Debye length and surface tension in nuclei

Thanks are due to Prof. R. Hofstadter (Stanford University), Prof. P. H. Handel (University of Missouri, St. Louis), and Prof. W. Scheid (Universität Giessen, Germany) for valuable discussions.     

Uncertainties in surface ozone trend at hohenpeissenberg

It is well-known that early surface ozone measurements using the iodometric method suffered from both negative and positive interferences by reducing and oxidizing gases, notably SO₂ and NO₂, respectively. These interferences could be serious in areas close to emission sources. Using the important Hohenpeissenberg Observatory surface ozone data series as an example, we demonstrate that the uncertainty due to SO₂ interference during the pre-1976 period could have a significant effect on the apparent upward trend, and possibly lead to its overestimation by a factor of 3. There is evidence to show that the NO₂ interference at the Observatory may not be entirely insignificant under certain meteorological conditions. The effect of the uncertainty due to this interperence on the long-term surface ozone trend also needs to be evaluated. In view of the importance of the conclusions concerning increasing surface ozone concentrations, which have stemmed from previous analyses of the Hohenpeissenberg Observatory data set, it is essential to discuss these uncertainties in the open literature so that a consensus of opinion may be formed on the data quality of the early years' observations.     

底物和中间产物对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化污泥表面张力、黏度和发泡潜能的影响

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化(Anaerobic digestion,AD)系统中含有大量具有表面活性的物质,这些物质的存在会改变厌氧消化污泥的表面张力及发泡潜能,甚至诱发严重的泡沫现象.了解这些物质对污泥表面性质和发泡潜能的影响,对预防厌氧消化系统泡沫的产生和过程恢复具有重要意义.因此,本文以餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化污泥为研究对象,分别考察不同浓度的底物和中间代谢产物的单组分及其组合对污泥表面张力、黏度、发泡趋势(Foam tendency,FT)和泡沫稳定性(Foam stability,FS)的影响.结果表明,污泥的表面张力、黏度与污泥的发泡趋势、泡沫稳定性之间并没有一致的相关性,确定污泥发泡潜能的最佳方法是测定污泥的发泡趋势和泡沫稳定性.在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化反应体系中,油酸和明胶可以大幅提高污泥的发泡趋势和泡沫稳定性,因此,认为这两种物质的存在是潜在的主要泡沫诱发因子.玉米油的存在能够降低污泥的表面张力和发泡趋势,可能对系统产生的泡沫具有抑制作用.乙酸、淀粉、蛋白胨也能提高污泥发泡趋势,但却不能强化污泥的泡沫稳定性.研究结论可以为实际工程提供理论支撑,并为餐厨垃圾厌氧消化遇到泡沫问题提供解决思路.     

高比表面积极性吸附树脂的制备及其对硝基苯吸附性能的研究

对聚氯甲基苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯树脂进行羟基修饰,制得羟基修饰的超高交联吸附树脂,探讨了修饰单体的加入量对硝基苯吸附量的影响.结合吸附热力学特点,对硝基苯在两种树脂上吸附过程的吸附焓变、自由能变、吸附熵变进行了理论计算,并对吸附行为进行了合理的解释.通过对硝基苯在吸附树脂上293 K、303 K和313 K温度下的吸附等温...     

有机钙高温脱硫特性

为了控制燃煤二氧化硫气体的排放,采用智能定硫仪研究了有机钙的脱硫特性.原煤的硫析出速率曲线呈双峰形状,添加有机钙后,硫析出速率明显降低,曲线呈单峰状.1000℃下有机钙对长广煤的脱硫率比普通石灰石高1倍以上,其中醋酸钙镁的脱硫效果高达73.84%.煤的含硫量、反应温度、钙硫比、钙基添加剂粒径是影响有机钙脱硫效果的重要因素.煤的含硫量增大或钙基添加剂粒径减小都可以提高有机钙的脱硫率;随温度升高,高硫煤脱硫率下降幅度低于中硫煤和低硫煤,1 200℃高温下醋酸钙镁脱硫率为59.08%;按钙硫比为1添加有机钙可以获得较高的脱硫率,继续增加钙基添加剂,脱硫率的提高效果不明显.表明有机钙是一种脱硫效率较高的优良吸收剂,醋酸钙镁的脱硫效果最好.     

