn) and going out for non-farm work. The results show that from 2003 to 2009, growing wheat and corn are more economically and reasonably for farmers, compared with growing vegetable, but growing wheat and corn are becoming less economically and less reasonably day by day, compared with planting forests. Moreover, the conversion margin between wheat and fruit shows obvious scissors difference. Just from 2007, farmers’ growing fruit became economically and reasonably, but until 2009, compared with going out to work after abandoning farm8land, growing wheat had no economic rationality. From 2003 to 2009, farmers’ growing corn is more profitable than growing fruit and going out for non-farm work after abandoning farmland. The subsidies for wheat and corn have increased farmers’ comparative income from food production remarkably, but the subsidies cannot change the general tendency that farmers transform food (wheat, corn) production into non-food (especially forests) production. The revenue difference between growing wheat, corn and vegetable and growing fruit and forests is being pulled ceaselessly bigger, and the tendency that farmers transform wheat, corn and vegetable growing lands into fruit and forests growing lands has become increasingly apparent.     

GIS-Supported Precision Agricultural Fertilization Management at Small Scale

Precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale is the key for regional cultivated land protection and management. Taking Dingzhuang Town (located in Guangrao County, Shandong Province) as a case study, this article explores the precision agricultural fertilization technique at small scale. First, three main cropping systems are identified via field investigation, namely wheat–maize–soybean, garlic–maize and cotton. Then, application amount of fertilizer N, P and K under the three cropping sys...     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Ecological city （eco-city） and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term ＂ecological city＂, what key issues eco-city planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sus- tainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for eco- city planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem＇s structure, functions and processes.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China: Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Abstract

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands (FRFG) is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national (country)—regional (province)—local (county)—household (farmer) level scale, and the results are: driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types: industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers' income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers' demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

城市生态用地时空动态及其相关驱动力——以武汉市为例

城市生态用地是维持城市生态安全和可持续发展的重要屏障,研究其动态变化特征及相关驱动力,将为城市规划和生态环境保护决策提供依据。该文以武汉城区为实证区,采用1990、2002、2014年等3期Landsat遥感影像为数据源,采用土地利用变化矩阵量化数量变化,景观格局指数量化空间格局变化,生态服务价值系数和InVEST模型量化质量变化,利用二元逻辑回归模型和梯度分析法量化相关驱动力。研究结果表明:武汉市生态用地总面积持续下降,累计减少239.55 km~2,其中水域为主要转出地类;生境质量下降24%;生态用地斑块破碎度提高,"孤岛化"现象逐渐显现;坡度、建设用地的最小距离、建设用地增长、GDP增长和道路密度是驱动生态用地变化的主要因素,随着城市向三环线外扩张,三环线以外的生态用地面临较高的生态转化风险。     

快速城镇化地区生态用地演变及驱动力分析

基于高分辨率遥感影像、GIS和RS技术,利用转移矩阵、景观指数和地图叠加等方法系统分析了辛庄镇域生态用地演变的时空特征,并引入二项Logistic回归模型,选择到农村居民点的距离、到道路的距离、到河流水系的距离、到村镇中心的距离、人均GDP、人均工业总产值、人均农业总产值、人均收入、人口密度为驱动因子,对研究区主要类型生态用地变化的驱动力进行分析。结果表明:1991~2009年,辛庄镇生态用地空间结构和面积变化剧烈,总体上呈加速缩减趋势。其中,水田面积变化尤为明显,18a间累积减少1 806.61hm2;经济效益较高的水产养殖用地和园地规模有所增长,尤其是水产养殖用地,1991~2009年年均增长43.01hm2,长幅为93.26%。生态用地主要转移去向为水产养殖用地、居住用地和工业用地。生态用地总体上破碎化程度加剧,类型水平上,大体上呈现为破碎度加剧、景观形状日趋规则、优势度逐渐降低、聚集度日益增加的态势。各时段生态用地演变的主要驱动因子均为邻域因子,但随着时间的推移,社会经济因子对生态用地变化的解释效力逐渐增强。     

