战略环境影响评价与可持续发展探讨

概述了战略环境影响评价的概念、发展由来，及可持续发展的内涵和指标体系，分析了两者之间的相互关系，强调了战略环境影响评价是达到可持续发展的中心环节，以及可持续发展对战略环境影响评价的指导作用。     

论健全环境影响评价法律制度的几个问题

环境影响评价制度是从源头控制环境污染和生态破坏的法律手段,但中国的环境影响评价制度在实施中却存在执行率高、效果差的尴尬困境.探讨了健全环境影响评价制度的指导思想和途径,并从完善战略环境影响评价制度、环境影响评价审批制度、公众参与制度、法律责任制度等方面进行了具体论述.     

关于中国将气候变化因素融人环境影响评价的探讨

环境影响评价(简称环评)为评估和管理包括气候变化在内的环境风险问题提供了一个灵活的制度框架.通过案例分析方法,总结了中国将气候变化因素融入环评的经验和存在的问题.结果表明,目前中国在气候变化因素融人环评的尝试主要集中在战略环评层面.由于没有相关的技术导则指引,也缺乏实践经验,相关案例中考虑气候变化因素影响的角度和选择的...     

生态小区建设与环境影响评价

阐述了生态住宅小区的概念和特征、发展要求，以及环境影响评价概念、范围、主要环境问题及污染防治分析，提出环境影响评价存在的和有待完善的问题，指出引导开发与可持续发展相适应的绿色住宅产业，已成为当代环境影响评价工作者不可推卸的责任。     

开展战略环境评价的探讨

战略环境评价是环境影响评价在政策,计划和规划等战略层次的应用,是在战略层次上及早协调环境与发展关系的决策和规划手段。ＳＥＡ与项目ＥＩＡ形成了完整有层次的ＥＩＡ体系,提供了一个环境与发展的综合决策框架,可作为贯彻可持续发展的可操作工具。通过借鉴和引入国外ＳＥＡ理论与经验,尽快建立了有中国特色的ＳＥＡ理论和制度成为当前一项重要而紧迫的工作。在回顾ＳＥＡ国内外开展现状的基础上,对在我国开展ＳＥＡ的目标,     

规划环境影响评价探讨

以《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》为依据 ,对实施规划环境影响评价的意义进行了分析 ,并提出了规划环境影响评价应遵循的原则、方法和基本程序     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。     

对当前规划环境影响评价存在问题的探讨

根据战略环境评价的基本内涵.针对当前中国规划环境影响评价实践中存在的诸多问题,重点选择替代方案不完善和评价结果不能有效执行这2个突出问题.并进行了产生原因的深层分析.随后结合规划环境影响评价基础理论及现实需要,提出替代方案优化论证和评价结果有效执行的基本思路,以期对规划环境影响评价制度的进一步完善提供建议.     

中国交通规划战略环境评价的若干问题探讨

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施5年多以来,交通规划战略环境评价的开展有效推进了中国交通建设的可持续发展。目前,该领域在理论研究和实践应用方面都取得了一定的成绩,但也存在一些不足。在回顾国内外交通规划战略环境评价发展历程和特点的基础上,就中国交通规划战略环境评价在层次性、定性与定量评价的把握以及如何有效融入决策过程等方面的问题进行了初步探讨,并建议尽早开展利益相关方分析、推广"综合情景+定量模型"的技术方法、引入制度分析方法并开展广泛的公众参与等,为完善中国的交通规划战略环境评价提供参考。     

规划环境影响评价初探

通过规划环评与项目环评的比较研究，从评价对象、范围、评价指标等方面，提出目前在科学发展观指导下的我国规划环评应实施的战略对策。     

Development and practices of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in China

The paper introduces the research and practices of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in China, including the definition of plan environmental impact assessment (PEIA), its political and legal basis, mode for combining SEA into integration of environment and development in decision-making (IEDD). Then, an operational procedure and methods used for SEA in China, and particularly the enforcement framework of SEA, i.e. subject of implementation, object of SEA, elements and scope, analysing the correlation of different implemented subjects and their responsibility, are discussed. Nine practical case studies are exemplified in this paper, and finally some proposals are given.     

Evaluation of Cu potential bioavailability changes upon coastal sediment resuspension: an example on how to improve the assessment of sediment dredging environmental risks

Purpose  

Metal bioavailability-based sediment quality analysis, inferred from geochemical partitioning data, may contribute to improve sediment management policies. This is important because decision-making processes should not give similar priorities to sediments offering contrasting environmental risks associated to metal bioavailability. However, current uses of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) as interpretive tools to support decisions about dredging-related activities have not considered the changes in metal bioavailability upon sediment resuspension.     

Molecular docking: A potential tool to aid ecotoxicity testing in environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals

A cocktail of human pharmaceuticals pollute aquatic environments and there is considerable scientific uncertainty about the effects that this may have on aquatic organisms. Human drug target proteins can be highly conserved in non target species suggesting that similar modes of action (MoA) may occur. The aim of this work was to explore whether molecular docking offers a potential tool to predict the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on non target organisms. Three highly prescribed drugs, diclofenac, ibuprofen and levonorgestrel which regularly pollute freshwater environments were used as examples. Their primary drug targets are cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and progesterone receptor (PR). Molecular docking experiments were performed using these drugs and their primary drug target homologues for Danio rerio, Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Xenopus tropicalis, Xenopus laevis and Daphnia pulex. The results show that fish and frog COX2 enzymes are likely to bind diclofenac and ibuprofen in the same way as humans but that D. pulex would not. Binding will probably lead to inhibition of COX function and reduced prostaglandin production. Levonorgestrel was found to bind in the same binding pocket of the progesterone receptor in frogs and fish as the human form. This suggests implications for the fecundity of fish and frogs which are exposed to levonorgestrel. Chronic ecotoxicological effects of these drugs reported in the literature support these findings. Molecular docking may provide a valuable tool for ecotoxicity tests by guiding selection of test species and incorporating the MoA of drugs for relevant chronic test end points in environmental risk assessments.     