楚科奇海陆架区表层沉积物放射性核素的分布

对中国首次北极科学考察期间在楚科奇海采集的9个表层沉积物样品进行了γ谱分析。结果表明,2 1 0 Pb的比活度介于16.0～76.6Bq·kg 1 之间,平均为3 6.9Bq·kg 1 ,低于大多数中低纬度区表层沉积物的2 1 0 Pb比活度,反映出研究海域低的大气2 1 0 Pb输入通量。2 2 6 Ra、1 37Cs、2 38U的放射性比活度范围和平均值分别为11.4～2 0 .9、1.7～2 .9、3 2 .4～5 3 .4Bq·kg 1 和17.6、2 .2、44 .4Bq·kg 1 。研究海域表层沉积物中的2 2 6 Ra/2 38U ) A .R .介于0 .3 5～0 .47之间,低的2 2 6 Ra/2 38U) A .R .表明U、Ra的地球化学行为存在差异。2 1 0 Pb、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs、4 0 K比活度和灼烧失重率均随离岸距离的增加逐渐减小,而2 2 6 Ra和2 38U则具有各自不同的分布特征,分别与研究海域表层沉积物Si和Ca的分布比较类似。对核素间相关关系的分析表明,研究海域表层沉积物中1 37Cs和2 1 0 Pbex含量与灼烧失重率之间存在良好的线性正相关关系,证实有机物质在2 1 0 Pb、1 37Cs的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。     

Adsorption and desorption of lanthanum at sulfide mineral surface

Batch adsorption experiment with four sulfide minerals - Chalcocite galena, pyrite and sphalerite - were used to study for the adsorption and desorp-tion behavior of La (III) in the presence of EDTA, a model humic matter. Linear adsorption was found in all cases.The presence of soluble organic complexing ligand should reduce the mobility of La (III) in porous media and its transport to groundwater in the percolating soil solution. Binding mechanism is proposed to account for this preferential binding behavior.     

On the effect of Fe(III) on proliferation of Microcystis aeruginosa at high nitrate and low chlorophyll condition

The impact of Fe concentrations on the growth of Microcystisaeruginosa in aquatic systems under high nitrate and low chlorophyll conditions was studied. The responses of cell density, total and cell chlorophyll-a intracellular Fe content and organic elemental composition of M. aeruginosa to different concentration gradients of Fe(III) in the solutions were analysed. The results showed that the proliferation speeds of M. aeruginosa were: (1) decelerated when the Fe(III) concentration was lower than 50 μg/L in the solutions, (2) promoted and positively related to the increase of Fe(III) concentration from 100 to 500 μg/L in the solutions over the experimental period, and (3) promoted in the early stage but decelerated in later stages by excess adsorption of Fe by cells when the Fe(III) concentration was higher than 500 μg/L in the solutions. The maximum cell density, total and cell chlorophyll-a were all observed at 500 μg Fe(III)/L concentration. The organic elemental composition of M. aeruginosa was also affected by the concentration of Fe(III) in the solutions, and the molecular formula of M. aeruginosa should be expressed as C_7–7.5H₁₄O_0.8–1.3N_3.5–5 according to the functions for different Fe(III) concentrations. Cell carbon and oxygen content appeared to increase slightly, while cell nitrogen content appeared to decrease as Fe(III) concentrations increased from 100 to 500 μg/L in the solutions. This was attributed to the competition of photosynthesis and nitrogen adsorption under varying cell Fe content.     

