呼吸道感染患儿血清微量元素的测定及其与抗体水平的关系

应用流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法（HGAAS）测定了呼吸道感染（RTI）患儿血清中Se和Pb,火焰原子吸收光谱法（AAS）测定Fe、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg及Mn,光度法测定了P,以标准牛血清作质控,在最佳实验条件下,9种元素的精密度,检出限以及回收率均令人满意,根据患儿IgG,IgA,IgM补体C3及C4的测定结果,对测定方法及呼吸道感染与血清微量元素和抗体水平的关系进行了探讨,发现RTI患儿血清Se、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ca明显低于同龄正常儿童,且Ig、C3均与CK存在显著性差异。认为对RIT患儿有必要监测其血清微量元素水平。     

安徽宿州地区石灰岩-土壤元素迁移及质量评价

通过野外采样及室内分析测试,对宿州石灰岩土壤质量状况、成土作用过程中元素迁移规律及影响因素进行研究.结果表明,宿州地区石灰岩土壤P、Sr较缺乏,K、Ca、Fe、Mn和Cu含量丰富,S、Zn含量适中;在岩石-土壤作用过程中,Ca、Cu和Sr元素亏损,其他元素全部富集;主成分分析提取4个主成分,解释累计总方差77.03%,其中元素Si、Zr、Ca、Ti、Al、K、Mn主要受控于自身化学行为(PC1);Rb、Fe、V、Th、Cr主要受区域环境影响(PC2);PC3和PC4分别对元素Pb、Sr、As和Cu、Zn有较高的贡献,暗示此两种因素为后期人类活动.     

铝对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞的免疫毒性

以鸡脾脏淋巴细胞为试验对象,通过短期体外培养的方法研究了铝暴露对鸡免疫细胞的毒性作用.将不同浓度的AlCl3添加到培养液中(终浓度分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8mg·mL-1),对鸡脾淋巴细胞原代培养24h,检测培养液上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,淋巴细胞增殖、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量.结果表明,与对照组相比,各暴露组培养液上清中LDH活性均显著升高(p<0.05,p<0.01),且随铝暴露浓度的增加,LDH活性逐渐升高,呈明显的剂量-反应关系,表明铝暴露能够破坏鸡脾淋巴细胞膜,导致细胞活性下降;与对照组相比,各暴露组淋巴细胞增殖能力、培养液上清中IL-2和TNF-α含量均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01),且随铝暴露浓度的增加,3者均逐渐降低,呈明显的剂量-反应关系,表明铝对体外培养鸡脾淋巴细胞具有一定的免疫毒性作用。     

贵州喀斯特山区植物营养元素含量特征

贵州喀斯特山区是我国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大的片区之一,由于其生态系统的脆弱性,加之人类活动的干扰,使得该区的植被退化较为严重。文章选择该区的12种主要植物作为研究对象,对其营养元素进行了研究。结果表明:>1000μg·g-1的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S,100～1000μg·g-1的元素有Fe、Mn、Al,10～100μg·g-1的元素有Zn、Sr,<10μg·g-1的元素为Cu、Mo,其中Mo含量最低,仅为0.17μg·g-1。这些元素中,Ca、P、K元素高于所报道的陆生植物的含量范围。元素含量特点是Ca>K>Mg型。N、P、K、Mg元素的频数分布为正态分布,Ca、Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、S元素为对数正态分布。变异系数大于100%的元素有Al、Fe、Mn、Sr,变异系数小于60%的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu,其中Ca的变异系数最小,仅为11.8%。不同生境下相同植物的营养元素含量有较大的差异,石灰土上植物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cu、Mo元素含量要高于黄壤上植物的。元素间的相关分析表明:P和K、P和Cu、Al和Fe、Al和Zn、Fe和Zn元素具有显著相关关系;N和P、P和Mg、K和Al、K和Cu、Ca和Sr、S和Mo元素具有一般相关关系。     