Transformer oils as a potential source of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): an assessment in three central provinces of Iran

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination of oils from all transformers of the national electrical grid in Tehran, Qom, and Alborz, three central...     

A novel approach to preparation of nano-adsorbent from agricultural wastes (Saccharum officinarum leaves) and its environmental application

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Saccharum officinarum leaves (SL) assisted nano-silica (NS) were synthesized and used as adsorbent to remove Pb2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions. The...     

Impact of chronic cadmium exposure at environmental dose on escape behaviour in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae)

The effect of chronic exposure to a low concentration (0.5 microg l(-1)) of cadmium ions was investigated on escape behaviour of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, using video analysis. Observations were also performed on the microanatomy of lateral system neuromasts. When fish were exposed for 4h per day over 8 days to the cadmium ions, most of both types of neuromasts observed remained intact. However, some of them presented damaged sensory maculae. Whereas before cadmium exposure, fish responded positively to nearly all the lateral system stimulations, after exposure they decreased by about 10% their positive responses to stimulations. From the 15th day after the beginning of cadmium exposure, neuromasts presented progressively less damage, cadmium accumulation in gills and scales decreased significantly and fish escape behaviour had recovered. This study presents a new concept in ecotoxicology: using behavioural change to reveal the effects of pollution levels, scarcely detectable by currently used techniques (physiological responses).     

Occurrence of endocrine disrupters and selected pharmaceuticals in Aisonas River (Greece) and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes

Purpose

The presence of four phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs: nonylphenol [NP], NP monoethoxylate[NP1EO], bisphenol A [BPA], triclosan, [TCS]) and four nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs: ibuprofen[IBF], ketoprofen [KFN], naproxen [NPX], diclofenac [DCF]) in a Greek river receiving treated municipal wastewater was investigated in this study.

Methods

Samples were taken from four different points of the river and from the outlet of a sewage treatment plant (STP) during six sampling campaigns, and they were analyzed using gas chromatography?Cmass spectrometry.

Results

According to the results, EDCs were detected in almost all samples, whereas NSAIDs were detected mainly in wastewater and in the part of the river that receives wastewater from the STP. Among the target compounds, the highest mean concentrations in the river were detected for NP (1,345?ng?L^?1) and DCF (432?ng?L^?1). Calculation of daily loads of the target compounds showed that STP seems to be the major source of NSAIDs to the river, whereas other sources contribute significantly to the occurrence of EDCs. The environmental risk due to the presence of target compounds in river water was estimated, calculating risk quotients for different aquatic organisms (algae, daphnids, and fish). Results denoted the possible threat for the aquatic environment due to the presence of NP and TCS in the river.     

Hatching failure in common terns (Sterna hirundo) in relation to environmental chemicals

The hatching success of two Common Tern colonies, a highly contaminated one at the Elbe estuary (Hullen) and a less contaminated one at the Jade (Augustgroden, southern North Sea coast, Germany), was similar in 1988; 69% at Hullen and 73% at Augustgroden. Most egg loss was due to predators. The number of eggs failing to hatch from unknown causes was 6.3% higher at Hullen than at Augustgroden. Egg-shell thickness and strength were not correlated with the chemicals' concentrations. At Hullen unhatched eggs were compared with randomly collected fresh eggs; the former containing a significantly higher amount (20%) of PCBs (134 microg) than the eggs collected at random (112 microg). Seven out of 45 PCB-congeners were found in significantly higher amounts in the failed eggs, among them the toxic congener PCB 138. The two samples showed no difference in mercury concentration, which was 6.2 mg kg(-1), nor difference in shell strength. Eggs of Common Terns breeding at the Elbe estuary had concentrations of some contaminants reaching levels endangering breeding success.     

Pharmacopollution and Household Waste Medicine (HWM): how reverse logistics is environmentally important to Brazil

Pharmacopollution is a public health and environmental outcome of some active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) dispersed through water and/or soil. Its most important sources are the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals), livestock, aquaculture, and households (patients’ excretion and littering). The last source is the focus of this article. Research questions are “What is the Household Waste Medicine (HWM) phenomenon?”, “How HWM and pharmacopollution are related?”, and “Why is a reverse logistic system necessary for HWM in Brazil?” This article followed the seven steps proposed by Rother (2007) for a systematic review based on the Cochrane Handbook and the National Health Service (NHS) Center for Reviews Dissemination (CDR) Report. The HWM phenomenon brings many environmental, public health, and, social challenges. The insufficient data is a real challenge to assessing potential human health risks and API concentrations. Therefore, the hazard of long-term exposure to low concentrations of pharmacopollutants and the combined effects of API mixtures is still uncertain. HWM are strongly related to pharmacopollution, as this review shows. The Brazilian HWM case is remarkable because it is the fourth pharmaceutical market (US$ 65,971 billion), with a wide number of private pharmacies and drugstores (3.3: 10,000 pharmacy/inhabitants), self-medication habits, and no national take-back program. The HWM generation is estimated in 56.6 g/per capita, or 10,800 t/year. The absence of a reverse logistics for HWM can lead to serious environmental and public health challenges. The sector agreement for HWM is currently under public consultation.