环氧氯丙烷改性花生壳吸附亚甲基蓝的研究

主要研究了环氧氯丙烷改性花生壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附作用.考察了溶液pH值、亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度、吸附时间、温度等因素对改性花生壳吸附亚甲基蓝效果的影响.结果表明,当温度为298 K,亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为100 mg/L时,在改性花生壳用量为2g/L,溶液pH值为6.00,吸附时间为60 min的条件下,亚甲基蓝吸附量最大,可达49.25 mg/g.在试验条件下,改性花生壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附平衡符合Freundlich等温方程,吸附焓变△H＞0,反应吉布斯自由能△G＜0,表明该吸附过程为自发进行的吸热过程.     

秸秆生物质炭的制备及吸附性能研究

将麦秆、向日葵秆和玉米秆低温热解制备生物质炭。采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射等仪器对其结构进行了表征。研究了热解温度、溶液p H值、初始浓度、吸附时间以及吸附剂用量等因素对各生物质炭吸附亚甲基蓝效果的影响。实验结果表明,3种生物质炭均含有多孔的微晶炭,表面存在大量的活性-OH,-COOH等基团,对亚甲基蓝有较强的吸附作用;在最佳吸附条件下,玉米秆炭、向日葵秆炭以及麦秆炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量分别为26.6,26.2,14.7 mg/g。     

微波生物炭对阴、阳离子型染料的吸附特性

以小麦秸秆为原材料、以活性炭为催化剂,在微波辐照下制备了生物炭并进行了理化表征,而后对比考察了其对阴离子染料甲基橙(MO)和阳离子染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附特性。结果表明,提高微波辐照功率,生物炭的比表面积和孔体积逐渐增大,对染料的吸附量也相应增加,对MB的吸附量达87.72 mg/g。相关性分析表明微波生物炭对MO的吸附主要是受比表面积和孔体积决定的物理吸附,对MB的吸附则兼具有物理吸附和静电吸引作用。动力学和等温线研究表明微波生物炭对染料的吸附受多种因素控制,低功率制备的微波生物炭符合Langmuir吸附,而高功率制备的炭更符合Freundlich多分子层吸附。影响因素研究表明,受静电作用、络合作用的影响,溶液pH值、阳离子浓度以及吸附温度都会影响吸附效果。     

官厅水库底泥对染料的吸附特征研究

采用静态吸附法研究了北京官厅水库底泥对亚甲基蓝、孔雀石绿和刚果红3种染料化合物的吸附行为,探讨了pH值、离子强度、温度等因素对吸附的影响,测定了染料的吸附等温线.结果表明,3种染料的吸附等温线都很好地符合Freundlich方程,底泥对孔雀石绿的吸附量最大.吸附染料过程是在分形表面上发生的反应.不同染料吸附时计算出的分形维数不同,底泥的表面分形维数均处于2～3之间.pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,刚果红和亚甲基蓝受离子强度影响较大.吸附动力学研究表明,吸附分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段.     

赤泥制备环境修复材料的吸附性能研究

通过对赤泥进行焙烧、酸浸活化,作为环境修复材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能进行测试。试验表明,焙烧酸浸后赤泥吸附亚甲基蓝的最佳吸附条件为pH=8,吸附剂最佳投加量为0.9 mg/mL,吸附时间40min,吸附率为80.62%。对实验数据进行相关数学模型拟合,结果表明,该等温吸附平衡符合Langmuir模型,说明这种吸附更趋向于单层吸附。对比几种不同吸附材料粒状活性炭、粉末活性炭、赤泥、焙烧后酸浸赤泥及焙烧赤泥对亚甲基蓝吸附效果,可以看出焙烧酸浸后赤泥对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅次于粉末状活性炭,而高于赤泥、粒状活性炭及焙烧赤泥。     

