马莲鞍的化学成分研究

从马莲鞍根的乙醇提取物中分离得到3个具有细胞毒活性的化合物杠柳苷元(1)、杠柳苷元-3β-乙酸酯(2)和periplogenin3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),此外,还得到了乌沙苷元(4)、α-香树脂醇乙酸酯(5)、α-香树脂醇十三酸酯(6)、乌苏酸(7)、9,19-环阿尔廷-25-烯-3β,24R-二醇(8)、9,19-环阿尔廷-25-烯-3β,24S-二醇(9)、环桉烯醇(10)、9,19-环阿尔廷-23E-烯-3β,25-二醇(11)、25-甲氧基-9,19-环阿尔廷-23E-烯-3β-醇(12)、11α,12α-epoxytaraxer-14-en-3β-ace-tate(13)、齐墩果酸(14)、β-谷甾醇(15)和β-胡萝卜苷(16).通过波谱学方法鉴定了它们的结构.通过X单晶衍射确证了13的结构.化合物1、2和3抗MDA-MB-231细胞株的GI50值分别为2.13×10-5molL-1,2.04×10-5molL-1和2.30×10-6molL-1.图2表5参17     

Analyses of phenolic compounds occurring in olive oil mill wastewaters by GC–MS

Phenolic compounds in olive oil mill wastewaters were analysed by HRGC–MS after extracting the acidified solution with ethyl acetate and derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Both simple and complex phenols were detected with the latter being the most abundant. 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol (tyrosol), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (hydroxytyrosol) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl ethanol (homovanillyl alcohol) predominated among the simple phenols using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass selective detector.     

Behavioral and electroantennographic responsiveness of adult butterflies of six nymphalid species to food-derived volatiles

While adults of most species of butterflies visit flowers for food (nectar), those of certain species can feed on rotting food (e.g., exuded tree sap and rotting fruits). These food sources considerably differ in odor; flowers emit species-specific scents and rotting-food odors are characterized by fermentation products. To determine whether adult butterflies have different olfactory performances adaptive to their food selections, we examined the following responses of naïve adults of six nymphalid species, namely, Nymphalis xanthomelas, Kaniska canace, Vanessa indica, Cynthia cardui, Hypolimnas bolina, and Argyreus hyperbius: the proboscis extension reflex (PER) was evaluated as the behavioral criterion of preference for scent compounds, and the electroantennographic (EAG) response was assessed as the sensory criterion of antennal perception. All of these species are nectarivorous, but N. xanthomelas, K. canace, and V. indica also forage rotting food. The PERs to 52 tested compounds were in good agreement with the food habits of these butterflies. The six species showed high PERs to several aromatic compounds widely found in flower scents. Fermentation products such as ethanol and acetic acid elicited intermediate to high responses from the three species feeding on rotting foods. The other three species showed low PERs to these compounds, and acetic acid strongly inhibited the PER-eliciting activities of the other compounds. These results demonstrate that the olfactory preference for fermentation products is a characteristic of the rotting-food feeders. The spectrum of EAG responses to 37 tested compounds was relatively similar among the six species. Particular acyclic aliphatic compounds, including green leaf volatiles, elicited high EAG responses from all the species. Despite a high PER-eliciting activity, most aromatic compounds induced intermediate EAG responses; however, ethanol and acetic acid evoked very weak responses. The results suggest that in food selection, adult butterflies use a specific olfactory system to perceive these major food-derived volatiles.     

刺茶美登木的化学成分研究

从刺茶美登木地上部分的95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了27个化合物:prinsepiol(1),( )-松脂醇(2),(-)-松脂醇(3),(-)-丁香树脂醇(4),( )-cycloolivil(5),(-)-橄榄树脂素(6),1-羟基-松脂醇(7),ilelatifolD(8),东莨菪素(9),β-香树素乙酸酯(10),α-香树素乙酸酯(11),fupenzicacid(12),( )-儿茶素(13),secoisolariciresinol(14),软脂酸-1-甘油单酯(15),植物醇(16),咖啡酸(17),3,4-二甲氧基肉桂酸(18),(-)-massoniresinol(19),tanegool(20),β-谷甾醇(21),羽扇豆醇(22),白桦酯醇(23),β-胡萝卜甙(24),齐墩果酸(25),熊果酸(26)和(-)-橄榄树脂素乙酸酯(27).图1表1参34     

Responses of nymphs of desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria to volatiles of plants used as rearing diet