风浪扰动对太湖水体重金属形态的影响

对不同风浪条件下水体中的悬浮颗粒物,采用ICP-AES测定其中Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Al,Fe和Mn不同形态的含量.研究表明,水体中Al,Fe,Co,Cr,Pb和Ni可提取态含量随风浪扰动程度的增强其含量均有不同程度的增大. Mn,Zn和Cu在7m·s-1风浪下含量最高,11m·s-1风浪次之,2m·s-1风浪最小.7m·s-1风浪与2m·s-1风浪相比,水体中Mn, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu和Ni的B1, B2, B3态含量增加3-20倍.11m·s-1风浪与7m·s-1风浪相比,Co, Cr和Ni的B1态含量分别增加31.1%-76.8%,Mn, Zn和Cu分别减少22.1%-38.6%; Cr,Zn和Ni的B2态含量增加12.1%-50.2%, Mn减少65.6%, Co和Cu的含量相当; Co和Ni的B3态含量增加15.4%-10.3%,Cr,Mn,Zn和Cu略微减少.水体中的金属主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,且金属的三态比例随风浪的变化不明显. Mn的生物有效性最高,Zn,Cu和Ni次之,毒性较大的Pb和Cr的生物有效性较低.Al, Fe和Pb的Fe-Mn氧化物结合态比例非常高,约有74.56%-100%. Co,Cr和Ni的有机结合态比例较高,且Co和 Ni的三态比例比较均一,Cu的B3态较低.     

板蓝根水煎液中13种金属元素形态分析

利用电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定板蓝根原药材和水煎液中13种元素的含量。形态研究采用高速离心和滤膜分离水煎液中的溶解态和颗粒态,元素的溶解态再用树脂XAD-4、树脂D001、树脂D301和树脂D751分别区分非极性吸附态、阳离子交换态、阴离子交换态和螯合吸附态。结果表明,板蓝根药材含有微量Cu、Pb和Cd等重金属,同时含有丰富的Mg、Ca、Fe、Al等大量元素,其中Ca含量最高,为2739 mg·kg-1;Zn、Mg、Ca、Mn、Al和Fe的浸出率较高,在42.9%到81.9%之间;Pb和Cu的浸出率最低,只有10%左右。Zn、Mg、Ca、Mn和Pb元素颗粒态比例在0%到9.3%之间,其他元素颗粒态比例在14.3%到85.7%之间。在溶解态当中,所有元素都具有阴离子交换态;Cu、Sn、Cr和Al没有或者很少有阳离子交换态,其余元素的阳离子交换态在32.4%到98.3之间;Al、Fe、Cu、Cr和Sn没有或者很少螯合吸附态,其余元素在54.9%到98.4%之间;Zn、Cu、Sn、Cd和Pb有非极性吸附态,其余元素没有。     

广西热带亚热带典型森林岩溶区土壤-植物系统元素分布特征

对广西热带亚热带典型岩溶区土壤-植物系统13种元素分布特征及相关性进行了研究.结果表明:与非岩溶区植物相比,岩溶植物Ca、Al含量比较高,Na、Fe、Mn、Si、K、P的含量较低.植物体内元素的分布特点是:叶>茎>根;石灰土更易富集Fe、P、K、Cu、Zn和Co.大多数土壤元素含量随纬度的降低而降低,Fe和Zn表现较为明显,而Mn和Si在热带较中亚热带的更易淋失.土壤中与Fe元素明显相关的元素最多,包括Mn、Zn、Co、S、Al,其相关性分别为Mn> Al > Co > Zn > S,其中,Fe与Mn、S呈负相关,与Zn、Co、Al呈正相关;植物中的Na、Fe、Si、P、Al与土壤中对应的元素相关性显著,呈正相关关系,主要体现在土壤的A层;植物对大量元素的吸收强于对微量元素的吸收,其中,对Mn的吸收能力最强(8229.38%),主要集中在根部的Al(0.57%)和Fe(0.0049%)的吸收能力最小.     