钠盐改性累托石处理染料废水对比试验研究

为了探究钠盐改性累托石(钠累托石)对不同染料废水的吸附性能,以钠累托石为吸附剂,采用静态吸附的方法,考察了焦磷酸钠改性累托石对亚甲基蓝、甲基紫、孔雀石绿、二甲酚橙染料废水的去除率效果,并结合扫描电镜(SEM)表征图进行了机理分析。结果表明,累托石经钠盐改性后层间距明显增大,对亚甲基蓝、甲基紫、孔雀石绿染料废水的去除率明显优于未改性累托石;并且钠累托石对小分子染料的去除效果好;对于二甲酚橙,钠盐改性累托石的去除率低于原累托石,但实验现象表明,钠累托石的处理效果明显高于原累托石。钠盐改性累托石对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合Langmuir规律,属单分子层吸附,动力学符合Lagergren准二级动力学规律。     

吸附-絮凝法处理亚甲基蓝染料废水的研究

采用吸附-絮凝法对亚甲基蓝模拟废水进行处理,优化了累托石吸附处理亚甲基蓝的条件,探讨了4种絮凝剂的絮凝效果。吸附-絮凝试验结果表明,质量浓度为100 mg/L的亚甲基蓝模拟废水,累托石用量0.1 g,振荡速度200 r/min,pH=12,吸附时间60 min,0.1%阴离子型絮凝剂NX-A7用量3 m L为最佳处理条件,此时亚甲基蓝去除率可达到97.1%,比单一吸附去除效率高17.3%。加入絮凝剂后不仅易于固液分离,亚甲基蓝去除率也大大提高。处理高浓度废水时,吸附-絮凝法比单吸附法更具优势。     

煤焦油渣的组成分析与吸附性能研究

对采自陕西榆林地区的某煤焦油渣元素组成、XRF、XRD、TG/DSC的分析结果表明,其主要成分为碳,约55.52%～80.18%,且主要处于小颗粒不规则非晶相状态,活化性能好,其中重金属以及微量元素Cr、Ni含量较少,制备吸附材料不会产生二次污染.氮气保护条件下,600 ℃左右的失重率为69.15%～88.99%.隔绝氧气条件下,600 ℃物理高温活化改渣2 h,同时于25 ℃、247 r/min试验条件下根据GB/T 12496.8-1999测得物理活化后渣碘值、亚甲基蓝值标定的吸附性能指标分别为400～500 mg/g、66～150 mg/g.同等试验条件下分析纯活性炭碘值为855.30 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为200.17 mg/g.说明煤焦油渣改性后作吸附材料是可行性的,且成本低,可利用价值高.     

介孔碳吸附处理高盐染料废水

采用软模板法,选取葡萄糖、蔗糖、木质素及酚醛树脂作为碳源,分别以P123,F127为单一模板剂和P123/F127为复合模板剂,通过控制盐酸体积、炭烧温度及时间等工艺条件,探究制备介孔碳材料的最佳条件,制备介孔碳材料用于处理含5%NaCl的亚甲基蓝模拟废水,亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为300 mg/L。结果表明,选用间苯三酚/甲醛为碳源,质量比为1:3的P123/F127复合模板剂,0.15 mL的盐酸为催化剂,600℃的炭烧温度,3 h的炭烧时间,制备出的介孔碳材料最好,其对高盐亚甲基蓝溶液的吸附量为385.19 mg/g,是活性炭的1.83倍,并缩短了吸附平衡时间。     

碳纳米管对水中低浓度红霉素的吸附特性研究

采用多壁碳纳米管对自然水体中低浓度红霉素进行吸附试验,测定了其动力学曲线和吸附等温线,并计算了热力学参数,考察了p H值、离子强度和腐殖酸对吸附过程的影响。结果表明:碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附在前40 min为快速吸附阶段,200 min时基本达到吸附平衡,动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich模型能够更好地拟合吸附试验数据,热力学参数表明多壁碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附为自发吸热过程;吸附活化能Ea表明多壁碳纳米管与红霉素之间的强吸附作用是以化学吸附为主的过程,碳纳米管表面含氧官能团含量决定平衡吸附量;离子强度对吸附有明显的影响;p H值在5~9时,提高溶液p H值有利于提高对红霉素的吸附量;适量的腐殖酸使碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附量显著增加。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。