青海瓦里关地面臭氧浓度的变化特征

为探讨地面O₃ 生成和变化机制,利用青海省瓦里关大气本底基准观象台1994~2002 年的地面O₃ 连续观测资料,结合同期瓦里关CO数据及3 个相近高海拔全球背景站点Mauna Loa, Jungfraujoch, Izaña 的O₃ 和CO 资料,对瓦里关地面O₃ 变化特征进行分析.结果表明,瓦里关地面O₃ 浓度有逐年缓慢增加的趋势,存在明显的季节变化,O₃ 最高值出现在夏季,而其他3 个站点最高值出现在春季.与Izaña 站相似,瓦里关地面O₃ 的日变化幅度较小,日最小值出现在中午时分,最大值出现在晚上和凌晨.瓦里关地面O₃ 和CO 存在一定的相关性,但相关性不显著     

Effect of six kinds of scale inhibitors on calcium carbonate precipitation in high salinity wastewater at high temperatures

Precipitation of calcium carbonate(Ca CO3) scale on heat transfer surfaces is a serious and expensive problem widely occurring in numerous industrial processes. In this study, we compared the scale inhibition effect of six kinds of commercial scale inhibitors and screened out the best one(scale inhibitor SQ-1211) to investigate its scale inhibition performance in highly saline conditions at high temperature through static scale inhibition tests. The influences of scale inhibitor dosage, temperature, heating time and p H on the inhibition efficiency of the optimal scale inhibitor were investigated. The morphologies and crystal structures of the precipitates were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction analysis. Results showed that the scale inhibition efficiency of the optimal scale inhibitor decreased with the increase of the reaction temperature. When the concentration of Ca2+was 1600 mg/L, the scale inhibition rate could reach 90.7% at 80°C at p H 8. The optimal scale inhibitor could effectively retard scaling at high temperature. In the presence of the optimal scale inhibitor, the main crystal structure of Ca CO3 changed from calcite to aragonite.     

煤中部分潜在毒害微量元素在表生条件下的化学活动性

利用连续化学浸取实验方法，对采自贵州省二叠经龙潭组的３２个煤样中的１０种潜在毒害微量元素化学的活动性进行了研究，结果表明：煤中Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、Ｓｅ、Ｃｄ等元素具有极强的化学活动性，其中平均８３．８％的Ｈｇ、９３．５％的Ａｓ、８０．３％的Ｓｅ．６３．３％的Ｃ在．１％的Ｃｕ的８６．８％的Ｐｂ可以被带出煤中而进入表生环境；煤中Ｚｎ的化学活动性次之，只有平均４６．６％的Ｚｎ可能迁移进行环境中；Ｔｌ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ     

微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水的数值模拟与响应面优化试验

针对微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水开展连续性工艺优化研究,采用计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟软件,探究不同流量（流速）下絮凝区液流状态变化,确定最佳絮凝时间;应用响应面Box-Behnken设计方法,研究流量、混凝剂投加量与回流比及其交互作用对微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水效果的影响。结果表明：随着流量（流速）增大,絮凝区内湍动能、有效能耗、速度梯度及其变化率逐渐增大,但流速过大会导致絮凝时间不足,最佳流量为4.2~7.0 m³/h（最佳流速为0.41~0.67 m/s）;回流比是微涡流絮凝工艺的极显著影响因素,其次是混凝剂投加量,最后是流量,三者间具有协同作用;微涡流絮凝工艺处理高浊水的最佳工艺参数,流量为5.9 m³/h,混凝剂投加量为34.8 mg/L,回流比为0.8,浊度、UV₂₅₄、COD_Mn去除率分别可达99.23%、95.03%、71.42%。优化后的微涡流絮凝工艺为高浊水处理提供了新途径,具有一定的应用前景。     

关于高职高专学生目标意志的培养

本文首先从实践和理论层面论证了目标意志对一个人成才和发展的重要意义。在此基础上,进一步提出了培养大学生目标意志的具体措施和途径,并结合我校学生的实际,指出了我们在培养学生的目标意志方面应转变的观念、应克服的偏见和应采取的措施。     

On the kinetics of acetylcholine at the synapse

Electrophysiologic, morphologic, and biochemical definitions of the synapse will be correlated spatially and temporally. Postsynaptic fatigue and facilitation follow oscillations of the free pool of acetylcholine, predicted by the kinetic theory and observed at the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The underlying thermodynamic instability exhibits properties of the Na⁺—K⁺-dependent hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate and represents a necessary condition for synaptic memory.