基于国家粮食安全的长江三角洲地区耕地保护探讨

从经济增长规律与发展阶段来看,作为中国经济发展的核心区域之一,长江三角洲地区耕地的减少趋势还将持续一定时期。分析了长江三角洲地区粮食及耕地现状,通过相关性分析得到耕地预测模型,并预测了未来耕地变化态势,揭示出耕地损失率高峰值将在“十一五”期间出现。通过国家粮食安全的态势判断以及长江三角洲地区耕地减少与国家粮食安全之间的关系分析,得出长江三角洲地区耕地面积的减少所导致的粮食减产对国家粮食安全的影响较小,而国家粮食安全水平的变化会影响长江三角洲地区的粮食有效供给的结论。从而提出耕地保护的思路：“十一五”期间,长江三角洲地区应采取积极的保护政策;进入“十二五”之后,耕地保护政策应转为严格控制。为此,还提出了重在保护质量、保护其生态景观功能、加大后备资源开发、减少非农占用、加强政策管理等对策建议。     

怒江云南北段的村域土地利用及驱动力分析

驱动力分析是土地利用研究的重要内容。选择怒江流域北段高黎贡山自然保护区周边4个自然村为研究对象,应用高分辨率SPOT 5遥感影像数据,结合实地逐块核实,对土地利用/覆被进行分类,并建立土地利用类型分类系统,用Fragstats 33分析得到村域土地利用格局和特征;同时,采用入户调查、半结构访谈和问卷调查等方法,获得的村域详细社会经济数据,建立土地利用与社会经济之间的关联,分析村域土地利用的驱动力。结果显示：村域土地利用主要受自然条件、受教育程度、生活习俗等因子的驱动,且经济收入主要依赖于粗放的土地利用。研究结果能为怒江云南北段的土地资源合理利用和村域经济发展提供数据支持;研究方法可作为局域尺度土地利用研究的参考     

中国未来的粮食安全与生态可持续性问题研究——基于粮食生产过程生态足迹的实证分析

自然资源与农业生态可持续开发是保障农业生产与粮食安全可持续发展的基础。随着我国人口的增长以及人们生活水平的提高,粮食需求量逐年增加。这不但加剧了我国人多地少的矛盾,还给我国农业资源与生态的可持续发展带来了挑战。利用计量模型测算出我国人口高峰时粮食安全背景下粮食生产活动的生态足迹,然后依据生态足迹指数法判断其生态可持续性状况。结果显示,按照目前的粮食生产模式依靠自给实现粮食安全,我国人均生态足迹指数将出现负值。这意味着我国农业生态将处于不可持续的状态。解决我国“粮食 耕地”矛盾与“粮食 生态”矛盾,实现粮食安全与农业生态的协调可持续发展,一方面需要把我国目前依靠要素投入的粗放式粮食生产模式转向生态友好型的种植模式;另一方面需要改变我国依靠自给的粮食安全保障模式,通过适当降低我国的粮食自给率、增加粮食进口缓解我国农业资源与生态环境的压力。这对我国未来的农业发展道路以及粮食安全政策都具有重要的参考价值     

长江经济带土地生态安全时空演化特征及影响因素

为了实现长江经济带“共抓大保护,不搞大开发”的发展目标,系统分析该地带土地生态安全问题是关键。通过构建土地生态安全DPSIR模型,对2006~2016年长江经济带110个地级市的土地生态安全水平进行评价,在此基础上,运用探索性空间数据分析与地理探测器方法探究土地生态安全的时空演化特征及主要影响因素。研究得出：(1)时间上,2006~2016年长江经济带土地生态安全水平呈现明显的增长趋势,土地生态安全状况逐渐改善;空间上,土地生态安全水平从东向西逐渐递减,但其空间差异正逐步缩小;区域间,长江三角洲城市群、长江中游城市群成为土地生态安全水平的增长热点区,并向城市群外围逐步扩散。(2)长江经济带土地生态安全存在着显著的正空间自相关,呈现集聚分布特征：土地生态安全高值（H-H）集聚区主要分布于长三角地区,低值（L-L）集聚区主要分布于湖南、贵州二省的部分地区。(3)经济社会发展水平、环境保护力度、土地利用效率、城市化水平为长江经济带土地生态安全的主导影响因素,但不同区域的主导驱动因素存在显著差异,这为改善土地生态安全,提出有针对性的政策建议提供了理论依据。     