Summary Gregarious nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were more attracted to volatiles from mechanically damaged food plants used for rearing than to either the undamaged or damaged food plants not used as diet in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Comparative analysis of the volatile emissions from plants used for rearing and food plants not used for rearing,e.g. Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schouwia thebaica, wheat (Triticum sp., var. Nyangumi),Zygophyllum simplex, Heliotropium undulatum andTribulus terrestris was carried out by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the volatile emissions and olfactory responses of nymphs in GC-EAD assays. Up to 33 compounds were identified in volatiles of the plants of which 9 evoked EAGs. EAG-active components included common green leaf compounds (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol. (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate and (Z)-3-hexenyl isovalerate were detected in stimulatory amounts only in the volatiles ofS. thebaica. (E, Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was detected as a component in the volatiles ofT. terrestris and was highly stimulatory. In EAG assays with seven common green leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was most stimulatory while hexanal was the least. No significant differences were recorded between antennal responses of males and females to the tested compounds. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on host plant recognition through detection of their airborne volatiles and the learning behaviour by nymphs ofS. gregaria.     

曲霉sp.136的化学成分研究

从曲霉sp.136的固体发酵物中分离得到6个化合物.应用波谱分析及与已知品对照的手段将它们鉴定为烟曲霉酸(1)、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、(2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2′R)-2′-羟基二十四烷酰氨基]-1,3,4-三羟基十八烷(4)、4-羟基苯乙酸(5)和烟碱酸(6).图1参5     

Sex pheromones and their potential role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae)

Summary Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively.Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.     

Some biologically important low molecular weight organic acids in the sediments of Loch Eil

The isolation of biologically important low molecular weight organic acids from organically enriched sediments in Loch Eil, Scotland, was carried out by extraction of pore water with acidified ethyl acetate. High concentrations of acetic acid, up to 1.8 mg g^-1 dry weight of sediment were found at Station E-24. Propionate, butyrate, valerate, lactate and traces of succinate were also found. Succinate was present in significant amounts, 42.2 g g^-1 dry weight of sediment at Station E-70, which received a higher input of organic matter than E-24. Both propionate and succinate were absent from a control station in the Lynn of Lorne where the sediment was low in carbon compared with Loch Eil. In experimental tanks, acetate levels increased as the input of organic carbon (as cellulose) was increased up to a load level of 1.5 g m^-2 day^-1. Above this, acetate decreased and succinate appeared. Succinate was not detected in low-loaded tanks. Experiments with sieved mud showed a vertical distribution of the different acids with depth. Lactate and succinate reached highest concentration in the 0 to 3 cm layer, acetate at 3 to 6 cm and propionate at 6 to 9 cm. The results are discussed in relation to the role of these acids as food sources and as indicators of biochemical pathways taking place in sediments with different carbon input levels.     

气态有机物组成对生物过滤及菌体密度的影响

以堆肥-火山灰为填料的生物过滤器连续处理含甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的气体,观测生物过滤效果和填料的菌系状态变化.结果表明:在甲苯和乙酸乙酯共存的条件下,生物过滤器优先去除乙酸乙酯;当进气中同时存在甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇时,优先去除乙酸乙酯和异丙醇.填料中各种微生物的菌体密度与过滤去除的有机物组成和浓度有关.霉菌和酵母菌竞争利用乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的能力较强,放线菌和细菌对甲苯的竞争利用能力较强.进气中高浓度的有机物会使填料中的菌体密度增大.在处理甲苯、乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的生物过滤器的各段填料中,菌体密度按细菌、霉菌、酵母菌、放线菌的顺序而降低. 图 1表 3参 17     

Strain-related physiological and behavioral effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skeletonema marinoi</Emphasis> on three common planktonic copepods

Three strains of the chain-forming diatom Skeletonema marinoi, differing in their production of polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) and nutritional food components, were used in experiments on feeding, egg production, hatching success, pellet production, and behavior of three common planktonic copepods: Acartia tonsa, Pseudocalanus elongatus, and Temora longicornis. The three different diatom strains (9B, 1G, and 7J) induced widely different effects on Acartia tonsa physiology, and the 9B strain induced different effects for the three copepods. In contrast, different strains induced no or small alterations in the distribution, swimming behavior, and turning frequency of the copepods. 22:6(n-3) fatty acid (DHA) and sterol content of the diet typically showed a positive effect on either egg production (A. tonsa) or hatching success (P. elongatus), while other measured compounds (PUA, other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) of the algae had no obvious effects. Our results demonstrate that differences between strains of a given diatom species can generate effects on copepod physiology, which are as large as those induced by different algae species or groups. This emphasizes the need to identify the specific characteristics of local diatoms together with the interacting effects of different mineral, biochemical, and toxic compounds and their potential implications on different copepod species.     