围生期双酚A暴露对子代大鼠脾脏免疫功能的影响

为了研究围生期双酚A(BPA)暴露对子代脾脏免疫功能的影响,选择F344大鼠,按体重随机分为对照、低、中、高4个剂量组(BPA暴露剂量分别为0、4、40、400mg·kg-1·d-1),从雌鼠妊娠第0天开始至子鼠出生后30天,每天灌胃染毒1次,观察子鼠脾脏组织形态学的变化,并采用实时定量PCR检测IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α4种细胞因子mRNA表达的改变.结果表明,1)与对照组相比,低剂量组子鼠脾重、脾脏指数均显著增加(p<0.05),体重无显著变化(p>0.05);中剂量组子鼠脾脏指数显著增加(p<0.05),体重和脾重无显著变化(p>0.05);高剂量组子鼠体重、脾重均显著降低(p<0.05),脾脏指数无显著变化(p>0.05).2)与对照组相比,各暴露组子鼠脾脏IL-2、IL-12、IFN-γ、TNF-α4种细胞因子mRNA表达均显著降低(p<0.01).以上结果提示,BPA可能能够透过胎盘屏障并通过乳汁传递给子代,降低子代的机体免疫功能.     

饮用水汞暴露对小鼠免疫系统的毒性

通过饮用水对小鼠进行氯化汞和氯化甲基汞暴露,连续暴露14 d后,采集小鼠血样、脾脏与胸腺.分别采用MTT法、LDH释放法和ELISA等方法评价了汞暴露对小鼠胸腺、脾脏的淋巴细胞体外增殖系数、自然杀伤细胞杀伤系数和血清中细胞因子(IL-2和TNF-α)分泌量的影响.实验结果显示:(1)汞暴露抑制了淋巴细胞的增殖性能和自然杀伤细胞杀伤活性,并具有浓度依赖性,且MeHg的抑制作用明显高于Hg2+;(2)MeHg和Hg2+暴露同样对IL-2的分泌具有抑制作用但不具有浓度依赖性;(3)汞暴露对TNF-α分泌的影响依汞的形态和浓度不同而不同,如MeHg对其具有明显抑制作用,Hg2+在低浓度时对TNF-α的分泌具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度时为抑制作用.     

厦门大气PM_(2.5)中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价

通过在厦门市鼓浪屿、洪文和湖里进行冬夏两季的PM_(2.5)环境样品采集,利用能量色散X射线荧光分析仪分析了其中16种元素(Al、Si、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba和Pb)的浓度,对其时空变化特征和重金属的健康风险评价进行了研究.结果表明,Al、Si、Ca、Ti和Fe等地壳元素浓度较高,其浓度值冬高夏低.受区域功能和排放影响,所测元素浓度湖里点最高(2.12μg·m-3),鼓浪屿最低(1.15μg·m-3).富集因子计算结果表明,地壳元素中Ca富集因子为43,与建材类物质输入有关.受工业排放、机动车和船舶排放影响,重金属元素富集因子普遍高于100,特别是Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Sb的富集因子高达103—104.PMF源解析结果表明,厦门PM_(2.5)中元素来自于地壳源、机动车源、工业源、船舶源和燃煤源.重金属元素的暴露剂量、非致癌风险和致癌风险等计算结果显示,Zn暴露剂量最大(儿童:1.23×10-7mg·(kg·d)-1,成人:0.53×10-7mg·(kg·d)-1),Mn非致癌暴露风险最高(儿童:1.20×10-3,成人:5.18×10-4),Cr致癌暴露风险最高(儿童:1.80×10-7,成人:7.76×10-8).相应的暴露风险为冬高夏低,湖里点最高,鼓浪屿最低.总体来看,重金属的非致癌暴露风险和致癌暴露风险均远小于判断标准,表明厦门PM_(2.5)中重金属元素不存在明显的非致癌和致癌健康风险.     

Cluster analysis of inorganic elements in particulate matter in the air environment of an equatorial urban coastal location

Concentrations of nine inorganic elements (Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cd and Al) in particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the air of an equatorial urban coastal location during 2009 were studied during summer and winter monsoon seasons using high-volume sampling techniques. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyse the samples. The concentrations of most inorganic elements were higher during summer than winter, except for Cu and Zn. The main inorganic elements in PM₁₀ are Na, Zn and Ca. High concentrations of Na and Ca are due to marine aerosols. Analysis of enrichment factors showed that inorganic elements are from non-crustal sources. Cluster analysis identified five clusters in the summer and six in the winter: (1) PM₁₀–Ni, (2) Zn–Na, (3) Fe–Cu–Ca–Cd, (4) Mn and (5) Al for summer; and (1) PM₁₀, (2) Zn, (3) Fe–Ni, (4) Cu–Ca–Na–Cd, (5) Mn and (6) Al for winter. Combining both correlation and cluster analysis, it was found that Fe–Cu–Cd was from industry/vehicle emissions, Zn was from resuspended soil, Mn was from metallurgical processes, Ni was from a nearby power plant and Al was from crustal sources. Inorganic element concentrations could be a good indicator of local sources of PM₁₀.     