长三角城市群建设用地扩张地区差异的驱动因素解释——基于回归方程的Shapley值分解方法

工业化、城镇化所带来的建设用地过度扩张已成为土地资源领域研究的热点问题。利用基于半对数回归方程的Shapley值分解方法考察了2006~2015年长三角城市群26个城市建设用地扩张的驱动因素及其对地区差异的贡献率。研究表明:(1)耕地保留量、产业结构调整、建设用地利用效率、生态压力等因素对建设用地扩张具有负向驱动作用,经济发展速度、人口城镇化速度、政府财政赤字、政府政策执行力等因素对建设用地扩张具有正向驱动作用,但耕地保有量、生态压力两个因素对建设用地扩张影响不显著;(2)政府财政赤字、建设用地利用效率、政府政策执行力等3个因素对建设用地扩张地区差异的贡献率最大。为此,应从资源约束、生态压力、促进产业结构调整、实施土地供给侧结构性改革、提高土地效率等多方面入手以破解建设用地过度扩张的困局。     

基于加权叠加模型的高原湖泊流域重要生态用地识别——以星云湖流域为例

生态用地在维持区域生态平衡和保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。以云南星云湖流域为研究区,运用层次分析法和GIS技术,从水土保持、地质灾害规避与防护、生物多样性保护和水资源安全4个方面,构建了流域重要生态用地识别指标及其识别方法,并识别出流域重要生态用地空间分布。结果表明:(1)加权叠加模型更适用于高原湖泊流域重要生态用地识别;(2)根据生态用地重要性分为核心型、辅助型、过渡型和非重要生态用地,面积分别为75.98 km~2、105.05 km~2、89.47 km~2和65.11 km~2,分别占流域生态用地总面积的22.64%、31.30%、26.66%和19.40%。识别结果能较好地反映重要生态用地维护流域的生态安全。以星云湖流域作为高原湖泊流域的典型,为高原湖泊生态保护提供科学方向,以期协调流域经济发展与生态保护的矛盾,促进可持续发展。     

贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线空间分异与管控措施研究

贵州省石漠化演变态势遏制了长江、珠江流域的生态安全需要。为响应国家生态环境保护与修复政策,加强长江上游生态保护工作,遏制贵州省生态环境恶化趋势,研究基于遥感和GIS技术,针对贵州省喀斯特石漠化等典型生态环境问题,依据《生态红线划定技术指南》(2015-06)建立敏感性评价指标体系及评价模型,评价贵州省石漠化敏感性现状,划定石漠化敏感区生态保护红线,定量揭示贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线现状及地域分异,并根据贵州省石漠化治理实际情况,提出具体管控措施。结果表明:(1)2011年贵州省石漠化敏感性以强度敏感性为主,面积达36 227.83 km~2,占全省喀斯特地貌面积的32.23%,总体分布规律呈条带状分布;(2)通过叠加分析得出石漠化敏感区的空间分布与石漠化现状有一定关系,表现为除去无明显石漠化、潜在石漠化、不敏感性、轻度敏感性之外,已石漠化土地与中度以上敏感性所占面积比例变化趋势呈正相关。(3)贵州省石漠化敏感区生态红线面积达6 814.25 km~2,占全省国土面积的3.87%;主要由破碎斑块组成,较集中分布于贵州北部、南部及西部地区,其中遵义市、毕节市以及黔南州面积最大、最集中;(4)石漠化敏感区生态红线的管控措施应实施治理与保护并行,主要以保护为主,同时,加强石漠化敏感区综合治理以及生态保护政策体系建设。