Extraction,isolation, and identification of various environment friendly components from cock's comb (Celosia argentea) leaves for allelopathic potential

In this study, the aqueous extract of leaves of the plant cock's comb (Celosia argentea) was fractioned into five batches using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol re-dissolved residues of 3 polar fractions, including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol separately which exhibited altogether 12 compounds identified as 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, pyrogallol, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and genetic acid was categorized by retention time using known compounds. Similarly, the mass confirmation of most of the identified compounds was achieved by injecting 20 µl of composite sample of these three polar fractions into liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Similarly, the physiochemical analysis of C. argentea aqueous extract showed the presence of various constituents such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. All four organic fractions were examined for phytotoxicity against Lepidium sativum. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among these fractions against germination and growth of L. sativum. Further allelopathic effects appeared to be concentration dependent. Thus, C. argentea may prove effective as a substitute of herbicides to control the weeds like L. sativum from attacking crops and to protect the environment from the health hazard effects of herbicides.     

A synomone imparting distinct sex pheromone communication channels for Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Pandemis limitata (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Summary. Male obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were induced to respond to a pheromone source tainted with a behavioural antagonist, Z9-tetradecenyl acetate, when a source releasing the antagonist was placed 10 cm upwind of the tainted source in a wind tunnel. However, placement of the antagonist upwind of an attractive pheromone source did not interrupt pheromone-mediated responses. Placement of a source releasing Z9-tetradecenyl acetate, a minor pheromone component of the sympatric species, the threelined leafroller, Pandemis limitata (Robinson), upwind of a calling P. limitata female, reduced conspecific male pheromone-mediated response but resulted in upwind flight by male C. rosaceana and contact with heterospecific females. Male P. limitata locked on and flew upwind to but did not contact heterospecific females when a source releasing Z9-tetradecenyl acetate was positioned upwind of a calling C. rosaceana female. In the field, adaptation or habituation to Z9-tetradecenyl acetate caused by atmospheric treatment with this compound apparently resulted in reciprocal heterospecific pheromone responses. More C. rosaceana males were captured in traps baited with their pheromone and the behavioural antagonist in small field plots treated atmospherically with Z9-tetradecenyl acetate than in nontreated control plots. Fewer male P. limitata were captured in traps baited with their own pheromone, or with C. rosaceana pheromone tainted with Z9-tetradecenyl acetate in plots treated atmospherically with Z9-tetradecenyl acetate than in nontreated control plots. We argue that Z9-tetradecenyl acetate is an important synomone which assists in partitioning the sexual chemical communication channels of C. rosaceana and P. limitata. Received 9 February 1999; accepted 22 March 1999.     

一次性餐盒材料中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸沥出性研究

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法对一次性餐盒材料中可沥出性全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFPS)进行了研究.分别选取水、3%乙酸(W/W)、15%乙醇(V/V)和正己烷4种浸取液模拟餐盒材料在使用过程中可能接触到的水性、酸性、酒精类和油脂类条件.材料经4种溶液浸提后,浸取液用固相萃取净化和浓缩,目标分析物PFOA和PFOS采用内标法进行定量.研究表明,一次性餐盒材料在模拟条件下中有以PFOA为主的伞氟类化合物从材料中沥出,其中酸性环境对PFOA的浸取率最高(2296 ng·m~(-2)), 为其它3种方法的82.8倍;4种浸提条件下PFPS的沥出率都比较低,浓度仪为0.7 ng·m~(-2)-5.4 ng·m~(-2).     

Respiration von gelösten organischen Verbindungen durch natürliche Mikroorganismen-Populationen. Ein Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Biotopen

In 5 different biotopes (sea water, brackish water, lake, river, and sewage waters), respiration, as percent of the total uptake of 9 compounds and an amino-acid mixture, was studied. Strong variations between the biotopes could be demonstrated. Percentage respiration values varied between 11 and 57% for glucose, 20 and 37% for glucosamine, 13 and 36% for glycerol, 28 and 68% for aspartic acid, 1 and 16% for leucine, 3 and 19% for lysine, 15 and 64% for acetate, 15 and 60% for lactate, 52 and 79% for malate and between 21 and 36% for the amino-acid mixture. Despite these variations, the two amino acids leucine and lysine showed the lowest percentage and the two C 4-compounds aspartic acid and malate the highest percentage respiration in each biotope.

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Beitrag Nr. 33 aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich Nr. 95 Wechselwirkung Meer-Meeresboden, Universität Kiel.     