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

青岛地区大气气溶胶中微量金属的时空分布

于 2 0 0 1年 4月— 2 0 0 2年 5月在青岛近海三个采样点采集了 1 0 0多个大气气溶胶样品 ,用ICP AES测定了Al,Fe ,Mn ,Cu ,Pb和Zn的浓度 ,讨论了这几种元素的时空分布特征及其来源 .结果表明 ,六种元素浓度的时空分布特征为 :沧口 >八关山 >仰口 ,TSP(总体悬浮颗粒物 )与Al,Fe ,Mn的浓度呈明显的季节变化 :春季 >冬季 >秋季 >夏季 ,而Cu ,Pb ,Zn的季节变化比较复杂 .六种元素中Al,Fe,Mn主要由自然过程输入 ,而Cu ,Pb ,Zn主要是人为来源 .     

Heavy Metals in Littoral Deposits Off Havana City, Cuba

The content of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, C org and organic matter was investigated in sediment samples taken in the littoral zone off Havana City. the results revealed three areas affected by contamination: (a) Chivo Beach with a submarine sewage outfall, (b) the mouth of the Havana Bay and (c) the estuarine area of the Almendares River. the normalization of the heavy metals contents with respect to aluminium and organic matter combined with multivariate statistical methods was found valuable for a proper interpretation of the analytical results.     

耕地土壤中交换态钙镁铁锰铜锌相关关系研究

应用主成份分析、聚类分析和相关性分析对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地土壤样本(0-20cm)的交换态钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量进行研究，结果表明，影响钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌分布的主因子分别在相同的主成份组中，钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌之间的相关系数较大，铁、锰、铜、锌之间均为极显著正相关关系，钙与铁、锰、铜、锌均为负相关关系，说明元素的生物地球化学属性对其地理分布有较大的影响。     

Trace Metal Distribution and Enrichment in Benthic, Estuarine Sediments: Southport Broadwater, Australia

The distribution and enrichment of selected trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) in benthic sediments of the Southport Broadwater, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water adjacent to the Gold Coast city, south-eastern Queensland, Australia, was studied with the objective of assessing the extent and degree of sediment contamination. Sediment samples from the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth intervals of 32 sites within the Southport Broadwater and surrounding residential canals were analysed for particle size distribution, pH, organic C and ‘near-total’ major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn) and trace (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) metal contents. Sediment contamination for each trace metal was assessed by (1) comparison with Australian sediment quality guidelines, (2) calculation of the index of geoaccumulation based on regional background values, and (3) geochemical normalisation against Al (i.e. the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals). Based on this approach, the results indicate that submerged sediments in the study area are not presently enriched with Cd, Cr or Ni, with the spatial distribution of these metals being very well explained by the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals. However, several sites were strongly enriched with Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn, arising from sources related to either urban runoff or vessel maintenance activities. The study indicates that several varying approaches are needed for a satisfactory assessment of contaminant enrichment in estuarine sediments.     

Ombrotrophic peat as a medium for historical monitoring of heavy metal pollution

Knowledge of historical trends in heavy metal deposition can aid the study and impact prediction of contemporary pollution. For this purpose, analysis of ombrotrophic peat cores has proved a valuable complement to other sedimentary analyses. However, doubts still remain concerning the mobility of heavy metals in peat. The debate cannot be resolved until the behaviour of these elements in peat is better understood. Peat cores were collected from hollows and hummocks on Ringinglow Bog in the southern Pennines. The cores were sliced into contiguous 1-cm slices. Samples were analysed for total concentrations of major elements (Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na) and trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted on the data. Preliminary results indicate relatively high concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn reflecting the influence of industrial activities in Sheffield and Manchester. As aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc exhibit similar profiles they may be suitable surrogates for monitoring historical pollution. However, other elements (e.g. Fe, K, Mn, Na) are clearly influenced by bog hydrology or plant translocation and would be inappropriate monitors.