短序醉鱼草的化学成分研究

为研究短序醉鱼草中具有血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制活性的成分,从该植物地上部分95%乙醇提取物中首次分离并鉴定了11个化合物,分别是洋芹素(1)、芦丁(2)、槲皮素(3)、E-对-羟基肉桂酸(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)、β-胡萝卜甙(6)、豆甾醇(7)、3,4-二甲氧基肉桂酸(8)、木樨草素(9)、丁香醛(10)和华良姜素(11).化合物1、3和9显示一定的ACE抑制活性.图1表1参15     

Phytoconstituents evaluation and antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Mahonia leschenaultia Takeda in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. Many spices and herbs are known to be hypoglycemic. Mahonia leschenaultia Takeda (Berberidaceae) (MLT) is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonly used against diseases in India and other Asian countries. The aim of this study is to identify the phytoconstituents by gas chromatography–mass spectrography (GC–MS) and evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the ethanol extract of MLT on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Phytoconstituents like oleicacid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-n-hexadecanoic acid were identified as high % peak when compared with other compounds by GC–MS. STZ-induced diabetic animals were fed with plant extracts at different doses (250 or 500 mg kg^?1 body wt) of ethanol extract of MLT. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in total hemoglobin and glycosylated hemoglobin along with the reduction in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia effects in MLT-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared to diabetic only rats. Further, ethanol extracts of MLT-treated animals at 500 mg kg^?1 showed that shrinkage of β cells of islets of Langerhans was restored as evidenced by histological studies of pancreas of diabetic animals. Thus the ethanol extract of MLT might serve as a reliable adjuvant for antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of STZ, and may be promising for development of phytomedicines for diabetes mellitus.     

3种克藻物质对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidose）的组合抑制效应

通过世界经合组织推荐的藻类生长抑制实验方法,对气相色谱一质谱联机鉴定出的3种克藻物质进行对蛋白核小球藻的克藻效应的组合实验,得出棕榈酸＋琥珀酸、棕榈酸＋琥珀酸＋乙酸丁酯,这两种组合对蛋白核小球藻的克藻效应为协同作用;棕榈酸＋乙酸丁酯、琥珀酸＋乙酸丁酯组合出现拮抗作用。光学显微镜照片显示,克藻物质组合作用后,蛋白核小球藻...     

Absorption of volatile fatty acids from ambient water by the lugwormArenicola marina

Absorption of volatile fatty acids (propionate, acetate, butyrate, and formiate) from the ambient water by the lugwormarenicola marina was demonstrated using¹⁴C-labelled compounds and by gas-liquid chromatography. Uptake was investigated in the presence of antibiotics. The rate of uptake was highest with propionate (v_max 0,58 mol g^-1 w wt · h, K_t 0.75 mol l^-1). Butyrate, acetate, and formiate were absorbed at lower rates in that order. Absorption of propionate, butyrate, and acetate showed saturation kinetics. In the presence of butyrate and acetate, propionate absorption was inhibited (maximum inhibition 78%). These results indicate that a carrier is involved in the absorption of propionate. Following absorption, the volatile fatty acids were rapidly metabolized. The largest proportion of label was incorporated into amino acids, with the pattern of distribution of radioactivity being specific for each volatile fatty acid.     

Stereoselective toxicity of malathion and its metabolites, malaoxon and isomalathion

In recent years, the stereoselective toxicity of chiral organophosphorus pesticides has received increasing attention from environmental toxicology scientists. In an attempt to explore the stereoselective effects of chiral organophosphorus pesticides on non-target organisms and enzymes, this work investigated the stereoselective toxicity and inhibition of malathion, malaoxon and isomalathion on Daphnia magna and on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour, respectively. Toxicity differences were observed between the two enantiomers of malathion and malaoxon and among the four stereoisomers of isomalathion in the LC50 values on D. magna and the IC50 values on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase. Enantiomers with (R)-configuration in all the tested compounds showed higher toxicity to D. magna than their (S)-forms and racemic forms. Racemic malaoxon and isomalathion showed the strongest inhibition on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase compared to their respective enantiomers and stereoisomers.     

Comparative studies on the sex pheromones of Ostrinia spp. in Japan: the burdock borer, Ostrinia zealis

Summary. To gain insight into the evolution of the sex pheromone communication system in Ostrinia (Lepidoptera Pyralidae), the sex pheromone of the burdock borer, O. zealis was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts (ratio) of the four compounds in single sex pheromone glands were 2.5 ng (13%), 11.6 ng (61%), 4.1 ng (21%) and 0.9 ng (5%), respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin females. 14:OAc did not show any enhancement or inhibition of the males’ behavioral responses when added to the ternary blend. The attractiveness of the 3-component lure to O. zealis males was also confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of O. zealis is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 70:24:6. The evolutionary changes of the sex pheromones in Ostrinia are also discussed based on the presently available information on the sex pheromones and phylogenetic relationships of Ostrinia spp. Received 25 September 1998; accepted 2 December 1998.